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are eukaryotic heterotrophs that digest food outside of their bodies. 1. most are multicellular 2. found all over the world in both terrestrial and marine environments 3. most are , breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the ecosystem 4. composed of a mass of threadlike filaments called - the hyphae combine to make up the fungal - the hypha is composed of a chain of fungal cells; it is surrounded by a PM and a cell wall made of (a polysaccharide), not cellulose (plants) - fungal mycelium can expand very quickly through mitotic growth up to a km per day 5. large underground mycelia produce (mushrooms) above ground they are a small extension of the main organism, the mycelia Fungal hyphae on a leaf 6. Feeding a. the mycelium has a very high surface area: mass ratio which allows a fungus to absorb large quantities of nutrients food b. it gets nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes and digesting its of its body 7. Members of fungi may be the largest and oldest organisms on the planet. A single fungus was found to cover 2200 acres and is nearly 2400 years old. Fungal Partners – Mutualistic relationship between fungi and vascular plant roots • Hyphae help transfer phosphorous and other minerals from the soil to the roots of the plants • Plant supplies carbohydrates to fungus – Relationship between fungus and a photosynthetic partner • Photosynthetic partner provides carbohydrates • Fungal partner protects it 5 Groups of Fungi 1. Chytrids • Flagellated spores • • Black bread molds (fast growing molds) Zygosporangium 2. 3. Glomeromycetes • Tiny tree-like structures called arbuscules • • Sac fungi Asci 4. • Morels, cup fungus 5. • • Club fungi Basidium • Shelf fungi, mushrooms, puffballs -- Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that lack cell walls -- Most reproduce sexually and are mobile 1. characterized by body plan a. central axis symmetry body parts are arranged around a b. images of a central plane symmetry body parts are arranged as mirror Orientation dorsal top (back) ventral bottom (front) anterior head posterior tail Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry 2. Body plan vary according to tissues – 3 layers of tissue 3. Most triploblastic animals have body cavities – fluid filled space that forms b/w the digestive tract and the outer wall of the body a. mesoderm – body cavity completely lined by no body cavity with coelom mesoderm lines the body cavity partially have true coeloms Acoelomates such as Planarians lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and body wall. Pseudocoelomates such as nematodes have a body cavity partially lined by tissue derived from mesoderm. Note the digestive tract is not covered by mesoderm tissue. Coelomates such as earthworms have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and surrounding a digestive tract derived from endoderm. The coelom separates and suspends the organs from the body, providing cushioned support and room to grow, as well as separate openings for the mouth and anus. 4. Classification a. Invertebrates & Vertebrates (informal) 95% of organisms are bone/vertebral column 5% are vertebrates are chordates lack a back have a backbone; most Some invertebrate taxa 1. (formerly Porifera) - lack true tissues (basal animals) – - suspension (filter) feeding flagellated cells help sweep water through sponges body - radially symmetrical - sessile - hermaphroditic – individual produces both eggs and sperm - Asexual and sexual 2. – jellies, hydras and corals (coelenterate) - endoderm and ectoderm - acoelomate – stinging cells - radial symmetry - incomplete digestion -2 body plans a. polyp = cylindrical form that is sessile anchored to substrate b. medusa = flattened mouth down version of polyp, free moving (can contract for movement or drift) - Asexual and Sexual polyp Medusa 3. – flatworms - planarians, tapeworms and flukes - are the simplest bilaterians (bilateral symmetry) - have three tissue layers - acoelomate - true organs (pharynx and excretory system) - incomplete digestion - asexual and sexual Flatworms live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. Some are parasitic, and others are free-living 4. – round worms, hook worms - bilateral symmetry - three tissue layers, organs and systems - parasitic or free living - sexual – tough, non-living material that cover and protect from drying out - psuedocoelomate - a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus Nematode and cyst in soybean plant 5. – molluscs - bilateral symmetry - coelomates - three tissue layers, organs and systems - complete digestion a muscular which functions in locomotion , a containing most of the internal organs A , which may secrete a shell that encloses the visceral mass - sexual Many molluscs feed with a rasping , used to scrape up food. - circulatory system that pumps blood and distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods Figure 18.9a Visceral mass Body cavity Kidney Heart Mantle Mantle cavity Reproductive organs Digestive tract Shell Radula Anus Gill Foot Nerve cords Digestive tract Mouth Basic Body Plan of Mollusc 6. – segmented worms ex. Earthworms, leeches segmentation, the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts - radial symmetry - coelomates - complete digestion - sexual - a closed circulatory system in which blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body a nervous system that includes a simple brain and ventral nerve cord Medicinal leech 7. – regarded as most successful of all animal phyla in terms of species diversity, distribution and numbers - bilateral symmetry - coelomates - complete digestion - segmented bodies – head, thorax, abdomen (cephalothorax) - jointed appendages for locomotion and feeding - sexual ex. Crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders, insects 8. – starfish, sea stars, sea cucumbers - radial symmetry (as adult) and hard, spiny skin - coelomates - complete digestion No segmentation all marine - asexual and sexual - sessile, slow moving as adult / free swimming larvae - water vascular system Echinoderms