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Chemistry of Living Things Organic Inorganic Molecules that contain Carbon and Hydrogen Any molecules that do not contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen Examples: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and DNA Examples: Mineral, Vitamins, and Water Organic compounds are too large to enter cells. Therefore they must be (digested) broken down 4 Types Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins Poly- many Mer- part A polymer is a big molecule that has many repeating parts! Monomer= the individual repeating units of the polymer. Monomers- 1 single unit Polymers- several of the same units How many monomers are here? ______________ Composed of the following compounds: C:H:O Example C6 H12 O6 (Glucose) 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon Main source of energy Sugars ends in OSE The breakdown of glucose (sugar) supplies immediate energy for all cell activities Two types of Starch Glycogen- animal starch ◦ Cellulose- plant starch 3 or more sugars Polysaccharide ◦ Example Starch molecule 2 Sugars =Disaccharide ◦ Example Sucrose Table sugar 1 Sugar= Monosaccharide ◦ Example Glucose ◦ All have the formula C6H12O6 Composed of C, H, O One lipid consist of 3 Fatty Acids 1 Glycerol Used to store energy Protection Insulation Example ◦Fats of common lipids: ◦Oils ◦Waxes ◦Steroids Fats ◦Found in animals Oils and Waxes ◦Oils are liquids ◦Waxes are solids ◦Found in plants Lipids ◦Along with proteins are the key component of cell membranes Steroids ◦Special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol Fats are classified into two groups: Saturated Fats (mainly from an animal source) Unsaturated Fats (mainly from a vegetable source) Saturated Fats come mainly from animal sources meat, eggs, milk and dairy produce e.g. cream and butter. No double bonds Cannot be broken down further than a single bond increase in cholesterol and clogged arties come mainly from ◦plant and fish sources ◦peas, beans and lentils, whole cereals, nuts, cooking oil, margarine and oily fish. ◦Have double and triple bonds, cannot be broken down Composed of the following elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphate CHONP Phosphate 5-carbon sugar Nitrogen Bases for (DNA) Adenine ---- Thymine Cytosine ---- Guanine Deoxyribonucleic acid Double helix Found in chromosomes in the nucleus Contains Deoxyribose sugar Contains genetic information transmitted from one generation to the next Gives instructions to make proteins Nitrogen Bases Adenine ---- Thymine Cytosine ---- Guanine Ribonucleic acid Single strand Ribose sugar Contains uracil found in ribosomes and the nucleolus Directs protein synthesis Nitrogen Bases for (RNA) Adenine ---- Uracil Cytosine ---- Guanine Made up of the following elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Part of cell membrane Broken down into amino acids Building blocks of protein 20 different amino acids If you take 2 amino acids and put them together by taking the water out = dipeptide Connected by peptide bond Enzyme catalysis: Enzyme help reactions occur more easily Example amylase converts starch to simple sugar Defense: antibodies-globular proteins that recognize foreign microbes Transport: hemoglobin (red blood cell protein) Growth and Repair Energy Buffer- helps keep body pH constant •Structure/Support: collagen, which forms the ,matrix of skin, ligaments, tendons and bones •Motion: actin, muscle protein responsible for muscle contraction •Regulation: hormones which serve as intercellular messengers. Ex. Insulin (blood sugar regulation Polypeptides Dipeptides- 1 –3 or more amino acids 2 amino acids protein – 1 amino acid The digestion system break proteins into amino acids, which are absorbed into the body through the bloodstream Body will take amino acids and build muscle Carbohydrate 1 Sugar = Glucose (monosaccharide) 2 sugars = disaccharide 3 or more sugars = polysaccharide Lipids 3 Fatty Acids and 1 Glycerol Proteins Amino Acid (1 Protein 2 proteins = dipeptide 3 or more proteins = polypeptide DNA 1 phosphate , 1 Nitogen Base and 1 Sugar CHECK YOUR LAB: GLUCOSE MALTOSE C12 H22 O10 Combining two molecules to make a more complex larger molecule This is done by removing a water molecule to allow them to stay together example- making maltose from two glucose molecules c6H12O6 + c6H12O6 Remove Water monosaccharide + monosaccharide c12H22O12+ H2o Disaccharide + water polysaccharides are formed by repeated dehydration syntheses water BUILDING FATS • Breaking apart a complex molecule into two simple compounds • The molecule can only be broken into two when adding water(H20) water Hydrolysis ◦The addition of water to a compound to split it into two smaller subunits c12H22O12 + H2o Disaccharide + water c6H12O6 + c6H12O6 monosaccharide + monosaccharide H2O
