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Church History OUTLINE OF THE COURSE I. The Apostolic Church From Pentecost, 30 AD To the death of Saint John, 100 AD II. The Persecuted Church From the death of St. John, 100 AD To the Edict of Constantine, 313 AD III. The Imperial Church From the Edict of Constantine, 313 AD To the Fall of Rome IV. The Medieval Church From the Fall of Rome, 476 AD To the Fall of Constantinople, 1453 AD V. The Reformed Church From the Fall of Constantinople, 1453 AD To the end of the Thirty Year War, 1648 AD VI. The Missionary Church From the end of the Thirty Year War, 1648 AD To the Twentieth Century, until Jesus comes. 30-33 – Kingdom of God 100 – Close of the Canon = Rule Doctrine Development Established small house churches 110 – Infant Baptism, Structure of Bishops 313 - Christianity unofficial Religion When the church and world marry - where many of the pagan practices came into Christianity. Roman Catholic Church: 1. Paganism 2: New Testament 3. Old Testament 325 – Controversy over whether Jesus is God Arius said Jesus is not equal with the Father Counsel of Nicea called Arius a heretic 600 – The structure of what the Roman Catholic Church is today started 622 – Mohammed born – a merchant 722 – Islamic faith (mixture of all religions) threatens the church 900 – Chiny, a monastic group that brought back renewal to the church 1095 – Crusades start (battle to take the Holy sites) 1095-1295 – Seven Crusades 600- 1095 – religion of experience becomes a religion of mechanics 1054 – East and West spilt 1170 – Two groups of people trying to bring back to Scripture 1517 – The Turning Point – Martin Luther, the Reformation, October 31, 1517 Hung the 95 theses’ Indulgences – A right to get family members out of purgatory to heaven 1517 - The umbrella was the Pentecostal Church 1520 – Lutheran Church 1520 – Reformed Church 1612 – Baptist Church 1787 - Methodist Church Officiate of Reformed Church was Anglican Between 1900 and 1914 the Pentecostals had no unity Hot Spring, Ark. In 1914 meeting for unification / Gospel Publishing House 1886 – Church of God Cleveland 1914 – International Church of the four square gospel 1900 - December 31st – Bethel Bible Institute: Baptism of the Spirit 1922 – Central Bible College 1924 ZBI – for the most part Pentecost’s were anti education The forerunners of Pentecost in the 1800’s 3 great moves in the last century: 1. Azusa 2. Notre Dame 2nd Wave 1962 – outpouring on the Catholics / Dennis Bennet, a priest in California received the baptism of the spirit, launched Episapalian renewal 3. Among evangelicals began by Peter Wagner at Fuller in California / emphasis in healing, deliverance, spiritual warfare 9-6-06 History has two sides: Divine and Healing Divine: God’s revelation from the order of time, progressive revelation He unfolds His plan in succession Divine and Secular history run parallel God is in charge of all history Use the word divine for anything beyond the metaphysical Secular: the unfolding or development of the physical world, intellectually Key Word in church history is “kingdom” = the rule of God Church History The story of the application to the human nature of the principles taught by Jesus Christ The story of light and darkness with light being dominant The account of the growth and transaction of the religious community which changed human destiny The narration of all that is known about the founding and development of the church is the rise progress of the kingdom of heaven on earth for the glory of God and for the salvation of souls. The purpose of Church History (for something to be permanent it must be written down) - to recount the religion of Christ on earth - recount personality, events, controversies, social / customs, transition of mankind Value of Church History - necessary for a student in ministry - be able to bridge the past with the present - gives an understanding to culture - occupies a central position of understanding the middle ages Sources of Church History - Divine and Human - Written sources: 1. official documents of civil and ecclesiastical order - Acts of Councils (Ephesus, Jerusalem, Nicea) - Creeds, Confessions of aith - Church Law - Letters of Papacy 2. Personal Journals and Letters 3. Inscriptions on tombs catacombs (tombs tell stories of Christianity) 4. Ancient Ruins Unwritten Sources: 1. Church Buildings 2. Sculptured Art 3. Monuments Three Fold Outline 1. Ancient History – early church 1-590 AD / birth of Christ to Gregory the Great 2. Medieval Church – 590-1517- Gregory to Martin Luther / posting of the 95 theses 3. Modern Church – 1517 to present Emphasis of the Early Church: The return of Christ - Evangelism, unification, persecution (the more they were persecuted, the more they grew) - The church began to grow and it became apparent they needed organization - The holy spirit took time organizing a team - Apostolic Fathers / Apostles (12) / Apostolic Fathers / Church Fathers - 110 bishops, presbyters, sacraments, baby baptism - Part of the organization of the church was the canon - Acts 2:42 - Church Services (scripture reading, prayer, offering, preaching, fellowship) Nature of the Church - Consists of all those who believe in Christ, accepts Him, saved from sin and obeys Him - The very nature of the church was to be spiritual - Spiritual kingdom would have opposition form within and without - Holy Spirit abiding presence - Empowerment to be a witness - Illumination - What was necessary next was structure Two Great Institutions merge at the same time: Christianity and the Roman Empire God physically prepared the Roman Empire Common Language = Greek, built great roads, brought peace, great philosophies Hellenist: Grecian Jew / descended from the dispersion, ancestry in foreign land Proselytes: foreign blood, renounced heathenism and embraced Jewish Law Reasons why the church grew 1. Early Church was moved by a conviction that Jesus was coming 2. Gospel met the human needs of the heart 3. The practical expression of Christian love Heroic Age of the Church 33-313 AD persecution 9-7-06 Hellenist: influenced the culture of Bible Times Grecian Jew, born out of Palestine Spoke Greek or Aramaic, direct result of the dispersion and had a large impact on Christianity, developed the synagogue into the world Paul - born in Tarsus (a Hellenistic City) Trained by the great minds of his day Was a Pharisee and a tent maker / their is not a person that impacted Christianity like Paul / 70% of New Testament writings His calling was not by man / In the upper room they did not vote him in / became one of the greatest apologists of the Christian faith / his role was to lay the foundation Proselyte: Convert to Judaism look on their laws and traditions Became significant in Christianity Apostolic Church 100 AD lead by many martyrs 1. fired from employment / prevented from having public office 2. separated them into different communities and from social and economic programs forcing them to unite 3. put into slavery 4. accused of being immoral , secretive, and being cannibals 5. they refused emperor worship so they were accused of treason Christian - Hagios – Saint Holy / Separate Christians were different lifestyle spoke of Christianity in action. Mythology was the religion of the Roman Empire. The only way of stopping Christianity was to persecute them. They forced the Christians to recant or die. Many Christians chose to be martyrs. 64 AD - Nero started a wave of persecution against Christians when he blames the Christians for the fire he started a great hatred from the pagans toward the Christians. Christians are then slathered and crucified by the thousands. At midnight Nero would burn hundreds of Christians alive. Growth 33-313AD House churches and street meetings became popular. The structure of the church comes together. Ignatius – born around 67 AD died around 110 AD Helped to establish Christianity, apologist very vocal individual, arrested and was to be thrown to the lions “May the beasts be eager to rush upon me…” He was not afraid to die. Polycarp – intelligent, great vision of who God was, believed firmly in Jesus, called an Apostolic Father/ arrested in Smyrna / did not honor image worship and was called an atheist / burned alive in 156 AD Justin Martyr – born 100 AD died 166 AD great philosopher / beheaded in Rome with six other Christians / brought about an understanding of truth / wrote a great apology called supreme truth 9-13-06 33-313 Persecution, growth, structure / structure enabled growth The canon of the New Testament closes: 100 at the death of John Apostolic Fathers - > Church Fathers (to sort out theology what was going on) Grostics, Montanists and Manecheans = all religious groups with a twist to Christianity During this time there were nasty emperors’: Domitian, Nero, Marcus, Decius, and Diocletian 303-311 worst persecution = burnt scriptures, suspended rights of Christians - Outward Development: growth Inward Development: structure = had to do with doctrine, belief, and organization Why is scripture so important? = keeps us from wrong theology / makes what we believe clear without a theological base and theological positions the church would become prey to Gnostics - gnostic - of, relating to, or possessing intellectual or spiritual knowledge. - It lays a foundation, gives people the substance of what they believe Apostolic Fathers: taught by the disciples / Ignatius of Antioch / Barnabas of Alexandria / the concepts of Christianity were being challenged Apologists = defenders of the faith / they intellectually and philosophically laid a foundation / explained Christianity through education Gnostics = Christ never dwelt on earth in human form Montanists = The Holy Spirit never came but would come at the end of the age Iranaeus – 115-142, friend of Polycarp / died a martyrs death / laid foundation of who Christ was Tertullian – 150-155 born in North Carthage, N. Africa / lawyer in Rome / after conversion goes to Carthage and becomes a presbyter a great student of philosophy Clement of Alexandria – teacher in the school of theology Origen – established Christianity, one of the earliest scholars of the church / allegorized = found hidden meanings and received new light ----------------creeds – because church struggled with groups / they understood the only way to equip the lay person was through theology aristocrats and clergy – only people able to read and write / the common person did not have education credo – I believe / creeds became the cornerstone of Christianity to fight heresy / creed, canon, organization and structure Structure of the church was simple – presbyter would take the lead Episcopate (the development of) church government / exercise of authority ruled by bishops early in church history Smyrna had bishops at the close of the canon Congregational = power invested in the pew / came much later 600 – the concept of the pope / catholic means universal / tradition – over time the bishop of Rome becomes supreme / the structure was gradual and deliberate Diocese – a cluster, geographical location / district 200 AD unity in the church because of the heretical groups Apostles creed, canon of the New Testament, episape form of church government / became known as the Roman Catholic Church because their were other groups West Capital = Rome / East Capital = Constantinople Roman Empire and Christianity merged / Roman Empire had two distinct personalities / Maxentius = had 120,000 ruled a portion = Italy and N. Africa / Constantine had 40,000 ruled over Britain and Spain / both had a dream to be sole emperor Edict of Toleration / Milan which gave Christians rights, no more persecution When persecuted Christianity grew / this edict caused Christianity to become a religion of mechanics instead of a religion of experience Pagans then started to flood in / Pagans changed loyalties but not beliefs Philosophy of religion not an experimental religion Catholicism, paganism, OT and NT 9-14-06 Gnostics - found their birth in Greek philosophy and attended themselves to Christians with a bizarre approach / into shrines of Greek philosophies / Sophia = goddess of wisdom Tertullian and Iraneaus went after the Gnostics / creeds were the single factor that defeated the Gnostics / had to fight heresy with truth / knowledge, skill to be able to articulate / Gnostics forced the church to structure itself / the structure allowed the church to stand to test of time Christological heresies the first 500 years / Christ was less than God the Father Ebionites = “poor” / two groups Pharisees and Essenes / began around 70 AD / rose after the destruction of the temple / had their origin in an old church in Jerusalem / held strict Jewish customs / acknowledged Jesus was the Messiah, but picked and chose the position they would hold / adopted many pagan practices Montanists: Puritans, believed in the priesthood of all believers / the church is the body of Christ / Tertullian attacked this groups theologically Manichians: strongest between 215-277 / of Persian descent / mixture of all religions, paganism, Judaism, Christianity / Buddhism came to be from this group / believed the human body housed evil / classified everything by light and darkness / story of Christ was a myth and Christ was only a symbol of the divine / they attacked Christianity / a relatively successful group / Manichian philosophy lasted 12 centuries / their practices still exist today in different forms (new age) Constantine: the emperor of the west, son of constantinus / born in 273 (Edict of Toleration 313) politician / greatest accomplishment was to free the church from persecution -> pagans themselves become persecuted / pagan temples than became a place of worship for Christians The difference between the church and the state / (Constantine pushed a theocracy) battle with which ruled the other Roman Empire forgot the goodness of God Barbarians = fierce warriors, intelligent Counsels of Church History 9-21-06 Tremendous theological debates / the church is already structured / battling heretical groups / God raises up philosophies to face challenges / needed some central authority the rule / the bishops would convene to discuss the matters of the church -> counsels Acts 15 Jerusalem Counsel – counsels very important for the first 500 years Two bishops – Arius – older, said Jesus wasn’t coequal with the father Athanasius – younger man, said Jesus was co-equal and co-existent Early debates centered on the trinity / tri-unity / well known bishops and had quite a following Nicene Council called 325 in Nicene France - was vital to development of the church / did not solve the problem, it lasted another 100 years Nicene Creed = places Father, Son and Holy Spirit as equal / many signed but didn’t believe it / Arius never recanted Counsel of Constantinople 381 - dealt with the issue of whether or not the Holy Spirit is God / because the Nicene Creed did not solve the problem and did not give emphasis on the Holy Spirit Counsel of Chalcedon 451 – Christ is both God and man / the deity of Christ and His humanity is under attack / the scriptures indicate clearly the deity and humanity of Christ Counsel of Ephesus 431 – debated the concept of depravity of humanity / 600 bishops at this counsel Latin Fathers: Ambrose Augustine and Jerome / became the voice in the church for the next 1,000 years Ambrose: born in 340 and died 397 / his father was a govern / western part of Germany educated in Rome and studied in Milan / in Milan the battle of whether Jesus was coequal with the Father still raged / the bishop of Milan died and no system of re-election / business meeting that was unruly -> Ambrose tries to restore order / by doing that he was elected bishop in 470 / he wasn’t a member of the church or baptized / he became one of the most powerful figures of church history 9-27-06 Ambrose – Shaped church history in the sense that he was a great hymn writer, a strong theologian, a great administrator, fearless, straightened out many moral issues, withstood emperor theologians, accommodated him, influenced Augustine. Wrote One Faith, writings on the Holy Spirit and the sacraments. Jerome – Live between 345-400, educated in Rome, had a great life of travel, understood many cultures, a monk, A man who withdraw from the world to devote themselves to God and religious exercise at this time of history monks could be married. The only church father who knew Hebrew. Spent a lot of time with the rabbis in Jerusalem. Vulgate translation from the original Hebrew. Live to be alone, solitude. Augustine – Lived between 354-430 - The star of church history greatest of the church fathers: born in North Africa. His mother was Monica. Augustine’s life was full of sin and despair, but Monica prayed for him. “A son of so many prayers can not be lost.” In his early years he showed promise and his parents wanted him to be a great scholar but over time he began to show no interest in learning. Sent to Cartage at sixteen. Carthage was a wicked city, he became involved in this. He goes to Rome, is always searching for truth. Starts to read the bible but then turn to the poets. A Manichean at Rome was appointed as a professor of rhetoric; went to hear Ambrose preach the gospel, had a illegitimate child and took care of him all his life. Never denied him when he went to the monastery. The confessions of Augustine Romans 13:13-14 “Let us behave decently, as in the daytime, not in orgies and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy. 14Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of the sinful nature.” When he had this it was a point of conversion for him around 386, next year he was baptized; his theology is pre-dominant for 1000 years, a defender of scripture; bishop of Hipo North Africa dies 430, gave whole heartedly to the church. Monastic Movement, monastery house for monks. Augustine is an apologist; he allegorized. He said the church gave birth to scripture. Sacrament: 100 in number at this time and Augustine brought it down to seven. (an outward sign instituted by Christ to give grace) spanned over a cycle of life birth -> death 1. Baptism – in Catholicism is the entrance into the Kingdom of God. Infant baptism as early as 110 AD – similar to our dedication first 500 years baptism was basically for adults 2. Confession – penance confess sins and have forgiveness in Roman Catholicism the priest is the mediator 3. Communion – must take classes before you can take communion. In the Catholic Church they took communion serious. The believe in transublantiation – the bread and wine became the literal body and blood of Christ, a mysterious process takes place (in our tradition we believe they represent and are emblems of the body and 4. 5. 6. 7. blood (the presence of God is there consubstantiation 1 Corinthians 11medieval practice. Confirmation – receiving the Holy Spirit by the laying on off hands, called the right of entry. Matrimony vocation, marriage or ordination religious vows Holy orders – priesthood ordination Anointing of the sick – use to be called extra unction. Prayer for the dead a pagan practice. A prayer for healing. 461 AD signs of deterioration 1. Prayer for the dead – the prayers of the living help the souls in purgatory be purified, purgatory to be a waiting room. 2. The Lord supper as a sacrifice (Christ being re-crucified) 3. Elevation of the priesthood 4. Separation between priesthood and laity 5. Began to venerate / adore martyrs and saints adoration of Mary (she replaced the pagan goddess Diana) 6. Burning of the candles to venerate the saints 7. Relic worship 8. The color are symbolic 9. Elaborate rituals 10. When the pulpit was taken from central focus their was less preaching of the gospel 11. Pilgrimage to the holy land 12. Monasticism – brought a false idea of holiness 9-28-06 Monotheism – a reaction to the worldliness that entered the church / extreme ascetic (self-denial / hermits) or those who related to communities / monastic movement grew / monastic’s who were married or lived in religious communities / seven people to start a religious community / 700 – 800’s unity in monasticism, but not recognized until the 1200’s / European Christianity was built on the sacrifice of the monastic movement / positive and negative elements – church in Europe became the central focus / Irish monastic’s that saved the educational system / the fuel that caused the church to grow, served the poor, taught in schools / Benedict was the father of the monasticism 329AD / committed the church and the poor / Benedictines’ followed the rules of St. Benedict / Bonafice was the first follower. Positive aspects of Monastic’s - Church became the center, monasticism were places of refuge A monastery is where travelers would stay, a cell Places of education (taught ladies how to sew, knit and cook Taught agriculture For gospel to go around the world / missions Monasticism – Is the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence and labor. It is governed by monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world. Christian Monasticism began in Egypt. - Founder was Anthony in 270 AD - Anthony lived in a cave. - He became known as “Anthony the hermit” - Other monasteries took the format of community living. - It was a large house with many living their. - Each monk had a cell. - In the cell they lived a modest lifestyle. - The objective and goals of the monastic was to please God by their sacrifice. - Monasticism grew greatly. - The real reason for the movement was to separate themselves. - To give themselves over to prayer and a holy life. - They helped in creating hospitals, education, and agriculture. - The renaissance was a direct result of the sowing of the monastics The Monasticeries Were: 1. Centers of peace 2. Hospitality 3. Refuge 4. Agriculture 5. Literature 6. Education 7. Missions - The center of their dedication was self-sacrifice In all they did they promoted Catholicism They were given to agriculture They raised their own food. They educated - They were the missionaries. They converted the barbarians to Christianity Evil Results of Monasticism - The exaltation of celibacy - Monasticism affected the social and national life because of seclusion. - Their was luxury and immorality - Contributions were extorted Major Monastic Orders - Benedictines - Founded by Benedict of Nursia - Founded in 529 AD in Monte Cassino, Italy - Because the first monastic order - Based on Benedict rule - The key to this order was obedience, obedience, chastity - Focus on prayer and meditation - Black religious habit Monastic Orders Augustinians Significant members, Thomas Kempis, Gerhard Groote, Martin Luther Followed rule of St. Augustine 1000 years of theological prominence Carmelites Founder was Berthold Founded in 1156 in Mt. Carmel Later became mendicants Dominicans - founded by Dominic Guzman - founded in 1216 in Spain - used rule of St. Augustine - used by Popes to rule out heresy - conducted inquisition (questioning on heresy) - educated and founder of schools - Callevell College and Providence College are Dominican - Great educators and teachers - white religious habit Franciscans - founder was Francis of Assisi - one of the most loved men of his time - as a result of his life many joined - founded in 1209 in Italy - their original rule was taken from scripture took a vow of absolute poverty their whole focus was community affairs brown religious habit Society of Jesus / Jesuits - founder was Ignatius Loyela - founded in 1540 in Rome - their rule was taken from Loyela’s spiritual exercises - were active in missions – education - sought to eradicate the protestant reformation - founded to fight reformation - commissioned by the Pope - report directly to the Pope - suppressed in 1773 - were restored in 1814 - Boston College is Jesuit Cloisters - main idea was missions, prayer, emphasis on worship - service to the church - made the bread and wine for communion Mohammed - his uncle was a Moravian, a traveling merchant and Mohammed traveled with him – therefore encountered Jews, Christians, and different religions - he took all these beliefs and made his own religion - he liked to seclude himself for meditation - has a visitation under a palm tree from the archangel Gabriel and from that encounter Islam was born - years later he wrote about it - sacred book is the Koran - Allah is great and Mohammed is his prophet – is the central theme - There is but one god and Mohammed his prophet - There is no redemptive sacrifice - The followers are Muslim - In the beginning the movement was very slow and most of the followers were from Meca - In the beginning many believed in many gods - 622 AD persecution over Islam in Meca / Mohammed was forced to flee / moved to Hegira and many were converted - Mohammed was born in 570 AD - During the next 100 years they conquered territories: Persia, and a lot of India, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa - Allah was worthy of all control When the middle ages opened there was a two-fold task to evangelize and educate / the secret to changing sociality - By the year 1000 the church had Christianized Europe - By the year 1500 they had woven with the culture As a youth Mohammed was a shepherd boy Attributes: meditation Koran – the sacred book - Christ is considered a prophet - Talks of many key figures of Christianity - Mohammed dies in 632 – his teaching lived on – flourished / given more than when he was alive - Conquered territory / fierce horsemen / powerful worriers / took Syria, Palestine, penetrated India, took Egypt, took siege of Constantinople, took North Africa, on between 711 and 718 they conquered Spain - Conquered through warfare and demanded you to convert - Church begins to fight back 732-1095their theme was “Allah is worthy of all control” and their emblem was a crescent - Their motto was “if you fight in a holy war, instant heaven” - Their goal was “all the world for Allah” - 732 the little tours begin and it stopped Islam in its tracks / France led the charge / Charles Martel led the rally under Charles the French won a decisive battle. The Islamic lost territory / the church takes ??? Theology of Islam 1. The unity of god 2. For ordination 3. Angels 4. Koran 5. Emphasis on the prophets 6. The hereafter The crusades were then launched 1095-1295 / they were a movement to take back the holy land from Muslim control (to this day most of the religious sites are controlled by different religions) - Romans Catholicism is growing, Rome is more powerful, and the papacy is developed - Papacy = (the office of the Pope) - The supremacy of the papacy - The factors and the results / Matthew 16:17-19 / the church believed the Christ gave Peter the keys to the Kingdom - - Apostolic succession the keys of the Kingdom were given to Peter then his successor was given the keys, the authority was passed on Martyrdom of Peter and Paul: many Christians gave their life for Christ, but because Peter and Paul were such great apostles they were venerated - Population of Rome: they had great resources - The Imperial Capital: the bishop of Rome is elevated / East- Greek speaking - Location – the west had Rome – bishops - East had Constantinople, Alexandria, etc. / the patriarchs - (1054 schism) Missionary Outreach – Rome had money and they used that to evangelize the world Muslim Conquest – needed a voice for Christianity, bishop of Rome by default the development of the papacy took hundreds of years Pope Leo X – declared the Pope is supreme by the year 600 476 Rome fell (it began to fall in 376) 376 Barbarians, tribes / 3 Major points: 1. The Church is born in Jerusalem 2. Paul invades the Gentile World 3. 313 The Church was victorious over heathen 313 Rome was center of the world Rome extended itself over Italy, Sicily, North Africa, and Spain Conquered Greece Germanic tribes – 376; as early as 305 there are signs - tremendous horsemen - took pieces of the outskirts of the empire - Hums - West Goths = the Visigoths – attacked empire 376 - East Goths = The Ostrogoths - Pagan Tribes - Organized; own religious thinking / mythology; own civil system of law; warriors - Marched into Rome, burned monasteries, killed the priest and children / dragged many into captivity (but Rome was too busy to pay attention) - 410 Rome is sacked again - 6 days of siege 476 - the pagans who remained in the Rome Empire said that the Romans gods are upset and as a results they avenged themselves and blamed Christians - Franks, Sats, Irish – many of the tribes were Christized - Barbarians embraced Christianity - The Barbarians were a success story of converting the oppressed - 476 the Barbarians brought ancient history to an end and usher in the Middle Ages Eastern side of the empire had a hard time converting Muslims As the Middle Ages open, the church is faced with a challenge - East losing territory to Muslims - West converting Barbarians Two-fold task = Christianize the world and educate Barbarians had destroyed many, but not all of the books Monasteries had libraries and scriptoriums / much of the ancient writing were preserved Patrick converted the Irish (credited with saving civilizations) Franks: under rule of Clovers, German Gaul = modern day France Germans had extended authority to Gaul Embraced Christianity Clovers saw a sign of a cross in a vision much like Constantine Gospel moves to Great Britain, St. Patrick (apostle of Ireland) 461 The Irish are all converted Netherlands are than evangelized Boniface Gregory, symbolizes the Medieval Church - a monk that became pope in 590 to 604 - first pope to call himself “a servant of servants” - more power than the emperor in Italy - raised his own armies, but doing peace treaties able to keep warring families at bay - called pope Gregory the great - helped to establish many of the practices of Christianity and promote Saintlogy and purgatory. Middle Ages open 500 – 590 Muslin conquest begins West and East Church divided the next 500 years were difficult for the church / the church losses territory internal condition is not healthy – unbelievable corruption, morality at an all time low, moved to a mechanic approach, many monasteries become house of iniquity, Simony = pay someone for a position / many popes sold their roles to others / began to use fear tactics to hold on / indulgences were created, it was an act or a payoff to help deal with the sin problem, created a theology of works / this theology was from 550 to 1500’s / Catholicism became mystical by year 1000 / all the unbiblical practices became ??? Ostrogoths settled in Lombardy 568 Also known as Lombards Pope Gregory I put a crown on the head of a Lombard and now there is a close relationship between Lombards and Greeks Lombards become a threat to popes / always fiction / futilism = warring families and tribes - fiction with emperor in Constantinople - many battles; the Frankish Kings had power and authority Charles Martel – called “Charles the Hammer” / another great leader in German battle, had a son Pipan who then takes authority in 751 Pope having trouble with Lombards and asks Pipian for help; Pipian defeat the Lombards On the death of Pipian 768, his two sons Carolman and Charles succeed him 800 Charles praying in Rome / dies in 3 years / sole ruler / the pope comes and puts the crown on his head / an imperial crown / Charles becomes Charlemagne / pope is saying “he and Charles are one in spirit” / Charlemagne did more for Rome then anyone. 1. Stood for Law 2. Stood for civilization and culture 3. Christianized; brought back true religion Established much of Christian education, established schools throughout the empire Fought Muslims and German tribes, God seemingly helped him defeat things that threatened Christianity Charlemagne looked for true religion Three Powerful empires: 1. Eastern Empire (oldest and weakest) 2. Empire of the Muslim Arabs (largest of the three) / India, Persia, Syria, Palestine and North Africa 3. Empire of Charlemagne (youngest and strongest) / North Italy, Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and larger part of Germany Church is still in disarray; internally decaying Cluny Monastic’s brought about renewal in the church / the monastery prayed for renewal in Church and began to see change / speaking in tongues in Monasteries / the papacy always had trouble / created hierarchy, false documents / the European church was in disorder Charlemagne created order out of chaos / feudalism underground system / feudal lords that controlled the popes / by the year 10000 the church is dividing 1054 schism between East and West Battle with the Muslims began a militant spirit in the church 10-25-06 910 founding of the Cluny’s; brought renewal to the church, for 200 years, a powerful force, changed the inner life of the church / god raised up within a purification system, the Cluny’s brought about repentance; caused a corrupt church to get down on its knees - Muslims had taken a lot of territory, including Palestine / the Muslims and Catholics understood the importance of the holy sites / between 500 & 1000 the church had lost its way, having a form of godliness by denying the form there of Charlemagne – law, civilization, and Christianized - battle between the state and the church 754-1309 - 885 – 1049 the church is in bondage to the state because the battles raging externally - Holy Roman Empire was divided among Charlemagne’s 3 grandsons - the 3 kingdoms suffered decay Salves and Hungarians fighting, they were called Norseman - Europe is in disorder - Feudalism = quarrels between families - Many rival groups began to fight the Vatican, Germany, Italy, center of Feudalism / Italy had many prominent families Church Divided East and West - Roman Catholic Church; and in Constantinople the patriarchs felt like they were the original church / by the year 1000 the church has settled its theology and the patriarchs had differences from the RCC = a schism takes place - Pope Leo IX 1054 sends a letter and puts it on the alter of the St. Sophia and in the letter he excommunicates the patriarch and in return he excommunicates the patriarch and in return he excommunicates the pope of Rome - - Schism between the Greek Eastern and Latin Western See Chart of Cause – Eastern – Western On the death of Leo IX, Henry III appoints a new German man to the papacy – Victor II, who was only pope for two years; he was very committed to Henry, who died in 1056 - after Victor comes pope Stephen X; he’s chosen by the Roman clergy from the Cluny reform; he was about 8 years old and his mother, Agnus, was not consulted / he was appointed by the lay people Hildebrand, a week after Stephen’s death, is made pope / change takes place in the church under him / born in Italy around 1020, from a poor family, his uncle was an abbot in one of the Cluny monasteries and in a Cluny monastery that Hildebrand was educated / made pope in 1073 / chose the name Gregory VII (all popes chose a new name to signify a new beginning and chose the name he brought tremendous reform Pope Leo X after Hildebrand who was clever at diplomacy, was able to outwit the Roman nobles, recognized that the church would not be successful without the government / helped fix the problem in Italy / a new way of electing popes came from Hildebrand 10-26-06 internal – spilt, corruption, immorality / 350 + onward major changes take place: 910 chunys Pope Gregory VII symbol of Most important pope up to this time / first monk to become pope / coined term “servants of servants” / stood for pure salvation, not interested in politics / brought peace between church and secular rule / administrator / upheld the power of the pope / outlined the roles of the pope / a great teacher and missionary / heavily into music / Gregorian chants / communicated the importance of communication / concept of saints as helpers (ex-tra biblical) promoted purgatory Boniface – evangelized Germany Middle Ages – Muslims a force to be reckoned with - the church is spilt; emphasis on the West, the papacy: / the east is losing lots of territory / Gregory frees the church from state dominion, but their was a misuse of power / church launched crusades: to free the holy land from Muslim conquest / sacred places – birthplace of Christ, Mt. of Olives, upper room 7 Crusades from 1095-1295 The crusades failed because their was no unity in leadership / there was dissension, strategic planning was poor Chapter 15 in the story of the Christian Church page 102 talks about the reasons for the failures of the crusades. 1. lack of unity in leadership 2. limited view Good Outcomes: 1. The pilgrims that did go to the holy land were now protected more 2. The Muslim aggression was put in check, they were put in their place, especially in Europe 3. Nations began to talk / discuss about the issues 4. Trade – silks, jewels, etc. merchants grew rich and cities grew 5. Power of the church grew Leaders: Peter the hermit, Godfrey (of Boullin), Louis VII, Frederick For the next 1000 years the church processed education, missionary endeavors and evangelization West: almost all were Christianized East: Muslims had power Accomplishments of the church are outstanding Sacraments: the central focus and the theology and practice of the church; less preaching, more sacraments; practices of extra-biblical theology developed from this time to the Reformation common practice become theology / law later 11-2-06 Hildebrand gave the pope a spiritual identity - he brought a breath of fresh air to the papacy and the church - emphasized monasticism Focus of the church in the Middle Ages - Christianize / evangelize - Educate An interest began in the Medieval Art Fall of Rome 476-1453: Medieval Period Around the year of 200 paintings began to surface 313 there is a boom of religious art Out of the religious art comes strained glass Initially it was religious art that filled the churches, not statues 453 architect and beautiful building being erected all throughout Europe Even the Muslims picked up on the use of art, but they were not into symbols There were many symbols in the church still Age of Scholasticism 9th-14th Century - Scholasticism put the mind and reason above the teaching of scripture - Cathedral Schools / education started with the church / they would train the mind in the area of philosophy and theology - Clergy and aristocrats are the 2nd classes of educated people - When the people began to think for themselves they began to question the practices of the church - They started building universities with a theological and philosophical structure to them - Guilds – an organization – were founded throughout Europe / Italy, Paris, Rome, Oxford, and Cambridge / made scholasticism strong through the Guilds Thomas Aquinas – helped us understand how the mind really works; concept of logic or philosophy, he laid it out in a methodical way Scholasticism - emerge out of the Cathedral Schools - center teaching was logic, rhetoric and grammar (core) - added arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music - merged together philosophy and theology - changed the face of church history - people began to think for themselves Albigenses and Walenses - emerged around 1300 - forerunners of the reformation - also known as the Puritans, fighting for the pure doctrine of the church - challenged church and fought some biblical reflections - both had profound influence on the church, both persecuted by the church, considered heretics - both has different levels of appreciation for the bible - also during this time God raised up apologists, religious communities came into place. - Franciscan order came, propelled a movement of service Francis 1180-1256 - The pope at the time rejected Francis offer to start a religious community, but when the new pope comes in he gives Francis permission - Founded the order to care for people and to educate. - Met the needs of the poor by giving all they have / His mission was to care for people - He was born in a wealthy home / he denounced his son ship of a rich father and became a beggar / lived with the lepers and took care of them / exalted poverty - Franciscans grew rapidly, started hospitals, sent out missionaries - The most famous saying “Lord make me a instrument of thy peace” Dominions Dominic Guzman was from Spain, accompanies a bishop to St. France and begins to preach to those who are wayward - Dominic was used in the miraculous - He brought many converts from paganism - Lateran Council convened in 1215 - Preaching Friars come from the word the means brother - Growth was quick - Teachers helped with the theological problems - Dominic dies after four years after first sending out the friars - Vow to poverty 11-8-06 Gutenberg’s printing press changed the face of Christianity used to bring about renewal in Europe Forerunners of the reformation Cluny, started in France Popes declaring absolute authority 1309 & 1376 Babylonian captivity of the church – the pope is removed from Rome by the domination of the French King Pope is in captivity for 70 years 3 opposing popes vying for authority the great schism = division 1378 -1417 great battle between French and Italians and they elected their own popes, one in Italy and one in France Council in 1409 to heal the schism 1417 the Italians elected Constant, who became known as Martin V Europe had a negative feel, sick of corruption and the politics they did not understand what change would mean for them / God always tries within Albigensis and Waldenses - origin in Persia and spread thought the empire - their original form – Manichean 1170 - located in Albi, in southern France - they were dualists, believed their was a good god and an evil god - material world souls are held in bondage they rejected the OT considering from the good God rejected sacraments, did not believe in church building / had good intents but were heretical Waldenesis were hostile, founder was Waldo, a rich merchant from France / believed bible, but thought emphasis should be on NT 1176 gave all money away / studied and memorized major portion of the NT 2 by 2 Peter Waldo would send off his preachers in simple woolen garments and bare feet fasted Monday, Wednesday and Fridays would not swear an oath / did not believe in purgatory or prayer for the dead / believed that a prayer in a house was just as affective as one in the church practiced lay preaching / church declared them heretics Dominicans and Franciscans persecuted them Inquisition of the Roman Church - when the Roman Church persecuted heretics - by the Dominions - through education; formed apologetics against these groups - told the heretics to recant and deny their heretical teachings John Wycliff – morning star of reformation - there were many rejecting the teachings - he was a priest of the church at this time ans so was John Huss - Wycliff was born in England, studied at Oxford and became a professor their - 1376 criticized the church for their unbiblical practices their - the wealth and politics has corrupted the church - he demands radical reform / they should turn back to the basics - Wycliff responded negatively by calling the pope the antichrist - The bible is the final authority not the church - At this time the bible was in Latin and the common person could not read it - Wycliff says let the people read the bible in their common language - He spent his time translating the bible into the language of the people - The popes and the bishops were angry and they tried to destroy him but by this time a large portion of people were disgusted with the hierarchy of the church - For the first time the church is faced with many questions from the people of the authenticity of what the church was practicing Wycliff was beloved and protected by the nobles / dies in 1384 / dug up his bones and burned them Stripped Wycliff of all priveleges and transferred him to a church in the countryside and there he raised up a group of preachers who hand wrote the bible and then were sent out Lollards – what the followers of Wyccliff were called, they denounced the pope, Catholic clergy and acknowledged the Bible as the only standard for doctrine, they were persecuted and it slowed their growth, in time they were driven into hiding / they were still around during the time of the reformation John Huss - heard the teachings of Wycliff in Bohemia he accepted the teaching of Wycliff - born around 1369, a trained priest, dean of education and a university of Pragne (capital of Bohemia) - he was named the president of the university - he preached against the abuses of the clergy - the Waldenes were already in Bohemia preaching against the church so Huss’s teachings were embraced - he converted almost all of Bohemia to his teachings - before Luther ever came John Huss was teaching the same thing - Huss taught many ideas of the reformation - The government of the church was unnecessary because Christ is the head of the church - At this time there are 3 popes - France John XXIII - Rome Gregory Vii - Naples John ----- People are questioning indulgences - Huns opposed any teaching that was not foundation in scripture - Pope John xxiii excommunicated John Huss - Huss was summoned before a council and burned alive 3 great Church Councils 1409-1449 The purposes: 1. Healed schism - The councils were considered infallible 2. Bring reform - Church was divided 3. Suppress heresy - 1436 the Hussites entered into agreement with the Catholic Church and were given the freedom to preach, they suggested reform to the clergy The church oppressed the problem, but did never solve them Renaissance – a revival of learning - art and beauty became part of the language of Christianity - people were cultured and able to read - Italy, France, Germany were now seats of education - Renaissance fueled the Reformation - Reformation made the church accountable - Not just a secular movement, but also a deeply spiritual one - Looked at authentic spiritually - Showed what the essence of Christianity was - During this time that St. Peter in Rome was built - Resurrected the Pagan roots The Brethren of the Common Life - Netherlands - Gerhard Groote, a preacher - - emphasized Christian education resurrected schools Europe is ripe for change 1517 Oct. 31 – Reformation - the theology of the Reformation was not entirely pure, Luther still held on to many of the Catholic Church teachings Reformation spread rapidly and the church was losing much territory Reformation centered around the sacrament of penance Indulgences = making payment for the sin in your life Working out salvation by material means Attached to penance is purgatory Everything was formula including dealing with sin Indulgences shortened stay in purgatory Luther revolted against this / he said you need contrition, confession to a priest and satisfaction Indulgences = money paid in place of penalty Wycliff – brought the Bible to the language of the common person - Introduces Huss Huss – criticized the papacy – selling of indulgences 3 general counsels to deal with the schisms Renaissance – an awakening of the arts, sciences, literature / learning in all of Europe - for the first time in history the church is no longer the lens through which the people thought, they questioned the practices of the church - ministry was regulated to the pulpit, the church is liturgical Germany is upset with the papacy / so are the aristocrats of England The sacraments of penance helped keep the lid on the people The church made a mistake of mixing the faith and money Europe is ripe for change Martin Luther born in Eisleben – Nov. 10, 1483 / his family moved to Mansfield, Germany / parent were religious people / went to school and obtained a master degree / he dropped out and join a Augustan monastery (Luther and his father were strong-willed) he takes religious vows, he went into this believing he’d do this for the rest of his life / he’s ordained a priest and sent to Wittenberg to teach / picks up a degree in theology / after a year he’s transfers back to Erfurt and writes many books / he was mentioned and the leadership went to Rome and while there he visited sacred stairs / as penance they would go up these steps on their knees; when he goes up the steps he gets a word from the Lord – “the just shall live by faith” / some say he was converted in 1512 when he was in his cell room Luther was making an attempt to understand spiritual life in the monastery / he lived a life of strict asceticism / self-denial, a theology of works to attain salvation / Luther challenged this theology / no matter how hard he worked the worse he felt “I of ten endure in agony that is so hellish and violent, that if those spells would last any longer I’d die” 1512 – he’s in his cell and he opens his Bible and studies Romans 1:17 the righteous will live by faith / unspeakable peace fills his soul / then he began to pen the 95 theses / they all deal with the abuse of indulgences, the people are being deceived of eternity Oct. 31, 1517 nails the 95 theses to Wittenberg castle door and around the same time the printing press was invented so the 95 theses was able to be published and spread abroad / the 95 theses stopped indulgences Luther never intended to leave the church; he wanted to work with the framework of the church MOVIE – Morning Star / Black Death / 1/3 / 1/3 LAST QUIZ - 11-29-06 - The Indulgences: were used to fund the building of St. Peters and Martin Luther’s 95 Theses halted this building - Martin Luther went into hiding and wrote many books Fundamentals of Reformation 1. The reformation ??? went back to the apostolic church 2. They stressed the priesthood of all believers 3. The church is a community of believers, not a heresy of officials 4. They urged the distribution of the bible in the common language of the people - Luther simply crippled the power of the church 1518 he is summoned to Rome, but did not go because he would be killed Elector Fredrick his friend Eck and Luther have a debate He was winning the hearts of the people Luther then exalts married life and many follow 1520 he is excommunicated Wrote 3 great books 1. To the Nobility of Germany 2. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church – exposes false teaching3. The Liberty of the Christian Man 11-30-06 I. Thomas Aquinas – 1274 died: greatest scholar in the middle ages - Aquiro, Italy - As a kid he was heavy, pious - Sent to the abby – monticassino from age 5-14 - University oat Naples - Dominican order (teachers) he joined the order - parents opposed and kidnapped there son / his nickname: dumb ox - scholar study, committed person, a writer (18 large volumes covering most of the backs of the bible) and a philosopher - Gumathologiae – Summaconta Gentiles was one of his great writings - based his writing from Aristotle - he shaped the thinking of the middle ages II. Counsel of Trent - 1545-1563 resolve - used Thomas Aquinas writings III. Luther – Oct. 31, 1517 - 1s all of Germany was effected by Luther - Restored Christian Biblically - Did keep some of the traditional churches ideas / traditions - Believed in communion of saints - Reactionary movement - Wrote many pamphlets - 1518 He became professor at Wittenberg - June 13, 1525 marries Catherine Bora (catholic nun) - Celibacy did not start till 1200, recent teaching of the church - From Germany to Switzerland IV. Ulich Zwingli picked the torch up (1584-1631) - His teaching varied - Luther never lived in a monastery - He did not struggle with conscious - 1506 got masters degree - 1518 attended the indulgence convention in Germany V. John Calvin: should not be afraid of him - He intellectually put reformation on the map Institute of Christian Religion July 10, 1509 born in Nathien, France Father was secretary to the bishop and wealthy At 11 he was appointed Chaplin Common for young boys to be paid as Chaplin Lost mother at a young age, raised in the church Influence of the church He was respected, great mind His writings became the standard / wrote 14 books Brought new people to the church Studied the church fathers Best known as a leader and writer VI. John Knox – 1536 entered priesthood - Scottish reformer (Scotland) - Today is the foundation of the prebytian church History of reformation His writings dealt with writing against the Catholic Churches Counter reformation Counsel of Trent 1545-1563 Goal was to bridge the gap between catholic and protestants Gap was to big theologically / RCC was the problem Many of the issues in the RCC had changed today VII. Jesuit Order: was commissioned in 1534 to solve issue - Ignatius Loynla = fight the form intelligently - Ignatius Loynla = Head of the order - Jesuit Order only goes to the Vatican, all other order goes to the bishop 12-6-06 Calvin connected to Geneva Anabaptists connected with Switzerland - Considered a radical group because of their teaching and willingness to die than rather violate their conscious - Ulrich Zwingle connected Vienna Calvin known for his theological foundation - John Knox born 1514, died 1573 / Scottish reformer / a priest / teaching was the history of the reformation / led the great reformation of Scotland / gives us the Presbyterian faith England: 1534-1563 the church is reformer - Wycliffe is a reformer / tied of the Roman Church - Tyndale gave the Bible to the people 1525 - Reformation here was different (m an6y twists) - Each country had a personalit6y in charge of a reformation, except England - Had a hard time accepting outside control / believed pope had become secularized / did not want an Italian prince to rule them King Henry VIII – made an application to the pope of Rome for divorce from his wife Catherine, so he could marry Anne; Henry controlled the parliament and because the people would not give him a divorce so he took matters into his own hands / law of supremacy / saying he was above the pope / the practices of the church did not change just the governance / Henry was a powerful king, pushing the pope aside / not all Englishman submitted to the law of supremacy / monks are executed for not submitting / Henry formed the church of England – Anglican the Episcopal Church He ruled with an iron fist and took m any practices of Roman Catholicism / took away the land from the church (which had owned 1/3 of land) and gave it to the aristocrats who were loyal to him / At Henry’s death England was on its way to becoming Protestant / Henry’s son was Edward VI / he was 9 years old and he dies of tuberculosis and his sister, Mary succeeds him / Mary is a strong catholic and pushing back the reformation for 30 years / a women of great blood-shed / next to reign was Elizabeth and she brings back reform / 1630 more then 400 people gather at South Hampton, England to prepare to sail to the New World / John Cotton preached a farewell message which was tied together with Israel crossing the Red Sea / they arrived in Plymouth / came for religious freedom John Wesley – born into a pastor’s home 1703, died in 1791 / influenced both England and America through holiness / one of 18 children / mother was the key figure in his wife /age 6 he is studying theology / charter house is were he learned Greek and Hebrew / went to Oxford to continue his education / did not take his father’s ministry / comes to the US in Georgia to work with the Indians and he had no converts / went back to England / 1740 shaped theological thinking = Methodist Movement Methodists – conversion and sanctification ate two Methodist doctrines = said at salvation you are instantly sanctified / Methodists movement were the first to bring sanctification to am Erica / Methodists brought what is called camp meetings to a place where they were Pentecostal in experience / circuit writers have services all day at different churches / there were extremes = Charles Finney Charles Finney – born in Connecticut / preached salvation and sanctification from Calvinist viewpoint / preached in houses, barns and the streets / 1840 a new reform comes = intellectualism / it is now acceptable to be religiously intelligent /social issues / women’s rights, slavery, alcohol / the south is noted for slavery and alcoholism / the Methodists were trying to bring structure to their meetings and it wasn’t long before they became mechanical / holiness movement begins to die William Booth – founded Salvation Army to bring about a move of the Spirit in the church / the holiness movement gives birth to the Pentecostal reformation / the Pentecostals have roots in the Methodists, out of the concept of holiness Agnus in Topeka, Kansas at Bethel Bible Institute which had 40 students / Charles Parham – teacher and president / December 31, 1900 Agnus receives the baptism of the Holy Spirit, launches the Pentecostal Movement Willian Seymor – also receives the baptism / he preaches in a Baptist church in LA on the baptism of the Holy Spirit and is no longer welcome so he starts home prayer meetings with people being filled in the Spirit / moved from the house to a vacant church in Azusa Street / people came from all over / many from the south / color did not matter / the6y did not preach the baptism, they preached Christ / 1906 it was spread all over / like most movements, the Pentecostal movement was not structured / William Seymore is called the Father or apostle of Azusa Street / by 1914 the Pentecostal movement grew and spread throughout / women in missionaries; 1914 ministers met in Arkansas for an organizational meeting for a strategy for missions and this gives birth to the Assemblies of God / they did not intend to create a denomination but a fellowship 1914 Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ 1914 Pentecostal Assemblies of the World they later merged to United Pentecostal Church 1918 Pentecostal Church of Christ 1918 Pentecostal Church of the Four Square Gospel 1919 Pentecostal Church of God in Am Erica 1919 Bible Standard / open Bible 1924 Zion Fellowship 1947 Elam Fellowship Phoebe Palmer – wife of a prominent doctor / 1840 she began a prayer meeting in her home, prayed about holiness / she wrote a number of books / 1840 is when the Pentecostal church was established AJ Gordon – founder of Gordon College / pastured Chaledon / writer and author / identified with the baptism in the Holy Spirit / mentioned tongues and prophecy DL Moody – said you can not be a leader without being a follower / embraced the baptism of the Holy Spirit / two ladies in his church prayed for his baptism in the Holy Spirit /1871 he was baptized in the Holy Spirit in a radical way = a marked difference in his preaching Toorey = Moody associate popularized the doctrine of the baptism in the Spirit / created an atmosphere for Pentecostal movement 1900’s three waves of Pentecostalism 1. Azua 1906 2. Bennet, Episcopalian priest in California / church was dry in 60’s and 70’s / wrote The Holy Spirit in You / he awakened the Episcopalian Church Review 1517 Reformation 1520 Reformed Church began - Anabaptist 1524 - Anglican 1534 - Baptist 1612 - Methodist 1787 -> Pentecostalism Essays – thumbnail sketch of 2,000 years of history - Describe Azusa Street - Describe the 3 waves Page 10 of the story of the Christians C - Identify what happened during these periods Polycarp, Ignatius, Ambrose Order of when events occurred Dates you need to know 1517 1900 100 313 325 910 1054 1095 Church, Apostolic Fathers and Latin Fathers Hoc Signo Sign Constantine saw crescent Huns =barbaric tribes 1,2,3 wave of Pentecostalism 2 major movements of Methodist movement Zion 1924 Asceticism - extreme e self-denial Simony – selling of office Allah is great and Mohammed is his prophet Four square gospel Ireland – St. Patrick Luther was part of Augustine order Agnus Osmond – Bethel Bible Institute Diocese – local district Constantine battled Maxentius for empire Ambrose wrote hymns Catholic means universal Charles Finney – born in Connecticut, raised in New York Crusades not a success Monasicism – good and evil results Christine Gibson Wycliffe William Seymour Charles Param Phoebe Palmer
