Download Systematic Software Testing Using Test Abstractions

Systematic Software Testing
Using Test Abstractions
Darko Marinov
RIO Summer School
Rio Cuarto, Argentina
February 2011
Examples of Structurally Complex Data
red-black tree
web sites
s2
1
3
0
2
XML document
<library>
<book year=2009>
<title>T1</title>
<author>A1</author>
</book>
<book year=2010>
<title>T2</title>
<author>A2</author>
</book>
</library>
/library/book[@year<2010]/title
s1
s4
s5
s3
Java program
class A {
int f;
}
class B extends A {
void m() {
super.f = 0;
}
}
Running Example: Inheritance Graphs
Java
program
Inheritance
graph
interface I {
void m();
}
I
J
interface J {
void m();
}
class A implements I {
void m() {}
}
class B extends A
implements I,J {
void m() {}
}
Properties
1. DAG
A
2. ValidJava
B
.
Testing Setup
inputs
outputs
1
2
0
3
0
3
2
test
generation
test
oracle
code
3
2
0

pass
3
0
fail
Examples of code under test

Compiler or refactoring engines, input: programs

Abstract data type, input/output: data structure

Web traversal code, input: web topology

XML processing code, input/output: XML document
Test Generation
Manual
Fully automatic
inputs
inputs
1
1
0
0
3
3
2
2
tool
code
2
2
0
0
3
3
inputs
Semi automated
1
0
3
2
input set
description
tool
2
0
3
Test Abstractions

Each test abstraction describes a set of
(structurally complex) test inputs



Example: inheritance graphs with up to N nodes
Workflow

Tester manually writes test abstractions

Tool automatically generates test inputs
Benefits

No need to manually write large number of test inputs

Useful for test generation, maintenance, and reuse
Key Questions for Test Abstractions
inputs
1
0
3
2
test
abstraction
tool
2
0
2. What language to use
for test abstractions?
3
1. Which test inputs
to
generate?
3. How to generate test inputs
from abstractions?
4. How to check test outputs?
5. How to map failures to faults?
Which Inputs to Generate?


Bounded-exhaustive testing

Generate all inputs within given (small) bounds

Rationale: small-scope hypothesis [Jackson & Damon ISSTA’96]
Found bugs in both academia and industry

Java compilers, model checkers… [Gligoric et al. ICSE’10]

Refactoring engines in Eclipse/NetBeans [Daniel et al. FSE’07]

Web traversal code from Google [Misailovic et al. FSE’07]

XPath compiler at Microsoft [Stobie ENTCS’05]

Fault-tree analyzer for NASA [Sullivan et al. ISSTA’04]

Constraint solver, network protocol [Khurshid & Marinov J-ASE’04]
How to Describe/Generate Inputs?

Filtering test abstractions [SOFTMC’01, ASE’01, FME’02, ISSTA’02,
OOPSLA’02, SAT’03, MIT-TR’03, J-ASE’04, SAT’05, LDTA’06, ALLOY’06, ICSE-DEMO’07, STEP’07,
FSE’07, ISSTA’08, ICST’09, CSTVA’10]
filters
bounds
search
input
s
 Testers
describe
what properties
test inputs satisfy
 Tool:

search
Generating test abstractions [FSE’07, FASE’09]
generators
bounds
execute
input
s
 Testers
describe
how to generate
test inputs
 Tool:
execution
Previously Explored Separately
Inheritance
graph
Other
Java
properties
filters
generators
DAG
X

ValidJava

X
property 3

X
…
…
…
property N
X


Some properties easier/harder as filters/generators

Key challenge for combining: search vs. execution
UDITA: Combined Both [ICSE’10]
Inheritance
graph
Other
Java
properties
filters
generators
DAG
X

ValidJava

X
property 3

X
…
…
…
property N
X


Extends Java with non-deterministic choices

Found bugs in Eclipse/NetBeans/javac/JPF/UDITA
Outline

Introduction

Example

Filtering Test Abstractions

Generating Test Abstractions

UDITA: Combined Filtering and Generating

Evaluation

Conclusions
Example: Inheritance Graphs
class IG {
Node[ ] nodes;
Properties

int size;
DAG

static class Node {
Node[ ] supertypes;
boolean isClass;
}
}

Nodes in the graph should
have no direct cycle
ValidJava

Each class has at most one
superclass

All supertypes of interfaces
are interfaces
Example Valid Inheritance Graphs
G1
G2
I
C
G4
J
J
G3
G5
C
A
I
J
A
D
B
B
C
A
B
C
Example Invalid Inheritance Graphs
G1
G2
I
C
G4
J
J
G3
cycle
G5
C
A
I
J
A
D
B
B
class
implements
class
C
class
extends two
classes
interface
extends
class
A
B
class
extends
interface
C
(In)valid Inputs

Valid inputs = desired inputs

Inputs on which tester wants to test code

Code may produce a regular output or an exception

E.g. for Java compiler



Interesting (il)legal Java programs

No precondition, input can be any text
E.g. for abstract data types

Encapsulated data structure representations

Inputs need to satisfy invariants
Invalid inputs = undesired inputs
Outline

Introduction

Example

Filtering Test Abstractions

Generating Test Abstractions

UDITA: Combined Filtering and Generating

Evaluation

Conclusions
Filtering Test Abstractions


Tool requires:

Filters: encode what properties inputs satisfy

Bounds
Tool provides:

All inputs within bounds that satisfy the properties
filters
bounds
search
input
s
Language for Filters

Each filter takes an input that can be valid or invalid



Returns a boolean indicating validity
Experience from academia and industry showed
that using a new language makes adoption hard
Write filters in standard implementation language
(Java, C#, C++…)

Advantages




Familiar language
Existing development tools
Filters may be already present in code
Challenge: generate inputs from imperative filters
Example Filter: DAG Property
boolean isDAG(IG ig) {
Set<Node> visited = new HashSet<Node>();
Set<Node> path = new HashSet<Node>();
if (ig.nodes == null || ig.size != ig.nodes.length)
return false;
for (Node n : ig.nodes)
if (!visited.contains(n))
if (!isAcyclic(n, path, visited)) return false;
return true;
}
boolean isAcyclic(Node node, Set<Node> path,
Set<Node> visited) {
if (path.contains(node)) return false;
path.add(node); visited.add(node);
for (int i = 0; i < supertypes.length; i++) {
Node s = supertypes[i];
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
if (s == supertypes[j]) return false;
if (!isAcyclic(s, path, visited)) return false;
}
path.remove(node);
return true;
}
Input Space

All possible object graphs with an IG root
(obeying type declarations)

Natural input spaces relatively easy to enumerate

Sparse: # valid test inputs << # all object graphs
0
3
0
3
2
0
3
0
0
3
0
1
2
3
0
3
3
0
0
3
0
3
3
0
3
0
3
Bounded-Exhaustive Generation

Finite (small) bounds for input space



Generate all valid inputs within given bounds



Number of objects
Values of fields
Eliminates systematic bias
Finds all bugs detectable within bounds
Avoid equivalent (isomorphic) inputs


Reduces the number of inputs
Preserves capability to find all bugs
Example Bounds


Specify number of objects for each class

1 object for IG: { IG0 }

3 objects for Node: { N0, N1, N2 }
Specify set of values for each field

For size: { 0, 1, 2, 3 }

For supertypes[i]: { null, N0, N1, N2 }

For isClass: { false, true }

Previously written with special library

In UDITA: non-deterministic calls for initialization
Bounds Encoded in UDITA

Java with a few extensions for non-determinism
IG initialize(int N) {
IG ig = new IG(); ig.size = N;
ObjectPool<Node> pool = new ObjectPool<Node>(N);
ig.nodes = new Node[N];
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) ig.nodes[i] = pool.getNew();
for (Node n : nodes) {
int num = getInt(0, N − 1);
n.supertypes = new Node[num];
static void mainFilt(int N) {
for (int j = 0; j < num; j++)
IG ig = initialize(N);
n.supertypes[j] = pool.getAny();
assume(isDAG(ig));
n.isClass = getBoolean(); }
assume(isValidJava(ig));
println(ig); }
return ig; }
Example Input Space

1 IG object, 3 Node objects: total 14 fields
(“nodes” and array length not shown)
IG0
size
3
N0
s[0] s[1] isC
N1
s[0] s[1] isC
N2
s[0] s[1] isC
N1
null null
null null
N1
2
1
3
0
null null false
null null false
null null false
1
N0
N0
N0
N0
N0
N0
N1
N1
N1
N1
N1
N1
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
2
3
true
true
true
4 * (4 * 4 * 2 * 3)3 > 219 inputs, but < 25 valid
Input Generation: Search


Naïve “solution”

Enumerate entire (finite) input space, run filter on
each input, and generate input if filter returns true

Infeasible for sparse input spaces (#valid << #total)

Must reason about behavior of filters
Our previous work proposed a solution

Dynamically monitors execution of filters

Prunes large parts of input space for each execution

Avoids isomorphic inputs
Outline

Introduction

Example

Filtering Test Abstractions

Generating Test Abstractions

UDITA: Combined Filtering and Generating

Evaluation

Conclusions
Generating Test Abstractions


Tool provides:

Generators: encode how to generate inputs

Bounds
Tool requires:

All inputs within bounds (that satisfy the properties)
generators
bounds
execute
input
s
Example Generator: DAG Property
N0
N1
N2
void mainGen(int N) {
IG ig = initialize(N);
generateDAG(ig);
generateValidJava(ig);
println(ig); }
void generateDAG(IG ig) {
for (int i = 0; i < ig.nodes.length; i++) {
int num = getInt(0, i);
ig.nodes[i].supertypes = new
Node[num];
for (int j = 0, k = −1; j < num; j++) {
k = getInt(k + 1, i − (num − j));
ig.nodes[i].supertypes[j] = ig.nodes[k];
}
}
}
Outline

Introduction

Example

Filtering Test Abstractions

Generating Test Abstractions

UDITA: Combined Filtering and Generating

Evaluation

Conclusions
Filtering vs. Generating: DAG Property
boolean isDAG(IG ig) {
Set<Node> visited = new HashSet<Node>();
Set<Node> path = new HashSet<Node>();
if (ig.nodes == null || ig.size != ig.nodes.length)
return false;
for (Node n : ig.nodes)
if (!visited.contains(n))
if (!isAcyclic(n, path, visited)) return false;
return true;
}
boolean isAcyclic(Node node, Set<Node> path,
Set<Node> visited) {
if (path.contains(node)) return false;
path.add(node); visited.add(node);

for (int i = 0; i < supertypes.length; i++) {
Node s = supertypes[i];
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
if (s == supertypes[j]) return false;
if (!isAcyclic(s, path, visited)) return false;
}
path.remove(node);

return true;
}
void generateDAG(IG ig) {
for (int i = 0; i < ig.nodes.length; i++) {
int num = getInt(0, i);
ig.nodes[i].supertypes = new Node[num];
for (int j = 0, k = −1; j < num; j++) {
k = getInt(k + 1, i − (num − j));
ig.nodes[i].supertypes[j] = ig.nodes[k];
}
}
}
Filtering arguably harder
than generating for DAG

20+ vs. 10 LOC
However, the opposite
for ValidJava property
UDITA Requirement: Allow Mixing
filters
generators
DAG
X

ValidJava

X
filters
generators
bounds
UDITA
input
s
Other Requirements for UDITA



Language for test abstractions

Ease of use: naturally encode properties

Expressiveness: encode a wide range of properties

Compositionality: from small to large test abstractions

Familiarity: build on a popular language
Algorithms and tools for efficient generation of
concrete tests from test abstractions
Key challenge: search (filtering) and execution
(generating) are different paradigms
UDITA Solution

Based on a popular language (Java) extended with
non-deterministic choices

Base language allows writing filters for search/filtering
and generators for execution/generating

Non-deterministic choices for bounds and enumeration

Non-determinism for primitive values: getInt/Boolean

New language abstraction for objects: ObjectPool
class ObjectPool<T> {
public ObjectPool<T>(int size, boolean includeNull) { ... }
public T getAny() { ... }
public T getNew() { ... } }
UDITA Implementation

Implemented in Java PathFinder (JPF)

Explicit state model checker from NASA

JVM with backtracking capabilities

Has non-deterministic call: Verify.getInt(int lo, int hi)

Default/eager generation too slow

Efficient generation by delayed choice execution

Publicly available JPF extension
http://babelfish.arc.nasa.gov/trac/jpf/wiki/projects/jpf-delayed

Documentation on UDITA web page
http://mir.cs.illinois.edu/udita
Delayed Choice Execution

Postpone choice of values until needed
Eager
int x = getInt(0, N);
…
y = x;
non-determinism
…
… = y; // non-copy

Delayed
int x = Susp(0, N);
…
y = x;
…
force(y);
… = y; // non-copy
Lightweight symbolic execution

Avoids problems with full blown symbolic execution

Even combined symbolic and concrete execution has
problems, especially for complex object graphs
Object Pools

Eager implementation of getNew/getAny by
reduction to (eager) getInt


Simply making getInt delayed does not work because
getNew is stateful
We developed a novel algorithm for delayed
execution of object pools

Gives equivalent results as eager implementation

Polynomial-time algorithm to check satisfiability of
getNew/getAny constraints (disequality from a set)

Previous work on symbolic execution typically encodes into
constraints whose satisfiability is NP-hard (disjunctions)
Outline

Introduction

Example

Filtering Test Abstractions

Generating Test Abstractions

UDITA: Combined Filtering and Generating

Evaluation

Conclusions
Evaluation


UDITA

Compared Delayed and Eager execution

Compared with a previous Generating approach

Compared with Pex (white-box)
Case studies on testing with test abstractions

Some results with filtering test abstractions

Some results with generating test abstractions

Tested refactoring engines in Eclipse and NetBeans,
Java compilers, JPF, and UDITA
Eager vs. Delayed
.
Generating vs. UDITA: LOC
Generating vs. UDITA: Time
UDITA vs. Pex



Compared UDITA with Pex

State-of-the-art symbolic execution
engine from MSR

Uses a state-of-the-art constraint solver
Comparison on a set of data structures

White-box testing: tool monitors code under test

Finding seeded bugs
Result: object pools help Pex to find bugs

Summer internship to include object size in Pex
Some Case Studies with Filtering

Filtering test abstractions used at Microsoft

Enabled finding numerous bugs in tested apps

XML tools



Web-service protocols



XPath compiler (10 code bugs, test-suite augmentation)
Serialization (3 code bugs, changing spec)
WS-Policy (13 code bugs, 6 problems in informal spec)
WS-Routing (1 code bug, 20 problems in informal spec)
Others



SSLStream
MSN Authentication

Some Case Studies with Generating

Generating test abstractions used to test Eclipse
and NetBeans refactoring engines [FSE’07]

Eight refactorings: target field, method, or class

Wrote about 50 generators

Reported 47 bugs


21 in Eclipse: 20 confirmed by developers

26 in NetBeans: 17 confirmed, 3 fixed, 5 duplicates,
1 won't fix

Found more but did not report duplicate or fixed
Parts of that work included in NetBeans
Typical Testing Scenario

Create a model of test inputs (e.g., Java ASTs)

Write filters/generators for valid inputs

UDITA generates valid inputs

Translate from model to actual inputs (pretty-print)

Run on two code bases, compare outputs
filters/generators
UDITA
bounds
pretty
printer
one
code
<library>
<book year=2001>
<title>T1</title>
<author>A1</author>
</book>
<book year=2002>
<title>T2</title>
<author>A2</author>
</book>
<book year=2003>
<title>T3</title>
<author>A3</author>
</book>
</library>
/library/book[@year<2003]/titl
another
code
pass
<title>T1</title>
<title>T2</title>
=?
<title>T1</title>
<title>T2</title>
fail
Some More Bugs Found

Eclipse vs. NetBeans refactoring engines


Sun javac compiler vs. Eclipse Java compiler


2 reports (still unconfirmed) for Sun javac
Java PathFinder vs. JVM


2 bugs in Eclipse and 2 bugs in NetBeans
6 bugs in JPF (plus 5 more in an older version)
UDITA Delayed vs. UDITA Eager

Applying tool on (parts of) itself

1 bug in UDITA (patched since then)
Example Bug
Generated program
Incorrect refactoring
import java.util.List;
class A implements B, D {
public List m() {
List l = null;
A a = null;
l.add(a.m());
return l; } }
import java.util.List;
class A implements B, D {
public List<List> m() {
List<List<List>> l = null;
A a = null;
l.add(a.m());
return l; } }
interface D {
public List m();
}
interface D {
public List<List> m();
}
interface B extends C {
public List m();
}
interface B extends C {
public List<List> m();
}
interface c {
public List m();
}
interface c {
public List<List> m();
}
Outline

Introduction

Example

Filtering Test Abstractions

Generating Test Abstractions

UDITA: Combined Filtering and Generating

Evaluation

Conclusions
Summary

Testing is important for software reliability



Necessary step before (even after) deployment
Structurally complex data

Increasingly used in modern systems

Important challenge for software testing
Test abstractions

Proposed model for complex test data

Adopted in industry

Used to find bugs in several real-world applications
Benefits & Costs of Test Abstractions


Benefits

Test abstractions can find bugs in real code (e.g., at
Microsoft or for Eclipse/NetBeans/javac/JPF/UDITA)

Arguably better than manual testing
Costs
1. Human time for writing test abstractions (filters or
generators) [UDITA, ICSE’10]
2. Machine time for generating/executing/checking tests
(human time waiting for the tool) [FASE’09]
3. Human time for inspecting failing tests [FASE’09]
Credits for Generating TA and UDITA


Collaborators from U. of Illinois and other schools

Brett Daniel
 Milos

Danny Dig
 Tihomir
Gvero (Belgrade->EPFL)

Kely Garcia
 Sarfraz
Khurshid (UT Austin)

Vilas Jagannath
 Viktor

Yun Young Lee
Gligoric (Belgrade->Illinois)
Kuncak (EPFL)
Funding

NSF CCF-0746856, CNS-0615372, CNS-0613665

Microsoft gift
Test Abstractions


Test abstractions

Proposed model for structurally complex test data

Adopted in industry

Used to find bugs in several real-world applications
(e.g., at Microsoft, Eclipse/NetBeans/javac/JPF/UDITA)
UDITA: latest approach for test abstractions

Easier to write test abstractions

Novel algorithm for faster generation

Publicly available JPF extension
http://mir.cs.illinois.edu/udita