Download Things We Don*t Know

Things We Don’t
Know
DBQ
• Know YOUR BASIC CORE. It’s checklist of
what you need to do.
• Everything starts with the THESIS
• Argument should be driven by the
documents NOT by prior knowledge
(though it’s a good addition)
• Balanced groups
• Review acceptable point of view
statements
Grouping strategies
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PERSIA CATERGORIES
Type (e.g., letter, book, diary, political platform, government document, statistics, newspaper account, business
records, etc.)
Period in which the documents were written
Point of view (e.g., you may also make a group of two or more documents whose points of view disagree with
each other; the idea is to show that you can combine and juxtapose the ideas and you recognize that the
documents are “talking” to each other.) Documents can also be grouped by their authors’
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Gender
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Education, occupation, or social or economic class
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Nationality
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Religion
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Location (e.g., rural, urban, Paris, etc.)
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Ideology
Middle Ages
Major Theme: A series of crises in the Later Middle
Ages transformed European society. These crises
included:
• the Black Death (1347)
• the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
• the Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)and Great
Schism in the Catholic Church (c. 1377-1415)
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English Peasant Revolts
• Peasant revolts in England and France increased
(had originally been in response to taxation during
the Hundred Years’ War)
Hundred Years War
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A. Cause: the English crown lay claim to the duchy of Aquitaine in France
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1. The French king confiscated that territory from English control
2. Most of the war was fought intermittently in France and in the Low Countries
b. Aside from loss of territory, France was threatened by the rise of a new state in its
eastern territory, Burgundy, that allied with England
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Results:
1. France permanently removed England from France
2. The struggles of war began the modernization of state
building in France and England (“New Monarchs”)
3. Peasant Revolts
a. Causes: taxation during Hundred Years’ War, desire for higher wages, hostility
toward aristocracy, and higher expectations among the peasantry.
Revolts increased in frequency after the Black Death
Revolts crushed
End of serfdom in England c. 1550
Babylonian Captivity and
Great Schism
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Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)
a struggle between the pope and the French king led to the
election of a French pope who set up his leadership in Avignon,
France
This situation damaged papal prestige (esp. in England &
Germany) since popes were believed to be unduly influenced by
French kings
Great Schism (c. 1377-1417)
1. Further conflict occurred in 1377 with election of two popes—
one in Rome, one in France—neither of whom recognized the
other.
2. Further hurt prestige of church
Machiavelli
• Founder of modern political science
• Appalled by Habsburg-Valois Wars
• The Prince
o To advise Italian rulers
o To maintain control, ruthless statecraft needed to unite his war torn and
divided homeland
o Pessimistic view of human nature
o Greedy, ungrateful, selfish
o Prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as fox
o The end justifies the means
Chaucer
• An English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat,
courtier and diplomat
• Best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative
The Canterbury Tales
• Promoted Nationalism
New Monarchs
• Feudal income+ taxing towns, merchants and peasants
instead of just feudal income
• Army paid by royal treasury instead of fighting in
exchange for land
• Bureaucracy (educated officials) instead of nobles
• Worked with the Catholic Church
• Consolidated royal power
• Foundation for modern nation-states in France, England,
and Spain
• DID NOT GAIN ABSOLUTE POWER (not until 17th century)
• France, Spain, and England
Women in the
Reformation
Became religious role models for their children
Spiritual partners
Women were allowed to leave abusive relationships
Religious Wars killed many men which negatively
affected women
• Women lost religious idols (Virgin Mary) as models
• Luther and other Reformation leaders did not care
about gender equality
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Erasmus
• “prince of the humanists”
• Produced Greek and Latin editions of the New
Testament
• Made fun of merchants (greedy), priests (pompous)
and scholars (argumentative)
• Focused on immorality and hypocrisy of Church
leaders
• Devout Catholic committed to reforming the
Church
• Teacher of morality
John Wyclif
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John Wyclif (c.1330-1384)
a. Believed the church should only follow Scripture
-- This view foreshadowed Martin Luther’s reformation in the early 16th
century
Strong belief in national identity
b. Wrote an English translation of Bible
Criticized the church & believed in personal interpretation of scripture.
Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation.
3. John Hus (c.1369-1415): ideas very similar to Wyclif
a. Led a nationalist movement in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic)
Captured by authorities and burned at the stake for his heretical and
political views
Council of Trent
• Catholic Reformation- popes committed themselves to
appointing reform minded officials , enforcing strict
moral standards and creating new religious orders.
• Rejected Luther’s doctrine of justification by faith and
reaffirmed that salvation is achieved by faith AND good
works.
• Equal weight should be given to the Bible and traditional
Catholic teachings
• Seven Sacraments
• No selling of indulgences
• No sale of simony (church offices)
• Relics and images valid expressions of Christian piety
• Latin is the language of worship
Edict of Nantes
• Henry IV= leader of house of Bourbon/ Huguenot
• Converts to Catholicism to please the masses
• 1598- proclaiming toleration of Calvinism and
recognized the rights of French Protestants
Pluralism
• pluralism- holding multiple church positions
• One of the criticisms of the chruch
Star Chamber
• a division of the English royal council
• used Roman legal procedures to curb real or
potential threats from the nobility
• the court so called because there were stars
painted on the ceiling of the chamber in which the
court sat
Diet of Worms
• Charles V's assembly of German estates that
declared Luther's teachings heretical.
Religious Wars
• German Peasants War
o Ignited by Luther’s criticism of the Church
o Luther supported the German Princes suppression of the revolt
o Resolved with the Peace of Augsburg
Religious Wars
• Wars of King Philip II of Spain
o Goals to advance the Spanish power
o Champion Catholicism
o Defeat the Ottoman Turks
• Loss of ½ (Dutch) Netherland
• English help defeat the Spainish
Religious Wars
• Civil War in France
• Huguenots and Catholics
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre- slaughter of the
Huguenots
• Edict of Nantes- religious toleration
• Emergence of politiques
Religious Wars
• Thirty Years War
o Religious divisions
o Political divisions
o International interference
• Peace of Westphalia
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Religious freedom in Germanic states
Calvinism recognized
Independence of Dutch Republic and Switzerland
France= strongest power in Europe
Holy Roman empire weakened
Motives of Exploration
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Spirit of the renaissance (individualism)
Spices
Profits
Cash crops
Spread religion
New technologies
Build up of empires
Portugal
• European leader of the Age of Exploration
• Prince Henry the Navigator-triangular trade
• Vasco de Gama-sailed around the Cape of Good
Hope
• Increased profits through the spice trade
• Success based on military technologies and sailing
Spanish Inquisition
• the word "inquisition" refers to the tribunal court
system used by both the Catholic Church and some
Catholic monarchs to root out, suppress and punish
heretics
• Reasons for the Inquisition: desire to create religious
unity and weaken local political authorities and
familial alliances
• Money was another motive -- the government
made a profit by confiscating the property of those
found guilty of heresy
• Jealousy over the success ($$)
Aztecs and Inca
• Both empires were plagued with internal problems
which made them easier to conquer
• European diseases
• Slave labor
• Spread of religion
Price Revolution
• W. European economy experienced a steady
inflation
• Influx and gold and silver from New World and rising
demand created by the growth of population
Mercantilism and
Commercial Revolution
• Mercantilism
o Built strong self sufficient economies
o Colonies export raw materials and import finished goods
• Commercial Revolution
o Causes: new ocean trade routes and growth of population and price
revolution and new nation centered economic system
o Features: new entrepreneurs, new industries, new domestic or putting out
system, joint stock companies
Encomienda System
• system in Spanish America that gave settlers the
right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in
exchange for protecting them and teaching them
skills
Ottoman Turks
• Ottoman empire - need for sea route to Asia
• Constantinople conquest
• Shifted European Interest To The Atlantic World
• - Cut Off European Access To Eastern Slave & Spice
Markets
• - Symbolic Crisis For Western Christendom
• - More Books Were Written in 16th Century France
About Ottoman Expansion Than About Columbus'
Discoveries