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Unit 3 – Regional Civilizations •Expanding ZONES of exchange & encounter 1 2 5 3 4 4 Exploration 1415 - 1796 Causes • Crusades created a huge demand for spices – Pepper – Cinnamon – Cloves • Muslims controlled the trade routes that went OVER LAND to China • Desire to increase profit (eliminate the “middle man”) led to overseas exploration • Renaissance inspired new technologies allowed for oversea voyages • Cartographers made accurate maps • Astrolabe allowed sailors to determine latitude at sea • Caravel (picture) allowed sailors to sail into the wind – Had square & triangular sails – Had many masts like Chinese ships Ch. 15 - The First Global Age Europe and Asia (1415-1796) • A desire to share in the rich spice trade of the East spurred Europeans to explore the oceans. • Because of its location, Southeast Asia was affected by the cultures of China and India. • Europeans used military power to build trading empires in Southeast Asia • China, Korea, and Japan limited contact with western nations. The Search for SPICES 1. Europeans take to the seas • • WHY? HOW? 2. Portuguese Pioneers (first) – they go EAST • Coast of Africa to India 3. Spain and Columbus get into the “game” – They go WEST 4. Line of DEMARCATION – divides the world (non-European into 2 zones for Spain and Portugal; later moved by the Treaty of Tordesillas). Portugal Leads the Way… • Henry the Navigator – 1450s – Charted the coast of west coast of Africa – Hoped to spread Christianity & find African gold • Bartholomeu Dias – 1488 – Rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) – Opened a trade route to Asia • Vasco da Gama – – – – Reached Calicut, India 1497 Half the ships were lost on the trip home Many sailors died of scurvy – lack of vitamin C A 3000% profit was made! Portugal Dominates… • Had loads of outposts along the east coast of Africa & ports in Southeast Asia • Made many enemies along the way – Many Asian merchants would avoid their ports Spain gets in the game… • Christopher Columbus – Italian, but Funded by Isabella & Ferdinand of SPAIN – Wanted to find a faster trade route to the East Indies – Set sail August 3, 1492 – Saw land on October 12, 1492 – Thought he reached the East Indies • He didn’t & millions of people will die • Ferdinand Magellan - was a Portuguese explorer. Was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (Indonesia). – – – – Attempted to circumnavigate the world 1519 – 1522 Sailed west around Cape Horn Landed in the Philippines • Conquered it for Spain • Was killed - Magellan was hit by a bamboo spear and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons – His crew finished the voyage Spain & Portugal Have Issues • • • • Portugal and Spain fight for control of land 1493 - Pope draws the Line of Demarcation Spain gets land west of the line Portugal gets land east of the line Spain Portugal Netherlands (the Dutch) Steps In… • 1602 – Dutch East India Company is formed by wealthy Dutch merchants • Had a monopoly (exclusive business rights/control) on the Spice Islands • Dutch made ALOT of money • “Tulip-mania” Dutch Outposts European Footholds in Southeast Asia and India 1. How did the Portuguese and the Dutch build empires in the East? 2. How did Spain control the Philippines? 3. How did the decline of Mughal India affect European traders? Portuguese and Dutch Trading Empires Portugal used firepower to win control of the rich Indian Ocean spice trade. In less than 50 years, the Portuguese had built a trading empire with military and merchant outposts rimming the southern seas. Despite their sea power, the Portuguese were not strong enough to conquer much territory on land. The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination in Asia. They used their sea power to set up colonies and trading posts around the world. The Dutch East India Company seized Malacca from the Portuguese. Soon after, they were able to enforce a monopoly in the Spice Islands, controlling shipments to Europe as well as much of the trade within Southeast Asia. Spain and the Philippines •In 1521, Magellan had claimed the Philippines for Spain. •Within fifty years, Spain had conquered and colonized the islands. •Unlike other people in Southeast Asia, the Filipinos were not united. As a result, they were easily conquered. •The Philippines became a key link to Spain’s overseas trading empire. The Spanish shipped silver mined in Mexico and Peru across the Pacific to the Philippines. From there, they used the silver to buy goods in China. Mughal India and European Traders Before the 1700s, the Mughal empire was larger, richer, and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. • While European merchants were dazzled by India, the sophisticated Mughal civilization was unimpressed by the Europeans. • When Europeans sought trading rights, the Mughal emperors saw no threat in granting them. In the early 1700s, the Mughal central government collapsed. • French and English traders battled each other for control of India, while war erupted in Europe between England and France. • The British East India Company used an army of British troops and sepoys (Indian troops) to drive the French out, take over Bengal, and spread its influence into other parts of India. European Trade With China •The Europeans who reached Asia in the 1500s were very impressed by what they saw . The Chinese, however, saw the Europeans as “southern barbarians,” lacking civilized ways. •The Ming dynasty had ended overseas exploration in the mid1400s. (Remember Zheng He?) •Portuguese traders reached China by sea in 1514. The Ming eventually allowed them a trading post at Macao. Because they were uninterested in European trading products, the Ming demanded payment for Chinese goods in gold or silver. After the Manchus conquered China, the Manchu Qing dynasty maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign trade. The Europeans continued to press to expand trade to other areas of China. Japan and Foreign Traders The Japanese at first welcomed western traders. They acquired western firearms and built castles modeled on the European design. The Tokugawa shoguns grew increasingly hostile toward foreigners. They saw the foreigners as agents of an invading force. They suspected that the many Japanese Christians were loyal to the pope, rather than to Japanese leaders. They disliked the competition among Christian missionaries. By 1638, the Tokugawas had barred all western merchants and forbidden Japanese to travel abroad. They also ended foreign trade. Homework – Due Friday 5/23/14 • DBQ 9 – Civilizations of the Americas • Chart on the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas • Reminder – Ch 15 photo captions due Friday, too! Civilizations of the Americas Mayan Aztecs Incas Location (Capital?) Time period MAJOR Achievements & Accomplishments Before the arrival of the Europeans, there were three advanced civilizations that developed in central and South America 1 The Olmecs and the Mayas OLMECS Were the earliest American civilization Had powerful priests and aristocrats at the top of society Built ceremonial centers MAYAS Developed complex irrigation methods for farming Built towering pyramid temples in Tikal Traded extensively across Middle America Spread influence through trade Developed calendar Introduced tradition of priestly leadership and religious devotion Developed hieroglyphic writing system Developed accurate calendar and numbering system Abandoned cities around A.D. 900 Mayan Temple (located in Tikal) Approx. 154 feet 1 Arrival of the Aztecs • In the late 1200s, nomadic ancestors of the Aztecs migrated into the Valley of Mexico. • The Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlán. • In the 1400s, the Aztecs greatly expanded their territory through conquests and alliances. By 1500, the Aztec empire spread from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean and numbered 30 million people. 1 Aztec Society GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY RELIGION LEARNING The empire had a single ruler. Priests were a special class. Slaves could own and buy freedom. The sun god was the chief Aztec god. Priests recorded Aztec knowledge and ran schools for sons of nobles. Long-distance traders traveled around the empire and beyond. Aztecs practiced human Some priests were sacrifice on a massive astronomers or scale. mathematicians. Inca • Located in the Andes Mountains • Cuzco – capital city • Leader is called the Sapa Inca – Had absolute power – Claimed to be the son of the sun – Gold was his symbol – “sweat of the sun” – Only wore an outfit once…and then it was burned • Located in the Andes Mountains • Cuzco – capital city • Leader is called the Sapa Inca – Had absolute power – Claimed to be the son of the sun – Gold was his symbol – “sweat of the sun” – Only wore an outfit once…and then it was burned Incan Roads • Awesome form of communication • Help to unite the empire • All roads led through Cuzco • Wound more than 14,000 miles • Allowed armies to move throughout the empire Bridges were built over gorges 2 The Incan Empire The Incas built a complex civilization that relied on order and absolute authority. • They ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching to every village. • They imposed their own language and religion on the people. • They created one of the great road systems in history, allowing armies and news to travel rapidly around the empire. • They posted runners throughout the empire to carry news of revolts and soldiers to quickly crush them. • They prohibited ordinary people from using the roads at all. 2 Incan Government Chapter 16 - The First Global Age Europe, the Americas and Africa (1492-1750) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Desire for riches, as well as religious zeal, encouraged Spanish explorers to travel to the Americas. (God, Gold & Glory, again?) Native American, African and European traditions blended to form the distinct cultures of the Americas. During the 1600’s and 1700’s England and France claimed territories in North America. The Atlantic slave trade sent millions of Africans to the Americas European explorations resulted in a global exchange of people, animals, food, plants, technology and disease. Conquest in the Americas • What were the results of the first encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans? • How did Spanish conquistadors conquer the Aztec and Incan empires? • Why were the Spanish victorious? God, Glory, & Gold • Conquistadors did it for the Glory of it all! • They saw themselves as heroes God, Glory, & Gold • The Americas were rich in gold and silver • They were the most valuable resources shipped from Spanish America • Inflation increased in Spain b/c value of silver decreased First Encounters In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in the Caribbean. He encountered the Taíno people, who were friendly and generous toward the Spanish. Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus. They settled on Caribbean islands, seized gold from the Taínos, and forced them to convert to Christianity. Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza carried by the Europeans wiped out village after native village. Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases. The Conquistadors CORTÉS IN MEXICO Hernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519. Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords. The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, thought Cortés might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortés and welcomed him to Tenochtitlán. When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán. In 1521, Cortés returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitlán. PIZARRO IN PERU Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after the conclusion of a bloody civil war. Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers. The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland. Why Were the Spanish Victorious? 1. The Spanish had superior military technology, such as muskets, cannons, and armor. They used horses, which frightened some Indians, who had never seen such animals. 2. The Spanish were able to take advantage of division and discontent among the Indians. In fact, Indians provided the Spanish with much of their fighting power. 3. Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the Aztecs and Incas. 4. Many Indians believed that the disasters they suffered marked the end of the world. Remaking the Americas Native American, African and European traditions blended to form the distinct cultures of the Americas The Spanish introduced new forms of government, religion, economy and culture to the Americas. Spain kept strict control over the colonies A new social structure developed. Their art, buildings and daily lives were influenced by all 3 cultures Other Economic Benefits • Latin America has a good climate for growing sugar cane • Plantations were needed • A large number of workers were needed to work on the plantation • The encomienda system was introduced (A system of production in Spain’s New World possessions which granted permission to conquistadors to enslave as many people needed to work a plantation.) The Encomienda System • Spanish monarch granted conquistadors encomiendas • The conquistadors were allowed to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a certain area • Basically, it was a system to enslave the Native Americans (feudalism in the Americas) • Trade began to decline by the 1700s – England & France begin to dominate in the 1700s TRADING EMPIRES European Nation France Areas Colonized (from Colony) North America (Canada) England North America (NEW England / Hampshire / York / Jersey) Spain Exports South America (Inca/Aztec Empires – destroyed) Portugal Eastern portion of South America (today – Brazil) Netherlands Southeast Asia (Malacca & the Spice Islands) Land Claims in the Americas By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable overseas empires. Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the Americas and Africa. Land Claims in the Americas About 1750 P.S. = Challenging Spanish Power •To get around Spain’s strict control over colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists. •Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments. For example, England’s Queen Elizabeth knighted Francis Drake (“Sir”) for his daring raids on Spanish treasure ships. •The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia. Turbulent Centuries in Africa • 1400’s Europeans traded directly with West Africans (Songhai) • 1500’s Atlantic Slave Trade begins. Africans are shipped to Americas as slaves. • 1600’s New states form in West Africa based on slave trade. • 1700’s Slave trade peaks. Disease and death were common. Up to 25 Tens of thousands percent of a slave ship's Africans died during the voyage. The captain and crew struggled to keep their valuable cargo alive. They forced the • 1834 Britain outlaws slavery Africans to dance on deck for exercise. in its empire. WHY? Sometimes they force-fed Africans who would rather die than suffer further. Why Africans? • Africans were already immune to European diseases • Used to warm climate • Had useful skills in farming, mining, and metalworking Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade • Rememberslavery has been going on for a long, long, long time • began in the 1500s to fill the need for cheap labor in the Americas • Europeans seldom captured the slaves – relied on African traders to bring those captured to the coast • captives were exchanged for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons, and gunpowder Middle Passage • Ocean route between Africa & the Americas • Very tumultuous Triangular Trade The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade. Destinations of Enslaved Africans 1500–1870 Impact of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade About 12 million slaves actually made it to the Americas Another estimated 12 million died either in transit or while being captured Many African tribes were wiped out forever Changes in Europe • How did European explorations lead to a global exchange? • What impact did the commercial revolution and mercantilism have on European economies? • How did these changes affect ordinary people? A Commercial Revolution The opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had farreaching economic consequences for Europeans. Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the cycle of inflation. European inflation had several causes: • • • As the population grew, the demand for goods and services rose. Because goods were scarce, sellers could raise their prices. The increased flow of gold and silver from the Americas led to more money in circulation. Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism, the investment of money to make a profit. Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class. Together they helped change the local European economy into an international trading system. Mercantilism European monarchs adopted a new economic policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their national economies. According the mercantilism, a nation’s real wealth is measured in its gold and silver treasure. To build its supply of gold and silver, a nation must export more goods than it imports. Overseas empires and colonies existed for the benefit of the parent nation. Rulers needed to adopt policies to increase national wealth and government revenues. To achieve these goals, European governments • • • • passed strict laws regulating trade with their colonies. exploited natural resources, built roads, and backed new industries. sold monopolies to large producers in certain areas. imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods. THIS WILL BE ONE OF THE KEYS TO THE GROWTH OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHS Mercantilism • Country’s wealth is measured by how much gold & silver it has • A country must export more than it imports • THEREFORE…colonies exist for the sole benefit of the mother country Raw materials Mother country colonies Manufactured products How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans? The impact of economic change depended on a person’s social class. • Merchants who invested in overseas ventures acquired wealth. • Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by the price revolution. • Hired workers in towns and cities faced poverty and discontent when their wages did not keep up with inflation. • Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not affected until centuries later. Within Europe’s growing cities, there were great differences in wealth and power. European exploration resulted in a GLOBAL exchange of people, animals, food, plants, technology and disease. TEST – Age of Discovery Chapters 15 & 16 • 40 multiple choice – Regents Prep - 4e. Age of Exploration • 10 matching (vocabulary) • 2 short answers