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PPT Accompaniment for To Secede or Not to Secede: Events Leading to Civil War To view this PDF as a projectable presentation, save the file, click “View” in the top menu bar of the file, and select “Full Screen Mode” To request an editable PPT version of this presentation, send a request to [email protected] Northern Goals vs. Southern Goals AftertheLouisianaPurchase(1803),boththeNorth&South wantedtheacquiredwesternlandtobenefittheirsectional interests. NorthernGoals Continuetodevelopmanufacturing jobsandtrade,whichdonotdepend onenslavedworkers SouthernGoals Expandagriculture(suchascotton andothercashcrops),whichdoes dependonenslavedworkers Passlawstopromotetradeand growthoffactories Passlawstoprotectslaveryand growthofagriculture MakesurenewWesternvotesin CongressareforNortherninterests bynot allowingslaveryinnew territories MakesurenewWesternvotesin CongressareforSoutherninterestsby allowingslaveryinnewterritories A Balancing Act to Keep the Union… Differentviewsregardingslaveryandstates’rightsledto constantdisagreementsthroughoutthepre-CivilWaryears. Inanattempttoappeasebothsides,Congressbegantomake variouslegislativecompromises.Whydoyouthinktheydid this? Whatcanbedifficultaboutcompromising? Whatcanbeeffectiveaboutcompromising? Compromises regarding slavery begin… PassedbytheContinental Congress,thisordinancecreated theNorthwestTerritoryand bannedslaverynorthandwestof theOhioRiver. FewSouthernersprotestedthis ordinancebecausetheyweremore concernedaboutlawsaffecting statesthatweresouthoftheOhio RiverandnorthofFlorida. Thisordinancesetthestageforthe balancingactbetweenfreeand slavestates. Northwest Ordinance, 1787 Missouri Compromise, 1820 WhenMissouriappliedforstatehood,Congresshadtoconfrontthe issueofwhethertoletslaveryspreadintotheterritories. Thegoalofthiscompromisewastokeepthebalanceofpower betweenslaveandfreestatesbyadmittingMainetotheUnionasa freestateandMissouriasaslavestate. Additionally,topreventfutureargumentsovertheLouisiana Territory,animaginaryeast-westlinewasdrawnatthesouthern boundaryofMissourithatsaidanynewstatenorthoftheline wouldbeafreestateandanynewstatesouthofthelinewouldbe aslavestate. However,manyobservers,suchasThomasJefferson,predictedthat thedivisionofthecountrycreatedbytheCompromiselinewould eventuallyleadtothedestructionoftheUnion. Other Debates on the Issue of Slavery: Congress Passes the “Gag Rule” In1834theAmericanAnti-SlaverySocietybegananantislaverypetition drive.In1837—38alone,abolitionistssentmorethan130,000petitionsto CongressaskingfortheabolitionofslaveryinWashington,DC. Asantislaveryopponentsbecamemoreinsistent,Southernmembersof Congresswereincreasinglyadamantintheirdefenseofslavery. InMayof1836theHousepasseda“gagrule,”aresolutionthat automatically"tabled,"orpostponedactiononallpetitionsrelatingto slaverywithouthearingthem. Atfirst,onlyasmallgroupofcongressmen,ledbyRepresentativeJohn QuincyAdamsofMassachusetts,opposedtherule.Asantislavery sentimentintheNorthgrewhowever,moreNortherncongressmen supportedAdams’sargumentthat,whateverone’sview onslavery,stiflingtherighttopetitionwaswrong. In1844theHouserescindedthegagruleonamotion madebyJohnQuincyAdams. Compromise of 1850 Aseriesoflawsthatattemptedtoresolveconflictbetween thenorthernandsouthernstates.IntheCompromise… ◦ Californiawasadmittedasafreestate ◦ NewMexicoandUtahwereallowedtodecidetheirown slaverylaws ◦ Theslavetrade(buyingandsellingenslavedAfricans)was abolishedinWashingtonDC ◦ andtheFugitiveSlaveLawpassed. TheCompromisedidnotsatisfyanysidecompletely. The Fugitive Slave Act/Law PassedbyCongressonSeptember 18,1850,aspartofthe Compromiseof1850 Declaredthatallrunawayslavesbe broughtbacktotheirmasters. Abolitionistsnicknameditthe "BloodhoundLaw"forthedogsthat wereusedtotrackdownrunaway slaves. Ifyouwereaslavewhoescapedto theNorth,howmightthislaw impactyou? Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 ThisactcreatedtheterritoriesofKansasandNebraska, allowingthesettlerstodecidewhethertohaveslavery (popularsovereignty) ◦ ThisdecisionangeredNortherners,whothoughtthese territoriesshouldbefreestatesbecauseoftheMissouri Compromise. ◦ SouthernersrespondedbyarguingthattheCompromiseof 1850replacedtheMissouriCompromise. BothsideswereupsetandthestagewassetforCivilWar. “Bleeding Kansas” Thingsworkedoutas anticipatedinNebraska,but notinKansas. Violenthostilitieserupted betweenproandantislavery forcesintheKansasterritory duringthemidandlate 1850s. Alsoknownasthe“Border War,”theviolenteventsthat tookplaceareoftenregarded astheopeningshotsofthe CivilWar. The Courts Grapple with Slavery: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 DredScottwasbornaslave inVirginiaaround1799. ◦ In1834,amannamedDr.EmersonboughtDredScottandtheymovedtoIllinois,afree state. ◦ In1836,theymovedtoMinnesota,alsofreestate. ◦ There,ScottmarriedanotherslavenamedHarriet. ◦ In1838,theEmersonsandtheScottsmovedtoMissouri,aslavestate. ◦ In1843,Dr.Emersondied,leavinghiswifepossessionoftheScotts. DredScottsued Mrs.Emerson.Heclaimedthathewasno longeraslavebecausehehadbecomefreewhenhelived inafreestate. ThejurydecidedthatScottandhisfamilyshouldbefree. TheEmersonsdidnotlikethedecisionandappealedtotheMissouri SupremeCourtin1852.ThatcourtsaidthatMissouridoesnothaveto followthelawsofanotherstate.Asaslavestate,Missouri'slawsmeant thatScottandhisfamilywerenot free. DoyoufeelthattheMissouriSupremeCourtmadetherightdecision?Why orwhynot? Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 SanfordmovedtoNewYorkandlefttheScottsinMissouri.Scott suedSanfordagaininafederalcourt.Federalcourtsdecidecases wherethecitizensliveindifferentstates. In1854,theU.S.CourtfortheDistrictofMissouriheardthecase. SanfordwonthecaseandScottthenappealedtotheSupremeCourt oftheUnitedStates,thehighestcourtinthecountry. WhenthecasecametotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,the countrywasindeepconflictoverslavery.Inthepast,someslaves hadsuccessfullysuedtheirownersforfreedom.However,bythe 1850's,manystateswerehardeningtheirpositionsonslavery, makingsuchcasesmoredifficulttowin.Itwouldnotbelongbefore thecountrywasinacivilwarovertheissueofslavery. HowdoyoupredicttheSupremeCourtdecidedinthiscase? Dred Scott v. SandfordFinal Ruling of the US Supreme Court Inaharshdecision,theUSSupremeCourtruledthatpeopleof AfricandescentimportedintotheUnitedStatesandheldasslaves, ortheirdescendants—whetherornottheywereslaves—werenot protectedbytheConstitutionandcouldneverbecitizensofthe UnitedStates. ItalsoheldthattheUSCongresshadnoauthoritytoprohibitslavery infederalterritories. TheCourtalsoruledthatbecauseslaveswerenotcitizens,they couldnotsueincourt. Lastly,theCourtruledthatslaves—asprivateproperty—couldnotbe takenawayfromtheirownerswithoutdueprocess. FollowingthepassageoftheKansas-NebraskaAct, AbrahamLincolnbeganattackingthelegislationand itsauthor,SenatorStephenA.DouglasofIllinois. WhenDouglasranforreelectionin1858,Lincoln opposedhiminIllinois.Douglaswonthatelection, butthesevenLincoln-DouglassDebatestheyheldacrossIllinois werementionedinnewspapersaroundthecountry,raising Lincoln’spoliticalprofile. Inlate1859,LincolnwasinvitedtogiveaspeechinNewYorkCityin whichhedenouncedslavery.Thespeechwasatriumphandmade Lincolnapoliticalstar. Lincoln’sambitiontobecomeundisputedleaderoftheRepublicans inIllinoisbegantoevolveintoadesiretorunfortheRepublican nominationforpresidentinthe1860election. The Election of Abraham Lincoln The Election of Abraham Lincoln Unlikepresidentialelectionstoday,betweenthetimeofLincoln’s nominationandtheactualelection,hehadlittletodo. ◦ Membersoftheirpartyheldralliesandtorchlightparades,butsuchpublicdisplayswere consideredbeneaththedignityofthecandidates. ◦ LincolndidappearatonerallyinSpringfield,IllinoisinAugust.Hewasmobbedbyan enthusiasticcrowdandwasluckynottohavebeeninjured. RunningagainstLincolnontheDemocratticketwasSenator StephenA.DouglasandJohnC.Breckenridge. ThepresidentialelectionwasheldonNovember6,1860. Lincolndidverywellinthenorthernstates,andthoughhegarnered lessthan40percentofthepopularvote,hewonalandslidevictory intheelectoralcollege. Ominously,Lincolndidnotcarryanysouthernstates. The Election of Abraham Lincoln HowdoyouthinktheSouthernstateswillrespondtothe electionofAbrahamLincoln? Lincolndeclared,“Ahousedividedagainstitselfcannotstand.I believethisgovernmentcannotlastforever,halfslaveandhalf free.Idonot expectthehouse tofall-butIdo expectitwillcease tobedivided.” Whatmessageis Lincolnconveying? North Carolinians Debate Secession CatherineEdmondston DaughterofawealthyeasternNCplanter;marriedaplanterin1846& settledonaplantationinhjalifaxCounty,NC,whereshewaslivingin 1860 WilliamA.Graham HeldanumberofprominentpositionsinNCpriorto1860,including governorofNC,USsenator,andsecretaryofthenavy.Heownedseveral plantationsworkedbyslavelabor. Basedonthisbitofinformation JohnW.Ellis providedabouteachperson,how GovernorofNCfrom1858-1861 wouldyoupredicthe/shefeels ZebulonB.Vance aboutsecessionandwhy? ServinginUSCongressin1860 Asyourclassmatesreadexcerptsin JonathanWorth thesepeople’sownwords,be Statesenatorin1861 preparedtosummarizetheirviews onsecession. What decision did NC make? An ordinance to dissolve the union between the State of North Carolina and the other states united with her under the compact of government entitled the Constitution of the United States. We, the people of the State of North Carolina, in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain…That the ordinance adopted by the State of North Carolina in the Convention of 1789, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified and adopted, and also, all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly, ratifying and adopting amendments to the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded and abrogated. We do further declare and ordain, That the union now subsisting between the State of North Carolina and the other States under the title of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved, and that the State of North Carolina is in the full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State. Ratified the 20th day of May, 1861. The Southern States Secede DuringLincoln’scampaign,Southernstates,duetotheirfear ofabanonslavery,warnedtheywouldsecedeifLincolnwon. Thus,onDecember20,1860,SouthCarolinabecamethefirst statetosecedefromthe“Union.” Shortlyafter,theothersouthernstatesfollowedtojointhe newlyformedConfederateStatesofAmerica,with Jefferson Davisastheirrecognizedpresident. NorthCarolinawasthelastSouthernstatetosecedeonMay 20,1861. The Civil War Begins: The Battle at Fort Sumter ThenationwonderedhowPresidentLincolnwouldhandlethe secessionofthesouthernstates,whichheviewedasillegal. HisresponsecameinApril1861,whenConfederateSouth CarolinasoldiersfiredonfederaltroopsstationedatFort SumterinCharleston. Uponhearingthisnews,Lincoln telegraphedeachofthestates thatremainedintheUnion requestingthattheysupplythe UnitedStatesArmywithtroops. TheCivilWarhadofficiallybegun. Inyouropinion,didLincolnmake therightdecision?Whyorwhynot?
