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Functional groups you should know These are important in both artificial polymers and in biochemistry, not to mention organic chemistry in general. Alcohol: An oxygen atom singly-bound to one hydrogen atom and one carbon atom. R Aldehyde: A carbonyl group that is singly-bound to one hydrogen atom and one carbon atom. Notice that if, instead of the carbon atom, you have oxygen or nitrogen, you do not have an aldehyde but rather an acid/ester or an amide, respectively. Alkene: A carbon-carbon double bond. Sometimes called a “vinyl group”, though technically the term only refers to the specific group -CH=CH2. OH O C R H R H R C C C R R R alkene H3C Alkyne: A carbon-carbon triple bond. C H C H vinyl group C CH3 O Amide: A carbonyl group that is singly-bound to a nitrogen atom. In biochemistry, the group is called a peptide and the carbon-nitrogen linkage is called a peptide bond. C R R N H Amine: A nitrogen atom bound to at least one carbon atom is an amine, unless it is bound to a carbonyl group, when it is part of an amide. H R N H R Arene or “benzene ring”: A six-membered ring with three double bonds (six “extra” electrons). Carbonyl: A carbon-oxygen double bond. The carbon atom has two bonds left over that can be attached to other atoms. 1 R sometimes represented as O C Carboxylic acid: A carbonyl group singly-bound to an oxygen which is in turn singly-bound to a hydrogen atom. O C R H O O Ester: A carbonyl group singly-bound to an oxygen which is in turn singly-bound to a carbon atom. C R R Ether: An oxygen atom singly-bound to two carbon atoms. R O O R O Ketone: A carbonyl group that is bound to two carbon atoms. C R R Peptide: What biochemists call an amide. Normally used to refer to proteins. Other functional groups These groups are found in important artificial polymers: polycarbonate (Lexan) and various polyurethanes. Carbonate: A carbonyl group that is singly-bound to two oxygen atoms, that are in turn singly-bound to carbon atoms. O R C O Isocyanate: A carbonyl group that is doubly-bound to a nitrogen atom, that is in turn singly-bound to a carbon atom. Isocyanates are combined with alcohols to make urethanes. Urethane: A carbonyl group that is singly-bound to one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom, each of which is in turn singly-bound to a carbon atom. Urethanes are made by reacting isocyanates with alcohols. This is also known as a carbamate. N R C O O C R N H 2 R O R O