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Transcript
I. Rise of the Middle Ages, Part One 432 to 1500 AD FACT TO KNOW Europe is the continent having a Dark Age! Everyone else is not Things really going good in Africa, Middle East, Asia MIDDLE AGES, MEDIEVAL AGES , DARK AGES ? Middle (Medieval is “middle” in Latin) Time between the end of the Roman Empire and the rebirth of progress/growth in Europe Dark because it was not a great time in Europe: -little progress -Fall of Rome left vacuum filled by brutal warlords and barbarian bands -Much knowledge lost when Rome fell AFTER CENTURIES OF WAR, FAMINE, CHAOS AND A GENERALLY BAD TIME-- Europe begins to come together again CLOVIS THE FRANK Franks originally were from a Germanic tribe that settled in Belgium and the Netherlands Today called the French France gets name from the Franks Clovis-Cruel, merciless United Franks by war First King of Franks Excellent military leader Converted to Christianity Ordered his people to do so also CHARLEMAGNE- 768 AD Outstanding ruler with minimal formal education Religious, practical, and intelligent Good military skills- controlled Western Europe Drove Moors (Muslims) back across the Pyrenees and out of Northern Europe • Renewal of the Roman Empire and its order • Pope crowned him too. Increasing mixture of secular and profane (church and society in government) • • • • Frankish weapons CHARLEMAGNE’S RULE Government of checks and balances No direct taxes because his holdings supported the State Built monastic schools for nobles and intelligent lower classes Built libraries Produced one standardized Bible Encouraged people to convert Frankish costume 3. THE FRANKISH EMPIRE DECLINES Charlemagne’s son, Louis the Pious , was no Charlemagne Charlemagne’s descendents fought each other Kingdom broke up and splintered Four groups of invaders Viking (Scandinavia) Slav (eastern Russia) Magyar (Hungarians) Muslim (Arabia and North Africa) MAGYARS 800’S AD Resembled Attila the Hun because they were nomads and fierce so Franks called them “the Hun” In WWII the Allies called Germany “the Hun” Invaded the Frankish Empire from the East Later settled down and eventually came to be the Kingdom of Hungary THE VIKINGS WHY DID THE VIKINGS GO A-VIKING AND WHY DID THEY STOP? The warmer Medieval age increased population and resources and Viking Age begins The Little Ice Age comes and resources start to dwindle/decrease and harder more expensive to go out raiding Eventual conversion to Christianity stops Viking raids Viking Weapons THE VARANGIAN GUARD Vikings made it as far as Russia (Rus and Rurik) and then to Constantinople where they became the Emperor’s personal bodyguards. Fought Muslims for the Emperor SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES: FEUDALISM, THE MANOR, THE CASTLE, THE KNIGHT, THE CHURCH GOVERNMENT OF SOCIETY OR FEUDALISM King- “the Man” Lord- “the Boss Man” Vassal- “the Boss Man’s hands and eyes”-nobles who get land for supporting the Lord or a king Fief or land grant-what the lord gives vassals in exchange for military support Primogeniture- eldest son always inherits the Fief. Freeman and artisans –few in the Middle Ages The Church- could be a vassal Serfs-most of us (not “the man”) FEUDALISM AND THE MANORIAL SYSTEM Feudalism was the system of loyalties and protections during the Middle Ages. As the Roman Empire crumbled, emperors granted land to nobles in exchange for their loyalty. These lands eventually developed into manors. • A manor is the land owned by a noble and everything on it -A typical manor consisted of a castle, small village, and farmland. -Landowners exchanged freedom for safety and became serfs. -They were “Owned” by the Lord of the Manor MANORS- OR LARGE FARMS CONTROLLING THE LAND AROUND THEM AND PROTECTING IT IN TURN Self sufficient -an economic unit onto itself A third to a half of all produced goes to the Lord and King. Rest to the Manor's serfs Subsistence existence or barely sustainable life for serfs Serfs had a short, hard , sickly life SERFS Serfs would often have to work four days a week for the lord as rent. They would spend the rest of their week growing crops to feed their families. Other serfs worked as sharecroppers. A sharecropper would be required to turn over Most of what he grew in order to be able to live on the land DEFENSE Castles are Wood/Stone Built to resist attack Moats Drawbridge Keep Window slits Cold, dark, drafty, damp CHIVALRY Years of training as page and squire Knighthood ceremony Coat of arms Heavy armor-hoisted on to horse Chivalry- A knight is pious, religious, fair, just, brave, loyal, gallant, and respectful to women of his class Tournaments/jousts are war training KNIGHTS The Church CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIEVAL WESTERN OR ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH A. Hierarchy: Pope Curia or cabinet of cardinals-counselors Archbishop Bishop-Cathedra Parish priest B. Sacraments: Baptism Holy Eucharist Confirmation Penance Holy orders Matrimony Extreme unction MONASTICISM Lived by rules Withdrawal from world Prayer, fasting, self-denial and work Saint Benedict and the Benedictine Rule Religious communities with an abbot as head Monasteries and convents preserved learning, copied books, maintained schools, encouraged art, reminded people that there was more than warfare, preserved the memory of Rome, were the only means of social welfare or help MONKS THEN AND NOW THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH Missionaries: St Patrick, St Augustine Canterbury – priests established cities and centers of learning Had political and social power Canon/church Law Excommunication Interdict or “The Big Whammy” Tithe Power of life or Death eternally Economic power-trade, hospitals, agriculture. WHY DID THE CHURCH HAVE SUCH POWER? Faith and Belief Power to forgive or condemn all that occurs on Earth Lack of literacy: minimal bibles. People believed the Bible said what the priest said. Offered best security available at the time, eternal life and sanctuary Short brutal lives look forward to eternity and do not want to mess that up PROBLEMS THE CHURCH FACED Corruption- with power and money comes temptation InquisitionTorture and Death Reform: St Francis