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How Do We Form Memories? Each of the three memory stages encodes and stores memories in a different way, but they work together to transform sensory experience into a lasting record that has a pattern of meaning Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 I CAN • Explain the 3 stages of memory • Describe ways in which we can extend our STM or transfer STM to LTM Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Long-term Memory The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Long-term Memory The First Stage: Sensory Memory •On the next slide, you will see a series of letters for one second •Try to remember as many letters as you can •DO NOT WRITE THEM DOWN Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 DJB XHG C LY Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The First Stage: Sensory Memory • How many can you recall? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 DJB XHG C LY Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The First Stage: Sensory Memory • A. Capacity/Duration • Holds the barrage of incoming sensations just long enough for brain to scan it and decide which information needs attention….1/4 of a sec • Lasts just long enough to dissolve into another and give us a sense of flow and continuity in our experience Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The First Stage: Sensory Memory • Actual storage capacity can be 12 or more items, but all but 3 or 4 disappear before they enter our consciousness Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The First Stage: Sensory Memory • B. Structure/Function • There is as separate sensory register for each sense…each holds a different kind of sensory information Visual Stimulation = Iconic Memory Auditory Stimulation = Echoic Memory Tactile (touch) Stimulation = Tactile Sensory Memory Olfactory Stimulation = Olfactory Sensory Memory Gustatory Stimuli = Gustatory Sensory Memory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The First Stage: Sensory Memory • The job of sensory memory is to store these images briefly If they were held too long, they would interfere with new information • Psychologists believe that, in this stage, memory images take the form of nerve impulses Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal, also called short-term memory or STM Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Long-term Memory The Second Stage: Working Memory • Working memory consists of… • A central executive • A phonological loop • The sketchpad Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Three Parts of Working Memory • Central Executive: Directs attention to material retrieved from LTM or to important input from the sensory memory • Phonological Loop: Temporarily stores sounds….like someone’s name • Sketchpad: Stores and manipulates mental images…like when you can imagine yourself driving a car to school from home Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • Like the central processing chip of a computer • The center of mental action AND the gobetween for the other parts of memory • It is where the brain sorts out and encodes information before adding it to long term memory • We are conscious of everything in the working memoryCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Working Memory Working Memory • Also the area where ‘thinking’ occurs… which is the brain mulling over images and ideas taken from the LTM • AKA = Short Term Memory Example: A phone number you just looked up Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Capacity/Duration • Has limited capacity and a short duration • Typically hold information for about 20 seconds • “Magic Number Seven” …seven items of any sort..(letters, numbers, words, shapes, sounds) “Put on your thinking cap” will fill the working memory of most people • Has the smallest capacity of the three stages Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Biological Basis: Working memory probably holds information in actively firing nerve circuits…most likely in the frontal cortex Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Encoding and Storage in Working Memory • I. Chunking • II. Rehearsal • Maintenance/ROTE Rehearsal • Elaborative Rehearsal • III. Acoustic Encoding: The Phonological Loop • IV. Visual and Spatial Encoding.. the sketchpad Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and Short Duration Chunking Organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units • Example: A social security number F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M FBI TWA CIA IBM Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Acronyms/Mnemonic Device Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization PEMDAS Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract SNAFU Situation Normal, All F’ed Up ROY G. BIV Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet WTF Williamstown Theater Festival Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Rehearsal Process in which information is repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory Spacing Effect We retain information better when we rehearse over time Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Rehearsal Maintenance ROTE Elaborative Rehearsal Repeating information Rehearsal AND connecting it to Repeating information to knowledge already remember it stored in LTM Ex: Cramming for a test, • A more efficient a shopping list in your method of transferring head information into the • Not an efficient method LTM of transferring • Ex: 1-800-EYE-EXAM information into the Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 LTM Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and Short Duration Acoustic Encoding uses phonological loop Encoded memory of a stimulus on the basis of any sound associated with it Whrr -- pop -- splash -- cuckoo: You can hear in your mind the sounds they describe Examples: Hearing words and phrases Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Repeating notes to yourself while studying. Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and Short Duration • Visual and Spatial Encoding... The Sketchpad • Encodes visual images and mental representations of objects in space • Example: Holds those images you think of when trying to remember where you left your lost coat Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Levels-of-Processing Theory Explanation for the fact that the more connections you make with new information while it is in the working memory to prior knowledge in the LTM, the more likely you are to remember it. Also known as… Elaboration or Elaborative Rehearsal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 CAN I? • Explain the 3 stages of memory • Describe ways in which we can extend our STM or transfer STM to LTM Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007