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Unit 8 Revision Booklet 1 Section one: Beliefs and Sources of Authority Key Words Islam: The name of the religion followed by Muslims; to surrender to the will of God; peace. Muslim: One who has submitted to the will of Allah and has accepted Islam. Allah: The Islamic name for God. Tawhid: Oneness and unity of Allah. Risalah: Prophethood; channel of communication. Prophethood: Channel of communication with God. Akhira: Everlasting life after death. Day of Judgement: The day when Allah will decide about individual deeds, good and bad, and on reward and punishment. Paradise: A place of perfect happiness; the afterlife. Hell: Eternal separation from Allah. Quran: The holy book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Jibril. Allah’s final revelation to humankind. Revelation: The words of the Quran being shown to Muhammad; Allah shows himself to believers. Compilation: A gathering together into one book of material from more than one source. Surah: A division of the Quran. There are 114 in total. Recitation: A repeating of a passage or poem from memory. Authority: Power to give orders to others and expect obedience. Hadith: The sayings of the prophet Muhammad. A major source of Islamic law. Sunnah:The teachings and deeds of Muhammad. Muhammad: The last and greatest prophet of Allah. The name Muhammad means ‘praised’. Hijra:The migration of the prophet Muhammad from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE, the Muslim calendar commences from this event. Madinah: Muhammad travelled to Madina from Makkah in 622 CE. It is regarded as the second holiest city in Islam and is the burial place of the prophet Muhammad. Shariah: Islamic law based directly upon the Qur’an and sunnah Sunni: Muslims who believe in the successorship of Abu Bakr, Umar , Uthman and Ali. Imam: In shi’ah Islam this title is given to Ali and his successors Shi’ah (shi’i):Muslims who believe in the successorship of Ali. (Party of Ali) Nature of God Tawhid: Belief about Allah; in particular God’s oneness, his power(omnipotence), creativity, mercy and compassion. Muslim beliefs about Tawhid (Oneness of Allah) • Muslims believe that there is only one God, Allah. • He has no partner, wife or children. • He does not need anyone. • Mentioned in Surah Al-Ikhlas ‘He is Allah the one and the only. Allah the eternal absolute. He begot none, nor was he begotten. And there is none like him.’ • Mentioned in the Shahadah, declaration of faith. ‘I declare that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His messenger’. • The 99 names are also a way of understanding the qualities/nature of God e.g.) Most Merciful, Most Compassionate, The Judge, The All seeing and The Provider. • Imagery cannot be used to portray God as there is nothing like God. Allah’s Power • Muslims believe that Allah has power over everything. • He controls the universe • Nothing happens without His permission • He has a plan for everything. • Why is Shirk a Major Sin? The sin of shirk (associating partners with God) is a major sin in Islam. • The Qur’an says Allah forgives all sins accept Shirk • Shirk contradicts the Muslim belief of Tawhid • If Allah has a partner then this means he needs someone • The Qur’an speaks badly about people who commit Shirk. 2 Section one: Beliefs and Sources of Authority Risalah • • Why is belief in risalah important? Prophets are human beings chosen by God to carry out a special role as his messengers. • Quran names 25 prophets but Muslims believe 124,000 have been sent in total. • • Islam was revealed to the first of prophets, Adam and was therefore the first religion. • Due to humans losing, forgetting, deliberately editing and misunderstanding that message God sent other prophets to remind them and call them to the true path of guidance. • Muslims believe that each prophet brought the same religion and although the other original revelations have been changed, they should still be respected. • Muhammad was selected as the final prophet by God. The seal of prophets. • Islam teaches only Islam is an accurate record of God’s message. . • Angels play a part in revelation. They bring God’s word to messengers. • Angels also take information from humans and present it to God. • • Prophets brought guidance of Allah to different nations at different times showing that the message was from the beginning. All prophets brought the same message showing Allah is unchanging. All prophets brought the same message of Islam showing that Islam is a true religion All prophets prepared the way for the final prophet, Muhammad (SAW) Akhira This is the belief in the hereafter. • Angel Izrail (Angel of Death) removes the soul from the body. Either gently removes it or rips it out depending on how virtuous the person was. • Muslims believe that the physical body dies but the person continues to live on. • The deceased hear themselves being prepared for burial and put in the grave. • The deceased hears the last footsteps walking away from the grave. • The questioning of the grave will then begin. Two angels will ask the following questions; 1) Who is your Lord? 2) Who is your prophet? 3) What is your religion? • If answered correctly reward begins in the grave and if one has denied God then the punishments will start. • They will stay in the grave until the day of Judgement. .Judgement Day • Angel Israfil blows the trumpet upon God’s command and everything on earth is destroyed. • They will rise from the dead (resurrect) when the angel Israfil blows into the trumpet for the second time. • The book of their life long deeds will be given to them and they will read out from it. • If the book is given in the right hand they will go heaven and if given in left hand they will go hell. • They will be judged by Allah on this day. HOW DOES THIS AFFECT A MUSLIM? Every Muslim knows he or she will have to give an account of what they had done so MUSLIMS WILL AIM TO: Observe the five pillars Learn the Quran Follow the Shariah and avoid haram Be honest and fair in every aspect of life Do every action for the pleasure of Allah 3 Section one: Beliefs and Sources of Authority The Qur’an Revelation of the Quran • Muslims believe this is the Word of God. • The angel Jibril brought it to Muhammad (PBUH) • The first surah to be revealed was Surah ‘Alaq’. This happened in the Cave of Hira in the year 610 CE. • Revelation of the entire Quran took 23 years. • God does not directly speak to humans as He is much greater and humans would not be able to cope with God’s divine presence. Compilation of the Quran • Muhammad would recite the revelations to his companions who would memorise them by heart. • They would also note them down on parchment, scraps of bone and leather. • After the prophets death it became necessary to collect all the materials and compile them into an official version so that it did not undergo corruption. • The Qur’an is split into 114 Surahs (chapters). • The first surah of the Quran (Al Fatiha) is recited in the daily prayers. • Many people memorise the Qur’an as a way of protecting it. A person who memorises the Quran is given honourable title of ‘Hafiz’ Introduction to the Life of the Prophet • Muhammed (pbuh) was born in the year 570 CE. • His father passed away before he was born • His mother died when he was 6 • He was raised by his uncle Abu Talib • The prophet experienced much loss in his early life. • Muhammad joined the family business and became a trader. • He earnt himself a great reputation. Meccans regarded him as Al-Amin (Trustworthy one). Religious Situation of Makkah Before Islam Meccans were polytheists. Worshipped multiple Gods and Goddesses 360 idols were kept in the Ka’abah Did not believe in a life after death so did not worry about consequences of actions The authority (power) of the Quran The Quran hold supreme authority in the life of a Muslim because; • • • • • • Muslims believe it is an earthly copy of heavenly original. It is the only unchanged book of Allah – it contains the exact words of Allah It was brought by the final prophet – it was for all people of all time It is the first miracle of Islam – the Prophet was illiterate, hence was a miracle that he was the one who was teaching it to the people. It shows them how to follow in the straight path It offers support and help in the times of need and hardship HOW IS RESPECT SHOWN TO THE QURAN? Before reading or touching the Quran a Muslim must: i) Perform Wudu (ritual washing) ii) Make sure they are in the right frame of mind When the Quran is recited a Muslim must: i) Not speak ii) Not eat or drink When not being read a Muslim must: i) Cover it to protect from dust ii) Put it in a high place and not place any thing else on top of it Respect can also be shown by Muslims by applying Quranic teachings in their lives WHY IS MUHAMMAD SO IMPORTANT? The Prophet Muhammad had set an example of: • How to live the Muslim life • How to be a faithful servant of Allah • How to keep on the straight path of Islam HOW IS MUHAMMAD (SAW) DIFFERENT TO THE OTHER PROPHETS? • He completed the message of Allah • He is the last prophet Allah will send • He brought the message for all people of all times This is why he is called the ‘Seal of the Prophets’ Social Situation of Makkah Before Islam The prophet was troubled by the way of life of the Meccans. They thought they were superior to others (blacks were enslaved) They were often dishonest when trading, were not charitable, gambled,got drunk, hunted animals and killed baby girls (female infanticide) as girls were considered4 burdensome. Section one: Beliefs and Sources of Authority The Hijra Muhammad’s work in Makkah In the year 610 whilst reflecting in the cave of Hira the angel Jibril urged him to recite( Iqra) Eventually the prophet repeated the following words from Surah 96: ‘In the name of God who creates man from a mere clot of blood...’ The migration of the prophet became necessary after the death of his uncle Abu Talib in the year 619. Up till now his uncle was providing him with safety but now they would plot to assassinate the prophet. Muhammad knew that he had been given a mission by God. He first shared with just close friends and family. In the year 620 a group from the city of Yathrib heard the prophet preach and accepted Islam. They went back and spread the message. In the year 613 God commanded him to preach openly and invite everyone to believe in the one God. In 622 representatives from Yathrib invited Muhammad to move to Yathrib as their leader. As soon as he did the leaders of Makkah started to persecute Muhammad and his followers. The prophet accepted and the Muslims moved to start a new life. Reasons why they attacked: This is known as Hijra. • Importance of Hijra Were proud of their traditions and beliefs and felt Muhammad was attacking these beliefs. • Shows loyalty to God • Muhammad was a threat to the power they held as people were following him and not them. • Shows blood ties and tribal ties were less important than Allah and the prophet • If Muhammad stopped idol worship they would face financial loss as Makkah benefited from annual pilgrimage. They thought no one would come to the Ka’abah. • Islam would now be practiced as a complete way of life and the first Muslim community would be established. Muhammad ‘s work in Madina The Hadith and Sunnah Had to unite all people living in Yathrib (Medina). This included; the Makkan Muslims who had migrated, the Muslims of Yathrib, the Jews and those who had not accepted Islam yet. The hadith (teachings) and sunnah( actions) of the prophet are a sources of authority after the Quran. The prophet successfully did this by creating the ‘Constitution of Medina.’ This was a framework outlining duties and rights of all people living in the city. Great care was taken to ensure each saying was genuine. The prophet built the first mosque in Medina and this fulfilled a social and religious purpose. Sunnah Muhammad also exercised military power in Medina. He led three battles against the Makkans. The batttle of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq. The hadith of the prophet were passed down by word of mouth for 200 years before being recorded in writing. Hadith Qudsi are sayings that the prophet was given by God but are not part of the Quran. Muhammad’s actions are his sunnah and Muslims should follow the prophets example as he is the best role model. The sunnah includes movements of the daily prayers, customs such as standing when a funeral procession 5 passes and thanking Allah before a meal. Section one: Beliefs and Sources of Authority Shariah • The shariah is the holy law of Islam based on Quran and Sunnah. • About 600 verses of the Quran contain laws concerning family life, food, inheritance, praying, fasting, war, divorce and much more. • Muslims believe that Allah alone has the power to say what is right and wrong. • Scholars have a duty to interpret laws so that Muslims know how to behave when dealing with new issues. • All Muslims want to obey Gods but some do not wish to obey laws worked out by scholars. They do not think these laws are God’s laws. Sunni and Shiah After the prophets death in 632, there were four caliphs, or successors. The first was Abu Bakr, he was followed by Umar , then Uthman and finally Ali. The source of the controversy occurred when the fourth successor, Caliph Ali, took over. Sunnis regard Ali as the fourth and last of the rightly guided caliphs – the leaders of the Muslims. But Shiites feel that Ali should have been the first caliph because of his family ties and that the caliphate should pass down only to direct descendants of Muhammad. SIMILARITIES between Sunnis and Shiahs They believe in Allah and His Prophet They believe in the authority of the Quran They believe in life after death and the judgement to follow They both follow the Five Pillars DIFFERENCES Saying the Shahadah – Shiahs add ‘and I bear witness that Ali was the friend of Allah’ The practice of Salah – Shiahs prostrate onto earth or a small block of clay from Karbala Important festivals – Ashura, which commemorates the death of Husayn at Karbala Places of pilgrimage – they also visit Karbala How much should be given to the poor – they must give 20% besides Zakah called Khums 6 Section Two: The Five Pillars Keywords: The Five Pillars: The five most important duties: to believe, to pray, to give to charity, to fast and to go on pilgrimage. Shahadah: Muslim declaration of faith. The first pillar of Islam. Salah: Prayer and worship of Allah, performed under the conditions set by prophet Muhammad. The second pillar of Islam. Wudu: Ritual washing before prayer. Rak’ah: A sequence of movements in ritual prayer. Jumuah: Weekly communal salah performed after midday on a Friday. Du’a: Personal Prayer. Zakah: Purification of wealth by giving to the poor; an act of obligatory worship for Muslims. Sawm: Fasting from dawn to dusk during Ramadan, sex and smoking are banned when the believer is engaged in this. The fourth pillar of Islam Ramadan: Month during which fasting from dawn to sunset is demanded. Hajj: Annual pilgrimage to Makkah, which all Muslims must undertake at least once in their lives, unless prevented by wealth or health. The fifth pillar of Islam. Pilgrimage: A religious journey. Makkah: The city where Muhammad was born. The spiritual centre of Islam. Ritual: A religious ceremony or series of actions. Customs: Long standing practices and traditions. Arafrat: A plain near Makkah where pilgrims gather to worship and seek forgiveness. Also known as Mount Arafat or Mount of Mercy. Shahadah: Declaration of Faith Shahadah: To say 1. I bear witness that there is no God but Allah 2. I bear witness that Muhammad is the prophet of Allah. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? • There is no room in their lives for any God except Allah. • The belief in Muhammad as the messenger of Allah is accepting that Islam was given to the Prophet and that it is the final and complete guidance from Allah for humans to follow. SHAHADAH IS FUNDEMENTAL TO A MUSLIMS BECAUSE: • Muslims believe that the purpose of life for human beings is to worship Allah alone. • Ibadah)Worshipping Allah means serving Allah and everything a Muslim does is motivated by this idea. • Allah gave humans life and should live it the way Allah intended. Use of Shahadah: Repeated in Salah Last words you hear or say before death Recited in the adhan Whisper to a newborn baby Salah: Prayer Why do Muslims offer Salah? • It is commanded in the Quran • They must remember Allah throughout the day and prayer helps them do this • It makes them feel closer to Allah • It unites them with other Muslims • It reconfirms their faith SIGNIFICANCE OF SALAH IN ISLAM • Considered to be the most important of the practical prayers • A way of showing total submission to Allah ( Prostration/sajud position) • A way of identifying with the worldwide Muslim community Rules that must be observed for prayer: • • • • • Perform Wudu Pray five times a day at set times Face Makkah Performing certain actions – standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. This must be repeated in a certain order and a certain number of times. Recite in Arabic 7 Section Two: The Five Pillars Zakah-Wealthy Muslims must give 2.5% of their to charity WHY IS ZAKAH IMPORTANT? • Show submission to the will of Allah • Purifies possessions • Supports the Ummah • Removes selfishness • Creates equality • Commanded in the Quran • Muslims have a duty to help others and those in need and Zakah reminds one that both the rich and poor are part of the Ummah • Knowing that Muslims are giving Zakah at the same time for the same purposes unites the Ummah • Sharing resources strengthens the Ummah and helps gain spiritual riches WHAT CAN ZAKAH BE USED FOR? Helping the poor Helping people in need Freeing prisoners Helping people out of debt Sawm- Fasting in Ramadan WHY DO MUSLIMS FAST? • It is commanded in the Quran • It encourages fellowship with other Muslims through the shared experience of fasting . • It is a special time to give thanks for the Quran – the month in which it was revealed • Fasting is not just a physical experience but a total commitment of a person’s body and soul as it is seen as a method of self-control. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF FASTING? • It is like a pathway that brings a Muslim closer to Allah • Develop self-control • Spend more time focusing on Salah and other ibadah • Empathise for those that suffer • Increase spiritual strength • Focus on self-purification • Strengthen the Ummah Hajj- Pilgrimage to Makkah Importance of HAJJ The Hajj is pilgrimage to Makkah. It is the Fifth Pillar of Islam and therefore a very important part of the Islamic faith. All physically fit Muslims who can afford it should make the visit to Makkah, in Saudi Arabia, at least once in their lives. Every year around 2 million Muslims from all over the world journey to Makkah. They stand before the Kaaba, a shrine built by Ibrahim praising Allah together. The Hajjis or pilgrims wear simple white clothes called Ihram which promote the bonds of Islamic brotherhood and sisterhood by showing that everyone is equal in the eyes of Allah. WHAT HAPPENS ON HAJJ? Putting on the Ihram Going round the Ka’bah seven times (tawaf) A fast walk between As-Safa and al-Marwa Visiting Mina for midday prayers Standing at Arafat from noon to sunset Visiting Muzdalifah to collect pebbles Stoning the pillars in Mina Celebrating Id al-Adha During hajj the following are forbidden: Sexual relations Shave their hair or cut their nails Use perfume or scented oils Kill or hunt anything To argue or fight To cover the face even women Wearing clothes with stitches (only applies to men) 8 Section Two: The Five Pillars WHY IS ARAFAT SIGNIFICANT FOR MUSLIMS? On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrims leave Mina just after dawn to travel to the Plain of Arafat . On what is known as the "Day of Arafat," the pilgrims spend the entire day standing (or sitting) near the Mount of Mercy, asking Allah for forgiveness and making supplications. Muslims around the world who are not at the pilgrimage join them in spirit by fasting for the day. After sunset on the Day of Arafat, the pilgrims leave and travel to a nearby open plain called Muzdalifah, roughly halfway between Arafat and Mina. There they spend the night praying, and collecting small stone pebbles to be used the following day. SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDING AT ARAFAT • Allah forgives the sins Muslims confess . • Muslims show commitment to Allah by obeying His command and praying all day in the heat of the sun • Standing at Arafat is preparation in standing before Allah on the day of judgment • Arafat is where Adam and Eve were reunited after being thrown out of Eden and is where Adam confessed his sins. • Sincere repentance leads to pilgrims being cleansed of all sins. Pilgrims often described as being like a new born baby after this experience. This ritual offers them a second chance. MINA On the third day, the pilgrims move before sunrise, this time back to Mina. Here they throw their stone pebbles at pillars that represent Satan. When throwing the stones, the pilgrims recall the story of Satan’s attempt to discourage Ibrahim from following God’s command to sacrifice his son Ismail. The stones represent Ibraham’s rejection of Satan and the firmness of his faith. After casting the pebbles, most pilgrims slaughter an animal (often a sheep or a goat) and give away the meat to the poor. This is a symbolic act that shows their willingness to part with something that is precious to them, just as the Prophet Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son at God’s command. Men shave their heads and women cut off 2cm and many return to normal clothes. Ihram Tawaf Running between Mount safa and Marwa Jeddah airport Mount of Mercy/ Araftat Eid ul adha/ Qurbani Stoning at Mina Collecting stones at Muzdalifah 9 Section Three: Worship Keywords Mosque: A Muslim place of worship Qiblah: The direction of Makkah. Mihrab: A niche indicating the direction of Makkah. Minbar: A pulpit for giving Friday sermons. Mu’adhin(Muezzin): The Islamic call to prayer( the person who calls). Adhan: The call to prayer. Imam: A person who leads communal prayer. Madrassah: A Muslim school attached to a mosque where young Muslims study Islam. Eid ul Fitr: Celebration of the end of fasting after Ramadan. Eid ul Adha: Celebration of the prophet Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah. Ends the period of Hajj. THE PURPOSE OF THE MOSQUE IS TO PROVIDE A SPACE WHERE: • There is an atmosphere of peace and tranquillity • Worshippers can concentrate on Allah, without any distractions • The dirt and bustle are left outside and Muslims can feel a sense of purity as they stand before Allah. Imam WHAT ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE IMAM? • The word ‘imam’ simply refers to a person who stands in front and leads the formal prayers. • The people follow his movements and listen to his words, which tell them when to move to the next stage of their prayers. • At the Friday congregational prayers (Jummah) the imam usually gives a sermon. This is important because the imam will outline some teachings from the Quran – explain its meaning and how it should be applied. • The Imam will teach the children from an early age to learn to recite portions of the Quran and to understand its teaching . • He leads prayers at weddings and funerals • The Imam gives advice and counselling to Muslims • The Imam visits those that are sick or in prison THE IMPORTANCE OF THE IMAM • The imam helps apply the rules of the Shariah in the Muslim’s daily life – halal and haram • He extends the ummah by giving guidance and instruction to new converts. • He stands as a role model showing how to live as a faithful Muslim in a non-Muslim society • The imam makes sure Islam is kept pure and not influenced by secular western culture The Mosque: External Features Dome: Many Muslims think of this as a symbol of space therefore emphasising that Allah is the creator of the universe. • The circumference of the dome represents the never ending, eternal nature of God. • The structure of the dome enables sound to be amplified so that all worshippers can hear the imam. • The vastness of the dome means that air can circulate easily making the experience of salah more tranquil. Minaret: A tall tower from which worshippers are called to prayer. • Should be tallest structure in the community so that members can spot it from far away, therefore becoming a constant reminder of faith. • It is used for the call to prayer. A man called a muezzin (or mu’adhin) has the job of climbing to the top and reciting the Adhan. CRESCENT MOON AND STAR: This is the Islamic symbol: The five points of the star symbolise the five pillars of Islam. The moon is a symbol of Islam as the faith to light. The Mosque: Internal Features Mihrab: one wall of the prayer hall in a mosque has a niche or alcove which shows the qiblah, direction of Makkah. Minbar: a small platform from where the imam gives the khutbah (sermon) to the worshippers . Wudu Area: Muslims must perform ritual wash of wudu before praying as one must be in state of purity before standing in salah. Prayer Hall: Large room with prayer carpets, no imagery , furniture or statues are to be found here. Helps believers focus on the 10 oneness of God. Shoe Racks: The masjid is a place of prostration and so must be clean. Shoes are to be removed before entering the prayer hall. Section Three: Worship Importance of the Mosque Aids to Worship • Offers a sense of identity- Belong to a religious community, bound together by spirituality and a deep love for Allah. • Visual reminder of their duty to God. • A feeling of community – the mosque helps to give a strong feeling of brotherhood especially when united in prayer. • An encouragement of faith – being together gives Muslims encouragement to face up to the difficulties of living in a secular society. Support one another in overcoming temptations. Qiblah compass Helps work out direction of prayer. Muslims direct prayers towards Makkah as the Ka’abah is situated there. The Ka’abah is described as Baith’ullah ‘House of God.’ Prayer Mat Qur’an stand Facilities and services provided by the mosque for local community: • Education in the madrassah (mosque school) • Family support service and advice bureau • Youth club • Conduct Weddings/ Nikkah • Funerals-Have a mortuary where the body is prepared for burial- final bathing/shrouding/coffin. Janazah salah offered by imam. Transport for deceased to the graveyard. • Charity activities. • Invite guest Speakers Prayer beads The prayer mat is used to ensure that the place of prayer is clean. Prayer mats are usually decorated, including much colour and pattern work. The Qur’an is believed to be God’s exact word and so copies of the Quran must be treated with the greatest respect. Muslims do wudu before touching it and in order for it to not touch an unclean surface or the ground a stand is used. Used by Muslims to offer private prayers. Usually the names of God are chanted on the beads. Most tasbih’s contain 99 beads , for each of God’s names. Eid ul-Fitr-(FESTIVAL OF BREAKING THE FAST) ‘Fitr’ means to break and this particular festival marks the breaking of the fasting of Ramadan. It can also signify the break-up of bad deeds due to increased self-control WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CELEBRATE EID? • Eid is a time of forgiveness and making amends • Eid unites human beings in common joy. It remind Muslims of the importance of harmony, human equality and compassion for all. • Eid is also a time for giving and sharing, allows Muslims to reflect on their duty to help people who are less fortunate than them. • Eid is the time for Muslims to appreciate their family and their friends This is the second important festival celebrated by Muslim communities. EID UL-ADHA happens during the month of pilgrimage to Mecca . Celebrations involve the sacrifice of an animal . It is done in remembrance of the story of the prophet Ibrahim who was commanded by God to sacrifice his son Ismail. This was a test of his faith to see if he was willing to obey God no matter what. The meat is usually divided into three portions. One portion is given to the poor, another is offered as a gift to friends and relatives and the third is kept by the family. Eid ul-Adha is celebrated in Britain by attending the Mosque for a special prayer. Local Muslims butchers slaughter the animal. The communities meet for celebrations. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFCANCE OF EID AL-ADHA • It helps those who were not on hajj celebrate the spirit of hajj with family and friends • The sacrifice of an animal reminds Muslims that they should be prepare to give up everything for Allah • The history of various activities behind hajj reminds Muslims that 11 Islam has existed since the very beginning of time Section Four: Personal Lifestyle Lifestyle Keywords A Muslims lifestyle is influenced by belief in God and the teachings of Islam. The perfect lifestyle is one that obeys the commands of God, adheres to the sunnah and positively impacts society. The five pillars play a important part in a Muslims lifestyle. Lifestyle: Way of life. Halal: Any action or thing which is lawful Haram: Any action or thing which is forbidden Modesty: Humble manner or appearance Purdah: Women covering their face and hands when in public. Hijab: Modest dress for women, often reference to veil or headscarf worn by women. Ummah: All Muslims are regarded as part of a brotherhood; the nation of Islam. Concepts of halal and haram There are five groups in which actions fall: 1. Haram – forbidden, for example sex outside marriage 2. Makruh – discouraged, for example divorce 3. Mubah – neutral 4. Mustahab – recommended, for example du’a prayer 5. Fard or wajib – obligatory, for example observing the Five Pillars Food Preparation Halal and Haram • The significance of following halal and haram laws. • They are commanded by Allah in the Qur’an and Muslim believe that obeying Allah enables them to lead a good life and brings rewards in the hereafter. • They were followed and taught by the Prophet Muhammad and all Muslims should follow his example. • Observing halal and haram clearly identifies one as a Muslim and strengthens the fellowship between Muslims • Observing halal and haram constantly reminds Muslims of the teachings of Allah and that Islam is the way of life Alcohol • Muslims are not allowed to drink alcohol because it leads to forgetting about Allah. • A state of drunkenness leads to many other sins e.g. aggressive behaviour, lack of control over actions, adultery, rape etc. • Prayers cannot be offered in an intoxicated state. • The Qur’an mentions that alcohol is haram for Muslims. Why do Muslims keep these laws? • It is healthier to avoid alcohol • A Muslim believes that Allah has lent them their body, so they must look after it, stay on the straight path in order to reach paradise. • Muslims have very strict regulations about what they can and cannot eat. What Muslims can eat is called halal and what they are not allowed to eat is called haram. • Muslims are only allowed to eat meat which has been slaughtered by having its throat slit and the blood drained from it whilst the Shahadah is recited. • This means Muslims cannot eat the ordinary meat in the UK because it is slaughtered by being stunned first. • Muslim meat is called halal meat and has to be purchased from halal butchers. However, Muslims can eat Jewish meat, known as Kosher meat, if it is slaughtered in exactly the same way. “And do not eat the meat of an animal upon which the name of Allah has not been mentioned”. (Quran) The prophet stated that The prophet said “A Muslim who tosses a Haram morsel (small amount of food ) in his stomach will have no deed accepted from him for 40 days” (Hadith) What are the implications of these rules? • Some areas do not have halal butcher shops or halal stores that sell halal food • Some schools don’t provide halal food either • Many service stations do not have suitable food • Halal restaurants are hard to find There is a hadith that says that on the Day of Judgement everyone will be asked four things concerning: 1, their body and how they used it 2, their life and how they spent it. 3, their wealth and how they earned it. 4, their knowledge and what they did with it. 12 Section Four: Personal Lifestyle Muslim Dress: Purdah and Hijab There are special dress laws for women: • They must cover their head and hair when outside the home (this covering is called a hijab) and some Muslim women cover their face as well with only a slit for the eyes (this covering is called a burqa). • They must wear a covering garment over their clothes when they go out of the home. • Neither men nor women are allowed to wear clothes normally worn by the opposite sex. • Muslims are not allowed to appear naked before anyone else except for medical purposes, which means school showers are not allowed for Muslims. “ Believing women should cat their garments over themselves (when out); that is most convenient, that they should be recognized (as such) and not be molested”(Quran) Different attitudes to Hijab Why women choose to wear the burqa or veil: • It gives security • People judge them for who they are not what they look like • Many Muslim women wear the veil as an expression of their identity and commitment • Many Muslim women believe they are interpreting the Quran as best as possible by wearing the hijab in order to dress modestly What the implications of wearing Muslim dress in a western society • • • Wearing the veil has become a political issue in some countries (Banned in France) Many feminists consider the veil as oppressive and unfair to women May experience discrimination, abuse and intolerance in society. “Say to believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty …”Quran) The Ummah Ummah WHY IS THE UMMAH IMPORTANT? Islam unites all Muslims everywhere, no what their race or culture Having one worldwide community reflects on the Tawhid of Allah It helps and gives strength to individual Muslims Many aspects of Islam are communal in nature HOW DO THE MUSLIMS SHOW THE IMPORTANCE OF THE UMMAH At Prayer: All Muslims face the qiblah (direction of the Ka’bah) which is the hub of Islam. Wherever you go in the world you will see the actions of Salah performed when Muslims pray. Reading the Quran: Muslims around the world speak different languages but yet when they read the Quran they use the Arabic language. Giving Zakat: Every year Muslims give a percentage of their wealth to help other people. Going on Hajj: On pilgrimage to Makkah Muslims gather from all over the world. It doesn’t matter whether if you are black, white, male or female – everyone is equal in the sight of Allah 13 Section Four: Personal Lifestyle Respect, Religious Duties and Good Actions Respect and Good actions ‘You who believe, do not let one set of people make fun of another; do not insult one another by calling each other names; do not spy on one another, or spread rumours about each other or criticise people behind their backs’ (Quran) A true believer is one who wants for his brother what he wants for himself( Hadith) Be generous with time and money(sadaqah ) Duties • Carry out the five pillars • Celebrate the festivals • Obey laws of God • Follow sunnah Some Muslims must take on special roles • • • • Experts in Quran and Shariah Judges to settle disputes(divorce) Representatives who will speak for ummah Imams who lead the community on path of goodness. The importance of Lifestyle and Community Not enough to just believe. Must action faith. If you do not live a Muslim lifestyle you are not a Muslim. Islam is a way of life followed from cradle to grave. The fundamental belief that there is ‘no God but Allah’ means that a Muslim’s lifestyle must show there is nothing in life that is kore important than God. Service to God should always come first. Before making money, before relationships, fashion and family traditions. The second part of the Shahadah honours Muhammad as the messenger of God and what this means for the lifestyle of a Muslim is that the prophet set the standard and they must aspire to copy him. The community is important as members can motivate one another, help in times of need and offer advice. 14 Section Five : Family Life Key Terms Marriage: A legal union between a man and a woman. Willing Consent: Both parties agree to marriage. Dowry: Wedding gift given by the husband to the wife, usually in the form of money. Divorce: Legal ending of a marriage. Arranged Marriage: A marriage for which parents take a leading role in choosing a marriage partner for their son or daughter. Polygamy: Being married to more than one person at once. Pre-marital sex: A sexual relationship which occurs before marriage. Adultery: Sex outside of marriage where one or both of the couple are already married to someone else(an affair). Homosexuality: A sexual relationship with someone of the same sex. The Marriage Ceremony Divorce and Remarriage Marriage in Islam Marriage is recommended in Islam as it is a duty to marry and have children. Islamic marriage has three key features: • Willing consent of both partners • The marriage contract • The dowry Two witnesses are needed during the ceremony. The marriage contract is drawn up by the couple or their families. Included an agreement about what will happen if the marriage fails. Muslims are encouraged to treat the marriage like a lifelong commitment but the contract lasts as long as both partners stick to it. Circumstances in which divorce can be approved in UK: • Adultery • Unreasonable behaviour • Desertion • Divorce is allowed in Islam when there is no chance of a marriage surviving. Celibacy (not having sexual relations) is disapproved in Islam as it may lead top psychological problems. All Muslims should marry because: Prophet (pbuh) was married Sexual desire is a git form Allah and needs to be fulfilled within marriage Marriage is Allah’s intention for man and woman. To share love and companionship To have sex within boundaries laid out by Allah To have children and bring them up as Muslims Muslims dislike divorce because: Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) , the perfect example did not divorce He said that divorce is the most hated of all things that Allah has permitted “ the most detested act that God has permitted is divorce “(Hadith) Divorce can damage lives of children Muslims accept divorce because: Marriage is a contract in Islam not a promise to Allah Qur’an allows divorce Qur’an has rules on divorce - women & children should be cared for Better for children to live with divorced parents rather than to live with bitterness & hatred. Procedures that need to be followed to divorce in Islam. • 3 months waiting period where both partners have time to rethink about their decision. • Waiting period also allows wife to check if she is pregnant • At the end of this time if both partners agree to divorce they can go their separate ways. In Islam only the husband can divorce. If the wife wishes to divorce she has right of “khul”- she can ask him divorce her. If husband refuses then she can go to Muslim “Qazi” (judge and file for the dissolution of her marriage. 15 Section Five : Family Life Polygamy “…marry two or three or four women of your choice, but if you fear that you will not be able to deal fairly with them then marry one” (Quran) The Quran allows men to have four wives. This is known as polygamy. This ruling came after the battle of Uhud which left many women widow and fatherless children. Polygamy was a made permissible to support those who were suffering. Men are not to marry out of lust and desire. Arranged Marriages • • • • • • • Sexual Relationships Outside Marriage Muslim Attitudes to sex outside of marriage (Pre-marital sex, homosexuality, cohabitation and adultery are forbidden and should be punished according to the Qur’an Promiscuity is seen as wrong Islam Teaches Ideal marriage partner is the one who loves Allah Main purpose of sex=procreation Muslims should not behave in sexual manner towards others Adultery is a great sin Sex should be kept special for marriage “When a husband and wife share intimacy it is rewarded and is a blessing from Allah ; just as they should be punished if they engaged in illicit sex”(Hadith) The Contribution of the Mosque to family Life How mosques keep family together – activities at the mosques Social centre which offers activities for boys and girls. Imams available to give advice in difficult situations. Help with financial difficulties Special Eid services Ways in which mosque supports families Social events that all family can join in Giving guidance on legal matters like divorce Giving Zakat to help families After school clubs to teach children about Islam Meeting place where parents can discuss difficulties & celebrate success with others. • In traditional Muslim societies men and women do not mix freely. When time of marriage comes for them their parents will find and introduce them to a suitable person. They will identify a good match based on interests, background and education. Arranged marriages are not forced marriages. The young person does not have to marry the person their parents have introduced them to. Muslims do not approve of finding a partner using chat rooms or gatherings such as pubs, clubs and discos. In an arranged marriage love between the two comes after the wedding. Arranged marriages have a greater success rate in comparison to love marriages. Homosexuality: A sexual relationship with someone of the same sex Many Muslim’s believe that homosexuality is a grave sin and that homosexuality is a product of an individual’s environment, not as a result of their genetics. These Muslim’s believe that humans have a choice and that they must choose not to be homosexual, just as an alcoholic must choose not to drink. The Qur’an teaches “If two men among you commit indecency punish them both. If they repent and mend their ways, let them be. Allah is forgiving and merciful.” -Quran makes statements against homosexuality. -Prophet’s Hadith states ‘kill the one who is doing it and the one it is being done to.’ -Story of Prophet Lut in the Qur’an is evidence that homosexuality is forbidden in Islam. Worship in the Home Prayers offered in the home Study of the Quran Recitation of the Quran Celebration of Festivals Ceremonies linked to childbirth conducted in the home. Halal food laws are followed in the home 16 Section Six: Justice and Equality Key Terms Justice: Bringing about what is right, fair according to the law or making up for a wrong that has been committed. Equality: The principle that people should be given the same rights and opportunities regardless of sex, religion , race, etc. Prejudice: Unfairly judging someone before you get to know them Discrimination: To act against someone on the basis of sex, race, religion. This is a negative action. Gender: Another word for a person’s sex. Religion: A set of beliefs, values and practices usually based on the teachings of a spiritual leader. Race: A group of people with the same ethnic background Justice and Equality One of God’s names is ‘The Just’ and so Muslims have a duty to make sure everyone gets what they are entitled to. Those who commit injustice and wrong-doing on earth shall be severely punished (Quran) God has commanded that Muslims treat everyone fairly even the enemy. Injustice is the opposite of justice. Many people on earth are treated unjustly because of the colour of their skin, their sex and religion. Islam teaches that that the only thing people should be judged upon is how well they lived a life of obedience to Allah. Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination Ignorance and Fear- Not understanding differences so they may disrespect them or fear them. E.g. Not understanding why people have different accents, skin colours, traditions and beliefs SeparationIf groups do not integrate they will never get to know one another or understand differences in practice. Stereotypes created by media If we have no personal encounter with a group of people e.g. blacks, then our image of them may come from television, magazines and newspapers. The impression given my these sources may not always be accurate. Attitudes of role models The way parents, teachers, politicians and influential people treat people who are different from them sets the standard for others to follow. This is why some prejudices are a result of upbringing. The behaviour of a very small minority The way some people in a particular group behave leads to prejudice against others. E.g. all Muslims are ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram etc. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice=‘pre-judge’ someone You can be prejudiced in someone’s favour or prejudiced against them. e.g. ‘I've never met a Muslim but I don’t like them’ or ‘poor people are lazy’ Islam is against prejudice as it is unreasonable, unfair and unjust. Discrimination is prejudice in action. Religious prejudice and Discrimination • Name calling, rudeness and lack of consideration for people of faith. Can be directed at any religious group. • Those people whose religion requires them to dress differently are often targeted e.g. Orthodox Jews who wear the skull cap ‘kippah’, Muslims who wear headscarves and Sikhs wearing turban. • Places of worship and graveyards may also be targeted by vandals. • Islam promotes tolerance and understanding between religions: ‘I worship not what you worship and you worship not what I worship. To you your religion, to me my religion. (Quran) Race and Disability Discrimination Islam is ‘colour blind’ it does not take notice of people’s skin colour. Allah is the creator of all human life and he created all of humanity with equal love. No one race above another. The prophet promoted racial equality in his final sermon he stated ‘ no Arab is better than a nonArab and no white is better than a black and no black better than a white…indeed the noblest amongst 17 you is the one who is most deeply conscious of God.’ Section Six: Justice and Equality Role and Status of Women in Islam Muslim attitudes to equal rights for women in religion • “Allah created men and women form a single soul” (surah 4.1) • There is no sexism in the Qur’an. • Women rights guaranteed by the Islamic law : She can own property She can have a job She has the right to inherit property She has control of her wealth She has the right get a divorce She has the right to education She should be paid equally for equal work Islam teaches men and women are equal but have different roles. “All people are equal ... as the teeth of a comb... nor a male over a female. (Hadith) Women’s Rights Changing attitudes to roles of men and women in UK 100 years ago only 15% of married women in the UK worked 1970 Act gives women equal pay as men 1979, Margret Thatcher became 1st female prime minister – role model for women Many argued her success was due to her masculinity After 2 world wars attitudes changed as women had to work during war. 1918 some women were allowed to vote. 1945 – post wars women wanted equality Unfortunately some Muslims go against God’s laws and try to confine women to the home- Saudi Arabia women’s right to drive. “Men are the protectors and maintainers of women because Allah gave them more strength.” (Surah 4.2) If family values are good then society will be good. Mohammed (pbuh) said “paradise lies at the feet of your mother”. This encourages Muslim women to take pride in their role has homemakers. Religious Practice Daily responsibility Daily life and relationships. Both Follow 5 pillars Equal judgement on judgement day based upon their faith and obedience of Allah Own property and run a business Men Friday prayers at the mosque are compulsory Women Attendance at the mosque is voluntary depending on her family commitments Responsible for the financial welfare of the family Right to good education Become teachers , doctors , lawyers etc. Physically stronger Protectors of women. Duty to bear children and bring them, up as Muslims Keep a Halal Home Choose to work outside the home Emotionally weaker Can expect to be cared for 18