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NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS Instructor: Mr. Vaglio I. Shaping/ Peopling of Americas - Pangaea - 10 million years ago – North America was created - 2 million years ago – Ice Ages began and ended 10,000 years ago – Bering Strait - By 1492 when the Europeans came – 54 million people populated the Americas - 2000 separate languages - Countless tribes Incas – Peru Mayans – Central Mexico Aztecs – Mexico Relied primarily on the cultivation of mazie – fed 20 mil in Mexico alone Built very impressive cities without animals such as horses or oxen Corn was developed about 5,000 BC form a staple of wild grass –foundation of Aztec & Incan Societies Corn reached the Pueblo people of Rio Grande about 1200BC (intricate irrigation systems) No dense populations or complex nation states existed outside of Mexico (north) Anasazi – 600 room Pueblo (Chaco Canyon) Mississippian Settlement – Cahokia – home to 40,000 Cultivation of corn reached Atlantic region 1,000 AD –three sister farming Highest densities of population on NA – Cherokee, Choctaw,Creek Iroquois – created closes civilization to that of Aztecs & Incas – inspired by legendary leader Hiawatha! Most part natives in NA were living in small scattered bands upon European arrival Men hunted/ women gathered (matrilineal culture) 1492 only 4million native in NA II. Indirect Discoverers of the New World 1,000 AD (Norse) The Vikings discovered present day Newfoundland – colony failed The Crusades – created “European Sweet Tooth” Marco Polo – how can he be considered a indirect discoverer of the New World? A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 Motives for European Exploration 1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3. Reformation refugees & missionaries. 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5. Technological advances. 6. Fame and fortune. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant New Weapons Technology III. Europeans enter Africa 1450 Prince Henry the NAVIGATOR Inventions Bartholomieu Dias 1488 • Trading posts • Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome, Principe ( Significance?) Vasco Da Gama 1498 Spain – united with the marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella – (Reconquista) Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419 Museum of Navigation in Lisbon Portuguese Maritime Empire 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. 4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511). IV. Columbus comes to the New World Reasons for continued exploration Thirst for spices at cheaper prices (how) Africa source of cheap slave labor – sugar plantations Renaissance • Printing Press • Mariners Compass Columbus – set sail August 1492 six weeks later found land October 12, Believed he has skirted the rim of the “Indies” Christofo Colon [1451-1506] Columbus’ Four Voyages His discovery would bring into contact 4 Continents creating an Interdependent Global Economic System. EUROPE – markets, capital, technology AFRICA - furnished the labor NEW WORLD (NA/SA) – raw materials Other Voyages of Exploration Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado” V. When Worlds Collide Items offered by the New World Iguanas Snakes Maize, beans, tomatoes, tobacco, Potatoes 3/5ths the crops in the world originated in the Americas Introduction of New World Foodstuffs offset Slave Trade Items offered by the Old World Cattle, swine, horses • APACHE, SIOUX, BLACKFOOT SUGAR REVOLUTION COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! VI. The Spanish Conquistadors Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Spain became the dominant exploring and colonizing power of Europe in the 1500s Balboa - 1513 Magellan (1519 – 1522) 5 ships – 1ship Juan Ponce de Leon- discovered Florida Francisco Coronado – Grand Canyon, Colorado River Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River Francisco Pizarro - conquistador The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation VII. Conquest of Mexico Cozumel,Malinche, Noche Triste 20 million to 2 million in 1 century The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II The Death of Montezuma II Mexico Surrenders to Cortez Spanish Colonial Structure Peninsulares, Creoles, mestizo Influences – laws,crops, language, religion, animals – all proved adaptable (assimilation) Encomienda System – Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws 1542 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. Slave Ship “Middle Passage” “Coffin” Position Below Deck African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships! The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3. Papal agreement. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe VIII. Spread of Spanish America Spanish cities and towns flourished within a half century of 1492 University of Mexico at Mexico City University at Lima, Peru Other Imperial countries became interested in the New World – Spain secured her Northern Periphery John Cabot Verrazano Jacques Cartier *** 1565 St. Augustine Florida Treasures from the Americas! New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595. New Colonial Rivals Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened colonial rivalries. 5. New Patterns of World Trade Troubles in Mexico Don Juan de OnatePope’s Rebellion Alamo – response to Robert de la Salle California – Father Junipero – 21 missions “Black Legend”