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Hinduism Philosophical and metaphysical origins Major philosophical systems Religious foundations and theistic paths The Hindu way of life Hinduism in the modern world Introduction • Some scholars claim there is no central tradition that can be identified as Hinduism • The term Hinduism did not become common until the 19th century • A range of practices that vary according to region, caste, gender, and education • The philosophic Brahmanic tradition often referred to as Hinduism is but one aspect of a larger tradition Philosophical and Metaphysical Origins • Brahmanic tradition traces back to the Vedic age, thousands of years ago • The Indus Valley Civilization – The history and precise dating of this period is controversial • The Vedas – Foundation of upper-caste Brahmanic Hinduism – Revered collection of ancient sacred hymns – The Rig Veda is the first & oldest of 4 collections Major Philosophical Systems Share • Roots in the vedas • Direct personal experience of truth thru meditation • Ethics as necessary to orderly social life (related to karma) • Suffering is due to ignorance of the eternal self Major Philosophical Systems (continued) • Samkhya: Two states of reality – Purusha, the Self – Prakriti, the cause of the material universe • Advaita Vedanta – Monistic – Based on the Upanishads • Yoga: raja, jnana, karma, bhakti – Union with the true Self Religious Foundations and Theistic Paths Three major groupings of deities worshipped by Hindus •Shaktas: worship a Mother Goddess •Shaivites: worship the god Shiva •Vaishnavites: worship the god Vishnu Yogi meditating in the Himalaya Mountains near the home of Shiva at the source of the Ganges River. The Epics and Puranas • Illustrate trend toward personal love for a deity • Two major epics – Ramayana – Mahabharata (includes the Bhagavad-Gita • The Puranas – Poetic Sanskrit texts that narrate the myths of ancient times The Hindu Way of Life • Ritual: central to Hinduism • Castes, duties, and life goals – 4 occupational groups: Brahmins, Kshatriayas, Vaishyas, Shudras – Untouchables lay outside the system – 4 major goals for a good life: dharma, artha, kama, moksha The Hindu Way of Life (continued) • Life stages: student, householder, meditation/study, renunciation • The guru: spiritual leader • Women’s duties: dharma, marital wealth, sensual pleasure • Fasts, prayers, and auspicious designs: determined by a complex lunar or solar calendar The 2001 Kumbha Mela was the largest ever gathering of people. Hinduism in the Modern World • Hinduism has been influenced by contact with Buddhism, Jainism, and later Islam, and Christianity • Modern movements: currently being challenged by social reform movements • Global Hinduism: Has spread through immigration and conversion Hinduism in the Modern World (continued) • Hindu identity – Some link Hinduism with nationalism – India’s constitution enshrines secularism – According to the Indian Supreme Court, to be Hindu means [next slide] Hindu Identity (continued) • Acceptance and reverence for the Vedas as the foundation of Hindu philosophy; • A spirit of tolerance, and willingness to understand and appreciate others’ points of view, recognizing that truth has many sides; • Acceptance of the belief that vast cosmic periods of creation, maintenance, and dissolution continuously recur; • Acceptance of belief in reincarnation; • Recognition that paths to salvation and truth are many; • Recognition that there may be numerous gods and goddesses to worship, without necessarily believing in worship through idols; • Unlike other religions, absence of belief in a specific set of philosophic concepts.