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Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Figure 4-2b Page 57 Slide 1 Levels of organization interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 2 (a) Eukaryotic Cell Energy conversion Nucleus (information storage) Cell membrane (transport of raw materials and finished products) Protein construction Packaging Figure 4-3a Page 58 Slide 3 (b) Prokaryotic Cell DNA (information storage, no nucleus) Cell membrane (transport of raw materials and finished products) Protein construction and energy conversion occur without specialized internal structures Figure 4-3b Page 58 Slide 4 Known species 1,412,000 Other animals 281,000 Fungi 69,000 Insects 751,000 Prokaryotes 4,800 Plants 248,400 Protists 57,700 Figure 4-4 Page 58 Slide 5 Oceanic crust Vegetation and animals Soil Continental crust Biosphere Lithosphere Upper mantle Asthenosphere Crust Rock Lower mantle Core Crust (soil and rock) Mantle Biosphere (Living and dead organisms) Lithosphere (crust, top of upper mantle) Atmosphere (air) Hydrosphere (water) Figure 4-7 Page 60 Slide 6 Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat Figure 4-8 Page 60 Slide 7 Solar radiation Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone Lower stratosphere (ozone layer) Visible Greenhouse light Troposphere effect Heat Absorbed by the earth Heat radiated by the earth Earth Figure 4-9 Page 61 Slide 8 Sun to earth animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 9 Coastal chaparral Coniferous and scrub forest Coastal mountain ranges 15,000 ft 10,000 ft 5,000 ft Sierra Nevada Mountains Desert Great American Desert Coniferous Prairie forest grassland Rocky Mountains Deciduous forest Mississippi Great River Valley Plains Appalachian Mountains Average annual precipitation 100-125 cm (40-50 in.) 75-100 cm (30-40 in.) 50-75 cm (20-30 in.) 25-50 cm (10-20 in.) Below 25 cm (0-10 in.) Figure 4-10 Page 62 Slide 10 Sun Producers (rooted plants) Producers (phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (fish) Dissolved chemicals Tertiary consumers (turtles) Sediment Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Figure 4-11 Page 63 Slide 11 Oxygen (O2) Sun Producer Carbon dioxide (CO2) Primary consumer (rabbit) Falling leaves Precipitation and twigs Secondary consumer (fox) Producers Soil decomposers Water Figure 4-12 Page 63 Slide 12 The role of organisms in an ecosystem Click to view animation. Animation Slide 13 Lower limit of tolerance Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population Size No organisms Upper limit of tolerance Zone of Zone of intolerance physiological stress Low Optimum range Temperature Zone of Zone of physiological stress intolerance High Figure 4-13 Page 64 Slide 14 Sugar Maple Figure 4-14 Page 64 Slide 15 Soil and water nutrients Producers (plants and phytoplankton) Consumers Feeding on Living Organisms Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Break down organic matter for recycling Consumers Feeding on Dead Organisms or the Organic Wastes of Living Organisms Scavengers (vultures, hyenas) Detritus Feeders (crabs, termites) Primary Consumers Feeding on Producers (rabbits, zooplankton) Secondary & Higher Consumers Feeding on Other Consumers (foxes, turtles, hawks) Figure 4-15 Page 66 Slide 16 Detritus feeders Bark beetle engraving Long-horned beetle holes Carpenter ant galleries Decomposers Termite and carpenter ant work Dry rot fungus Wood reduced to powder Time progression Mushroom Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil Figure 4-16 Page 66 Slide 17 Heat Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Heat Solar energy Heat Decomposers (bacteria, fungus) Heat Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Heat Figure 4-17 Page 67 Slide 18 Matter recycling and energy flow animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 19 Heat First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Heat Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Heat Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat Figure 4-18 Page 68 Slide 20 Prairie trophic levels interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 21 Humans Blue whale Sperm whale Killer whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adélie penguins Petrel Squid Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Krill Phytoplankton Figure 4-19 Page 69 Slide 22 Heat Heat Tertiary consumers (human) Decomposers Heat 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 1,000 10,000 Usable energy available at each tropic level (in kilocalories) Heat Primary consumers (zooplankton) Heat Producers (phytoplankton) Figure 4-20 Page 70 Slide 23 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Top carnivores Decomposers/detritivores 21 Carnivores 383 5,060 Herbivores 3,368 Producers 20,810 Figure 4-21 Page 70 Slide 24 Sun Respiration Energy lost & unavailable to consumers Gross primary production Net primary production Growth and reproduction (energy available to consumers) Figure 4-23 Page 71 Slide 25 Energy flow in Silver Springs animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 26 Terrestrial Ecosystems Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr) Figure 4-24 Page 72 Slide 27 Rove beetle Pseudoscorpion Flatworm Centipede Ant Ground beetle Mite Adult fly Roundworms Fly larvae Beetle Protozoa Millipede Mite Springtail Roundworms Sowbug Bacteria Slug Fungi Actinomycetes Snail Mite Earthworm Organic debris Figure 4-26 Page 74 Slide 28 Mosaic of closely packed pebbles, boulders Alkaline, dark, and rich in humus Weak humusmineral mixture Dry, brown to reddish-brown, with variable accumulations of clay, calcium carbonate, and soluble salts Desert Soil (hot, dry climate) Clay, calcium compounds Grassland Soil (semiarid climate) Figure 4-27a Page 75 Slide 29 Forest litter leaf mold Acidic lightcolored humus Humus-mineral mixture Light-colored and acidic Light, grayishbrown, silt loam Iron and aluminum compounds mixed with clay Tropical Rain Forest Soil (humid, tropical climate) Acid litter and humus Humus and iron and aluminum compounds Dark brown firm clay Deciduous Forest Soil (humid, mild climate) Coniferous Forest Soil (humid, cold climate) Figure 4-27b Page 75 Slide 30 Condensation Rain clouds Transpiration Transpiration from plants Precipitation to land Precipitation Runoff Surface runoff (rapid) Evaporation Precipitation Evaporation from land Evaporation from ocean Precipitation to ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Infiltration and Percolation Groundwater movement (slow) Ocean storage Figure 4-28 Page 76 Slide 31 Diffusion between atmosphere and ocean Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water photosynthesis Combustion of fossil fuels aerobic respiration Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores incorporation death, sedimentation into sediments uplifting over geologic time sedimentation Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels Figure 4-29a Page 78 Slide 32 Atmosphere (most carbon is in carbon dioxide) Combustion of fossil fuels volcanic action photosynthesis Terrestrial rocks weathering combustion of wood (for aerobic clearing land; or for fuel respiration Land food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Soil water (dissolved carbon) leaching runoff death, burial, compaction over geologic time sedimentation Peat, fossil fuels Figure 4-29b Page 79 Slide 33 Carbon cycle animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 34 14 CO2 emissions from fossil fuel (billion metric tons of carbon equivalent) 13 High projection 12 11 10 Low projection 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1850 1900 1950 Year 2000 2030 Figure 4-30 Page 79 Slide 35 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Gaseous Nitrogen (N2) in Atmosphere Nitrogen Fixation by industry for agriculture Food Webs On Land Fertilizers Nitrogen Fixation bacteria convert N2 to ammonia (NH3) ; this dissolves to form ammonium (NH4+) NH3, NH4+ in soil uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition Nitrogenous Wastes, Remains In Soil Ammonification bacteria, fungi convert the residues to NH3 , this uptake by autotrophs NO3 – in soil Denitrification by bacteria 2. Nitrification bacteria convert NO2- to nitrate (NO3-) dissolves to form NH4+ loss by leaching 1. Nitrification bacteria convert NH4+ to nitrate (NO2–) NO2 – in soil loss by leaching Figure 4-31 Page 80 Slide 36 Global nitrogen (N) fixation (trillion grams) 200 150 Nitrogen fixation by natural processes 100 50 0 1920 1940 1960 Year 1980 2000 Figure 4-32 Page 81 Slide 37 mining excretion FERTILIZER GUANO agriculture uptake by autotrophs MARINE FOOD WEBS weathering DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER uptake by autotrophs leaching, runoff DISSOLVED IN SOIL WATER, LAKES, RIVERS death, decomposition sedimentation LAND FOOD WEBS death, decomposition weathering settling out uplifting over geologic time MARINE SEDIMENTS ROCKS Figure 4-33 Page 82 Slide 38 Water Sulfur trioxide Acidic fog and precipitation Sulfuric acid Ammonia Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ammonium sulfate Hydrogen sulfide Plants Volcano Dimethyl sulfide Industries Animals Ocean Sulfate salts Metallic sulfide deposits Decaying matter Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Figure 4-34 Page 83 Slide 39 Phosphorus cycle animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 40 Phosphorus cycle interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 41 Sulfur cycle animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 42 Critical nesting site locations USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Private owner 1 Private owner 2 Topography Habitat type Forest Wetland Lake Grassland Real world Figure 4-35 Page 84 Slide 43 Define objectives Systems Measurement © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Data Analysis Identify and inventory variables Obtain baseline data on variables Make statistical analysis of relationships among variables Determine significant interactions System Modeling Construct mathematical model describing interactions among variables System Simulation Run the model on a computer, with values entered for different variables System Optimization Evaluate best ways to achieve objectives Figure 4-36 Page 85 Slide 44 Energy flow animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 45 Diet of the red fox interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 46 Categories of food webs interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 47 Soil profiles interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 48 Water cycle interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 49 Nitrogen cycle interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 50 Hubbard Brook experiment animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 51