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Grammar Unit 2: Nouns • A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. PLACES park Sierra Nevada THINGS sequoia backpack IDEAS curiosity Surprise PERSONS guide Terry Common and Proper Nouns • A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns are usually not capitalized. • A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Common: leader forest Proper: Sequoia Giant Forest mountain Mount Whitney Concrete and Abstract Nouns A concrete noun names a thing that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted. Examples include rainbow, thunder, sapling, feather, and blueberry. On the path we spotted a large, slithery snake. A abstract noun names an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic. Examples include happiness, beauty, freedom, humor, and greed. We felt tremendous relief after the snake passed us. *** Every noun is either common or proper and either concrete or abstract. For example, desert is common and concrete; Mohave Desert is proper and concrete. Nature is common and abstract. Collective Nouns • A collective noun is a word that names a group of people or things. Examples include class, crowd, family, staff, trio, and team. Our family gathered around the campfire for breakfast. • Some collective nouns name specific groups of animals. Examples include school, herd, pack, and colony. At night, a pack of wolves howled at the moon. Singular and Plural Nouns • A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea. One tourist noticed a statue. (singular nouns) Many tourists looked at statues. (plural nouns) One of the hardest things about plural nouns is spelling them correctly. Use these rules to help. SINGULAR RULE PLURAL statue dream Add –s to most nouns statues dreams wish sandwich Add –es to a noun that ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z. wishes sandwiches photo hero •Add –s to most nouns that end in o. •Add –es to a few nouns that end in o. photos heroes city cities valley •For most nouns ending in y, change the y to an i and add –es. •When a vowel comes before the y, just add –s. wolf life •For most nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to v and add –es or –s. wolves lives chief •Just add –s to a few nouns that end in f or fe. chiefs deer buffalo For some nouns, keep the same spelling deer buffalo valleys The plurals of some nouns are formed in irregular ways. Singular man child foot mouse Plural men children feet mice Possessive Nouns • The possessive form of a noun shows ownership or relationship. Rick’s parents met us at the train station. Relationship I held Corey’s camera as she tied her shoe. Ownership You may use possessive nouns in place of longer phrases. We visited (the home of George Washington Carver). ∧ We visited George Washington Carver’s home. NOUN RULE POSSESSIVE Singular sun Charles Add an apostrophe The sun’s heat and –s. Charles’s souvenirs Plural ending in -s states farmers Add an apostrophe. Plural ending not ending in -s children geese Add an apostrophe children’s toys and –s. geese’s migration states’ border farmers’ crops Compound Nouns • A compound noun is made of two or more words used together as a single noun. The parts of a compound noun may be written as – a single word: toothbrush, watermelon – two or more separate words: sleeping bag, dining room – a hyphenated word: runner-up, great-aunt Plural Compound Nouns One word Two or more words or hyphenated words SINGULAR RULE PLURAL rooftop Add –s to most words rooftops paintbrush Add –es to words that end in ch, sh, s, x, or z. paintbrushes compact disc lily of the valley sixteen-year-old sister-in-law Make the main noun plural. The main noun is the noun that is modified. compact discs lilies of the valley sixteen-year-olds sisters-in-law Nouns and Their Jobs • A noun can be the subject of a sentence or it can work as a complement. Nouns as Subjects • A subject tells whom or what a sentence is about. Nouns are often subjects, as this description shows. Independence Hall in Philadelphia us one of the nation’s most popular landmarks. Here, the Declaration of Independence was approved by the 13 colonies on July 4, 1776. Nouns as Complements • A complement is a word that completes the meaning of the verb. Three kinds of complements are predicate nouns, direct objects, and indirect objects. Nouns as Complements Predicate Noun Renames or defines the Benjamin Franklin was a Founding subject after a linking verb Father of our country. Direct Object Names the receiver of the action of the verb Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Indirect Object Tells to whom or what or for whom or what an action is done Mom gave my brother a miniature replica of the Liberty Bell. Nouns in Phrases • An object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition. Nouns often appear in sentences as objects of prepositions. Mount Wilson is an observatory in California. preposition / \object of a preposition Edwin Hubble made many discoveries at the famous observatory. Nouns as Appositives • An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies or renames another noun or pronoun. An appositive phrase is made up of an appositive and its modifiers. The Milky Way, our galaxy, is one of many. \appositive Edwin Hubble, the famous astronomer, proved this. ***Note that you should use commas before and after the appositive phrase if the information isn’t essential to understanding the preceding noun or pronoun. Cosmology, the study of the universe, owes a great debt to Hubble. Common Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Robots in outer space perform useful functions. about at despite like to above before down near toward across behind during of under after below except off until against beneath for on up along beside from out with among between in over within around beyond inside past without as by into through