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The Rise of Europe Chapter 7 Page 212 500-1300 Section 1 The Early Middle Ages • A. Western Europe in Decline • After collapse or Rome Western Europe declined politically, socially, and economically • 500 to 1000 was known as dark ages • However, many aspects of Greco Roman, Christian, and Germanic traditions blended • Called Middle Ages B. Rise of Germanic Kingdoms • Germanic tribes would conquer chunks of Roman Empire • Eventually, Franks would become most powerful • Clovis and other Germanic kings carved up Europe between 400 and 700 • Became Christians and continued many aspects of Roman culture C. Muslims on the rise • In Arabia in the 600’s • Began spreading through middle east, Palestine, North Africa and into Spain • Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors at battle of Tours and defeated Muslims • However, Muslims would continue to be a threat and make raids into Europe D. Charlemagne • Grandson of Charles Martel • Began united Europe under his control • Pope Leo III received his help so crowned him Holy Roman Emperor • Upset Eastern Byzantine Empire • Appointed local rulers to rule regions • Set out to revive classical Latin learning • Missi domnici sent out to report back on conditions of the empire E. Charlemagne’s death • Charlemagne helped establish the Christian church as dominant power in Europe • His empire couldn’t withstand invasions from outsiders after his death – Muslims, Magyars, Vikings • His sons split his empire into three F. Vikings • • • • • Seafaring people from Scandinavia Late 700, raided much of Europe Expert sailors Set up a temporary settlement in Americas Opened up trade routes Section 2 Feudalism and the Manor Economy • A. Feudalism • Because of a lack of stable gov’ts and attacks from outsiders, Feudalism would develop across Europe • Feudalism- loosely organized system based on loyalty • Vassals owe lords loyalty – Ex. Upper lord, lower lord, lower lord, – Knights owed loyalty to lords, serfs owed loyalty • Feudal contracts? • Fief? • More powerful lords held larger fiefs • Vassals could hold loyalty to several lords B. Knights • • • • • • • Many nobles became knights Constant warfare, learned to fight at early age Fought in tournaments to hone their skills Defended the castle Castle defenses??? Chivalry? Troubadours C. Serfs • Manor was the lords estate • Worked by serfs- not slaves, but bound to the land • Worked the land and paid taxes in exchange for protection • Mutual obligations • Manors were usually self sufficient • Peasant Life?? Section 3 The Medieval Church • A. The Church Dominates Medieval Life – By late middle ages, Western Europe majority Christian – Sacraments administered by priests- sacred rites of Church – Bible only in Latin – People had to rely on church for salvation B. Village Life • Daily life centered on Christian Calendar – Easter, Christmas, holy days • Eventually, cathedrals built across Europe in gothic Style- large, towering structures • Many pilgrims encouraged to visit religious sites • Priests were men, but women could enter the nunnery C. Church Power Grows • Church becomes most powerful institution in Europe • Papal Supremacy- power of pope crossed political borders – Could end disputes – Excommunicate people who disobeyed – Interdict- excommunicate whole community because of acts of leader – Assured them they were going to hell D. Corruption and Reform • Soon, Church became a wealthy institution • Priest stopped adhering to three rulespoverty, chastity, and obedience • Abbot Berno set up Monastery to helping monks and nuns combat corruption in church • Gregory VII pushed for more reform – Church alone appoints church officials – Priests can’t get married • New Preaching order – Friars traveled around Europe preaching • St. Francis of Assisi started first order of Friars • Dominic Order of Friars dedicated themselves to teaching official church doctrine to combat heresies that differed from official church teachings E. Jews in Medieval Europe • At first, were allowed to practice their faith • However, began to face more and more discrimination • Pretty soon, many fled to Eastern Europe to avoid persecution. Section 4 Economic Recovery Sparks Change • A. Agricultural revolution – 800’s, peasants began producing more crops – 1. Steel plow better for European soil – 2. 3 crop rotation? – More Food, Population can grow B. Revival of Trade and Travel • • • • Feudal warfare and invasions decrease People feel safer traveling People want goods not produced in manor Old trade routes revive – Byzantine to Florence to Flanders to the rest of Europe • New Merchant class asked for chartersestablished written rights and rules C. Commercial Revolution • Trade needs more money in circulation • Capital? • Merchants form partnerships. Why? • Many people become tenant farmers and merchants instead of serfs • Lords rather have tax money instead of labor D. Rise of Middle Class • Middle Class• Guilds– Apprentice – Journeymen – Master • E. Town Life- many cities grew to over 10,000 people • As cities couldn’t grow out, they went up