Download THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

JOSE S. SANTIAGO M.D.
The
Cardiovascular System
 Consists of the heart and
blood vessels
 Types of blood vessels
 Arteries
 Carry blood away from
heart
 Veins
 Carry blood toward
heart
2
The
Cardiovascular System
 Capillaries
 Tiny blood vessels
 Join arterial and venous
systems and carry blood
to organs
3
The
Cardiovascular System
 Oxygenated blood
 Oxygen and nutrients
 Deoxygenated blood
 Carbon dioxide and
waste products
4
Structure of the Heart
 Heart in fluid-filled sac called pericardium
 Located in thoracic cavity
5
Structure of the Heart
 Connected to:
 Aorta
 Inferior and superior
venae cavae and the
pulmonary veins and
arteries
6
Structure of the Heart
 Composed of muscle
tissue for powerful
contracting action
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Interior of the Heart
 Four chambers
 Right and left atria and
right and left ventricles
 Septum
8
Interior of the Heart
 Atrioventricular valves
 Tricuspid and
bicuspid or mitral
value

Attached by chordae
tendinea
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Interior of the Heart
 Semilunar valves
 Pulmonary and aortic
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Structure of the Heart
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Walls of the Heart
 Myocardium
 Thick middle layer
 Cardiac muscle tissues
 Endocardium
 Thin inside layer

Epithelial tissue
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Walls of the Heart
 Epicardium
 Outer layer
 Connective and
epithelial tissue
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Conduction System
 Heart’s electrical
system
 Sinoatrial node
 SA node or pacemaker
 Atrioventricular node
 AV node
 Atrioventricular bundle
 AV bundle or bundle of
His
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Conduction System
 Right and left bundle
branches
 Purkinje fibers
15
Electrocardiograph
 Instrument
 Monitors and produces a written record of
electrical activity of the heart
16
Electrocardiograph
 P waves
 Atrial contraction
 QRS waves
 Ventricular contraction
 T waves
 Ventricular recovery
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Pulse
 Pulse –
pressure wave
of blood
 Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated
Blood Pressure
 Systole
 Contraction phase
 Diastole
 Resting phase
 One heartbeat is one cycle of systole and
diastole
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Blood Pressure
 Pulse
 Feel systole as blood being forced out to arteries
 Sphygmomanometer
 Measures pressure during systole and diastole
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Blood Pressure
 Systolic pressure
 First number

Highest
 Diastolic pressure
 Second number

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Lowest
Blood Pressure
 Normal range
 100/60 to 120/80
 Too high
 Hypertension
 Too low
 Hypotension
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Variations in Blood Pressure
Human normal range is variable
1. Normal
 100–130 mm Hg systolic
 60–80 mm Hg diastolic
2. Hypotension
 Low systolic (below 90 mm HG)
 Often associated with illness
3. Hypertension
 High systolic (above 130 mm HG)
 Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Heart Sounds
 Sounds made by the closing of valves
 First heart sound (S1)
 Atrioventricular vales closing

“Lubb” sound
 Second heart sound (S2)
 Semilunar valves closing

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“Dubb” sound
Heart Sounds
 Murmur
 Blowing sound indicative of abnormal blood flow
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Blood Vessels
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Veins
 Venules
 Capillaries
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Circulation
 Superior and inferior






venae cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar
valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
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Circulation
 Pulmonary veins
 Left atrium
 Bicuspid valve
 Left ventricle
 Aortic semilunar valve
 Aorta
 Arteries
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Circulation
 Arterioles
 Capillaries
 Venules
 Veins
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Circulation
 All arteries except the pulmonary arteries
carry oxygenated blood.
 All veins except the pulmonary veins carry
deoxygenated blood.
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Circulation
 Coronary arteries
 Feed the heart
 Parallel routes to allow for blockages
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Circulation
 Arteries and veins
 Often named after the
organ in which they
pass
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Circulation
 Arteries and veins
 Often named after the
organ in which they
pass
33
Additional
Word Parts – Roots
 Constrict/o
to draw together
 Vasoconstriction-narrowing of the
lumen
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Additional
Word Parts – Roots
 Dilat/o
to expand
 Vasodilation-widening of lumen
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Roots
 Angi/o
vessel
 Angiogram-record
of blood vessel
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Roots
 Aort/o
 Arteri/o
aorta
artery
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Roots
 Ather/o
fatty debris; fatty plaque
 Atherosclerosis-hardening of arteries due
to fat deposit
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Roots
 Atri/o
-atrium
 Cardi/o -heart
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Roots
 Coron/o-
crown
 Coronary arteryblood supply of the
heart
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Roots
 Ech/o
sound
 Echocardiogram record of the heart
produced by sound
waves
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Roots
 Embol/o
plug
 Embolism-plug of
clotted blood
transported to the
bloodstream
42
Roots
 Isch/o
-hold back
 Myocardial
ischemia-hold
back of blood to the
heart muscle
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Myocardial Infarct
 -area of tissue
that has died due
to lack of blood
supply to the
heart
Roots
 Phleb/o
vein
 Phlebothrombosis
-abnormal
condition of clots in
a vein
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Roots
 Rhythm/o- rhythm
 Arrhythmia-abnormal heart rhythm
46
Roots
 Thromb/o
clot
 Phlebothrombosis
-clot in the vein
47
Roots
 Valvul/o - valve
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Roots
 Varic/o
 Varicose veins
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twisted and swollen
Roots
 Vascul/o
 Vas/o
50
vessel
vessel
Roots
 Ven/o
vein
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Roots
 Ventricul/o- ventricle
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Suffix
 -ectasis
dilation; dilatation;
stretching
 Angioectasis-dilation of blood vessels
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Prefixes
 Brady-
slow
 Bradycardia-heart rate <60 beats/min.
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Prefixes
 Tachy-
fast
 Tachycardia-heart rate >100 beats/min
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Aging
 Heart muscle stiffens
 Cannot pump as well
 Decreased response to demands of exercise
 Usually functions well under normal stressors
56
Aging
 Walls of arteries
 Thicker and less elastic which can lead to hypertension
 Reduce effects
 Avoid smoking and excess alcohol
 Exercise regularly
57
Common Diseases
 Aneurysm-bulge
in the wall of an
artery
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Common Diseases
 Coronary heart disease (CHD)/ Coronary artery
disease (CAD)- narrowing of the coronary artery;
progressive disease that increases the risk of
myocardial infarct (MI) and sudden death
 Stable angina- chest pain during exercise or other
physical activity; due to small blockage in the coronary
artery
 Unstable angina- chest pain with little or no activity;
due to large obstruction in the coronary artery
59
Common Diseases
 Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)- condition in which
fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of the artery
walls
 Symptoms:
1. Claudication- dull, cramping pain in the hips,
thighs, calves or buttocks
2. Paresthesia- numbness or tingling in the legs or feet
3. Impotence- inability to have erection in males
4. Paresis- weakness in arms or legs
5. Sores or infections that do not heal
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Common Diseases
 Hypertension (HTN)- blood pressure reading that is
higher than normal
Factors contributing to hypertension:
Controllable:
1. Smoking
2. Overweight
3. Lack of exercise
4. Stress
5. Alcohol
61
Common Diseases
 Factors contributing to hypertension:
Uncontrollable:
1. Heredity- family history of hypertension
2. Race- more common in African-Americans
3. Gender- more common among men
4. Age- incidence increases with age
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Common Diseases
 Cardiac arrest
 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
 Stroke
 Myocardial infarction (MI)
 Heart attack
 The blood supply to part of the heart muscle is reduced
or stopped.
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