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Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Figure 4-2b
Page 57
Slide 1
Levels of organization interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 2
(a) Eukaryotic Cell
Energy
conversion
Nucleus
(information
storage)
Cell membrane
(transport of raw
materials and
finished products)
Protein
construction
Packaging
Figure 4-3a
Page 58
Slide 3
(b) Prokaryotic Cell
DNA
(information storage, no nucleus)
Cell membrane
(transport of
raw materials
and finished
products)
Protein construction
and energy conversion
occur without specialized
internal structures
Figure 4-3b
Page 58
Slide 4
Known species
1,412,000
Other animals
281,000
Fungi
69,000
Insects
751,000
Prokaryotes
4,800
Plants
248,400
Protists
57,700
Figure 4-4
Page 58
Slide 5
Oceanic crust
Vegetation
and animals
Soil
Continental crust
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Upper mantle
Asthenosphere
Crust
Rock
Lower mantle
Core
Crust
(soil and rock)
Mantle
Biosphere
(Living and dead
organisms)
Lithosphere
(crust, top of upper mantle)
Atmosphere
(air)
Hydrosphere
(water)
Figure 4-7
Page 60
Slide 6
Carbon
cycle
Phosphorus
cycle
Nitrogen
cycle
Water
cycle
Oxygen
cycle
Heat in the environment
Heat
Heat
Heat
Figure 4-8
Page 60
Slide 7
Solar
radiation
Energy in = Energy out
Reflected by
atmosphere (34%)
Radiated by
atmosphere
as heat (66%)
UV radiation
Absorbed
by ozone
Lower stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Visible
Greenhouse
light
Troposphere
effect
Heat
Absorbed
by the earth
Heat radiated
by the earth
Earth
Figure 4-9
Page 61
Slide 8
Sun to earth animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 9
Coastal chaparral Coniferous
and scrub
forest
Coastal
mountain
ranges
15,000 ft
10,000 ft
5,000 ft
Sierra
Nevada
Mountains
Desert
Great
American
Desert
Coniferous Prairie
forest
grassland
Rocky
Mountains
Deciduous
forest
Mississippi
Great
River Valley
Plains
Appalachian
Mountains
Average annual precipitation
100-125 cm (40-50 in.)
75-100 cm (30-40 in.)
50-75 cm (20-30 in.)
25-50 cm (10-20 in.)
Below 25 cm (0-10 in.)
Figure 4-10
Page 62
Slide 10
Sun
Producers (rooted plants)
Producers (phytoplankton)
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
Secondary consumers (fish)
Dissolved
chemicals
Tertiary consumers
(turtles)
Sediment
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
Figure 4-11
Page 63
Slide 11
Oxygen (O2)
Sun
Producer
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Primary consumer
(rabbit)
Falling leaves
Precipitation
and twigs
Secondary consumer
(fox)
Producers
Soil decomposers
Water
Figure 4-12
Page 63
Slide 12
The role of organisms in an ecosystem
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 13
Lower limit
of tolerance
Few
organisms
Abundance of organisms
Few
organisms
No
organisms
Population Size
No
organisms
Upper limit
of tolerance
Zone of
Zone of
intolerance physiological stress
Low
Optimum range
Temperature
Zone of
Zone of
physiological stress intolerance
High
Figure 4-13
Page 64
Slide 14
Sugar Maple
Figure 4-14
Page 64
Slide 15
Soil and
water
nutrients
Producers
(plants and
phytoplankton)
Consumers
Feeding on
Living Organisms
Decomposers
(bacteria, fungi)
Break down
organic matter
for recycling
Consumers
Feeding on
Dead Organisms
or the Organic Wastes of
Living Organisms
Scavengers
(vultures, hyenas)
Detritus Feeders
(crabs, termites)
Primary
Consumers
Feeding on
Producers
(rabbits, zooplankton)
Secondary & Higher
Consumers Feeding on
Other Consumers
(foxes, turtles, hawks)
Figure 4-15
Page 66
Slide 16
Detritus feeders
Bark beetle
engraving
Long-horned
beetle holes
Carpenter
ant
galleries
Decomposers
Termite and
carpenter
ant
work
Dry rot fungus
Wood
reduced
to powder
Time progression
Mushroom
Powder broken down by decomposers
into plant nutrients in soil
Figure 4-16
Page 66
Slide 17
Heat
Abiotic chemicals
(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen,
minerals)
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Decomposers
(bacteria, fungus)
Heat
Producers
(plants)
Consumers
(herbivores,
carnivores)
Heat
Figure 4-17
Page 67
Slide 18
Matter recycling and energy flow animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 19
Heat
First Trophic
Level
Second Trophic
Level
Third Trophic
Level
Fourth Trophic
Level
Producers
(plants)
Primary
consumers
(herbivores)
Secondary
consumers
(carnivores)
Tertiary
consumers
(top carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat Heat
Heat
Heat
Detritivores
(decomposers and detritus feeders)
Heat
Figure 4-18
Page 68
Slide 20
Prairie trophic levels interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 21
Humans
Blue whale
Sperm whale
Killer
whale
Elephant
seal
Crabeater seal
Leopard
seal
Emperor
penguin
Adélie
penguins
Petrel
Squid
Fish
Carnivorous plankton
Herbivorous
zooplankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Figure 4-19
Page 69
Slide 22
Heat
Heat
Tertiary
consumers
(human)
Decomposers
Heat
10
Secondary
consumers
(perch)
100
1,000
10,000
Usable energy
available at
each tropic level
(in kilocalories)
Heat
Primary
consumers
(zooplankton)
Heat
Producers
(phytoplankton)
Figure 4-20
Page 70
Slide 23
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Top carnivores
Decomposers/detritivores
21
Carnivores
383
5,060
Herbivores
3,368
Producers
20,810
Figure 4-21
Page 70
Slide 24
Sun
Respiration
Energy lost &
unavailable to
consumers
Gross primary
production
Net primary
production
Growth and reproduction (energy
available to
consumers)
Figure 4-23
Page 71
Slide 25
Energy flow in Silver Springs animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 26
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Swamps and marshes
Tropical rain forest
Temperate forest
Northern coniferous forest (taiga)
Savanna
Agricultural land
Woodland and shrubland
Temperate grassland
Tundra (arctic and alpine)
Desert scrub
Extreme desert
Aquatic Ecosystems
Estuaries
Lakes and streams
Continental shelf
Open ocean
800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600
Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr)
Figure 4-24
Page 72
Slide 27
Rove beetle
Pseudoscorpion
Flatworm
Centipede
Ant
Ground
beetle
Mite
Adult
fly
Roundworms
Fly
larvae
Beetle
Protozoa
Millipede
Mite
Springtail
Roundworms
Sowbug
Bacteria
Slug
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Snail
Mite
Earthworm
Organic debris
Figure 4-26
Page 74
Slide 28
Mosaic
of closely
packed
pebbles,
boulders
Alkaline,
dark,
and rich
in humus
Weak humusmineral mixture
Dry, brown to
reddish-brown, with
variable accumulations
of clay, calcium
carbonate, and
soluble salts
Desert Soil
(hot, dry climate)
Clay,
calcium
compounds
Grassland Soil
(semiarid climate)
Figure 4-27a
Page 75
Slide 29
Forest litter
leaf mold
Acidic
lightcolored
humus
Humus-mineral
mixture
Light-colored
and acidic
Light, grayishbrown, silt loam
Iron and
aluminum
compounds
mixed with
clay
Tropical Rain Forest Soil
(humid, tropical climate)
Acid litter
and humus
Humus and
iron and
aluminum
compounds
Dark brown
firm clay
Deciduous Forest Soil
(humid, mild climate)
Coniferous Forest Soil
(humid, cold climate)
Figure 4-27b
Page 75
Slide 30
Condensation
Rain clouds
Transpiration
Transpiration
from plants
Precipitation to
land
Precipitation
Runoff
Surface runoff
(rapid)
Evaporation
Precipitation
Evaporation
from land
Evaporation
from ocean
Precipitation to
ocean
Surface
runoff
(rapid)
Infiltration and
Percolation
Groundwater movement (slow)
Ocean storage
Figure 4-28
Page 76
Slide 31
Diffusion between
atmosphere and ocean
Carbon dioxide
dissolved in
ocean water
photosynthesis
Combustion of fossil fuels
aerobic
respiration
Marine food webs
Producers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
incorporation
death,
sedimentation
into sediments
uplifting over
geologic time
sedimentation
Marine sediments, including
formations with fossil fuels
Figure 4-29a
Page 78
Slide 32
Atmosphere
(most carbon is in carbon dioxide)
Combustion
of fossil
fuels
volcanic action
photosynthesis
Terrestrial
rocks
weathering
combustion of wood (for
aerobic
clearing land; or for fuel
respiration
Land food webs
producers,
consumers,
decomposers,
detritivores
Soil water
(dissolved
carbon)
leaching
runoff
death, burial, compaction
over geologic time
sedimentation
Peat,
fossil fuels
Figure 4-29b
Page 79
Slide 33
Carbon cycle animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 34
14
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
(billion metric tons of carbon equivalent)
13
High
projection
12
11
10
Low
projection
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1850
1900
1950
Year
2000
2030
Figure 4-30
Page 79
Slide 35
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)
in Atmosphere
Nitrogen
Fixation
by industry for
agriculture
Food Webs
On Land
Fertilizers
Nitrogen Fixation
bacteria convert N2 to
ammonia (NH3) ; this
dissolves to form ammonium
(NH4+)
NH3, NH4+
in soil
uptake by
autotrophs
excretion,
death,
decomposition
Nitrogenous Wastes,
Remains In Soil
Ammonification
bacteria, fungi convert the
residues to NH3 , this
uptake by
autotrophs
NO3 –
in soil
Denitrification
by bacteria
2. Nitrification
bacteria convert NO2- to
nitrate (NO3-)
dissolves to form NH4+
loss by
leaching
1. Nitrification
bacteria convert NH4+
to nitrate (NO2–)
NO2 –
in soil
loss by
leaching
Figure 4-31
Page 80
Slide 36
Global nitrogen (N) fixation
(trillion grams)
200
150
Nitrogen fixation by natural processes
100
50
0
1920
1940
1960
Year
1980
2000
Figure 4-32
Page 81
Slide 37
mining
excretion
FERTILIZER
GUANO
agriculture
uptake by
autotrophs
MARINE
FOOD
WEBS
weathering
DISSOLVED
IN OCEAN
WATER
uptake by
autotrophs
leaching, runoff
DISSOLVED IN
SOIL WATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
death,
decomposition
sedimentation
LAND
FOOD
WEBS
death,
decomposition
weathering
settling out
uplifting over
geologic time
MARINE SEDIMENTS
ROCKS
Figure 4-33
Page 82
Slide 38
Water
Sulfur trioxide
Acidic fog and
precipitation
Sulfuric acid
Ammonia
Oxygen
Sulfur dioxide
Ammonium
sulfate
Hydrogen
sulfide
Plants
Volcano
Dimethyl
sulfide
Industries
Animals
Ocean
Sulfate salts
Metallic
sulfide
deposits
Decaying
matter
Sulfur
Hydrogen
sulfide
Figure 4-34
Page 83
Slide 39
Phosphorus cycle animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 40
Phosphorus cycle interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 41
Sulfur cycle animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 42
Critical nesting site
locations
USDA Forest Service
USDA
Forest Service
Private owner 1
Private owner 2
Topography
Habitat type
Forest
Wetland
Lake
Grassland
Real world
Figure 4-35
Page 84
Slide 43
Define objectives
Systems
Measurement
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Data
Analysis
Identify and inventory variables
Obtain baseline data on variables
Make statistical analysis of relationships among variables
Determine significant interactions
System
Modeling
Construct mathematical model describing
interactions among variables
System
Simulation
Run the model on a computer, with values
entered for different variables
System
Optimization
Evaluate best ways to achieve objectives
Figure 4-36
Page 85
Slide 44
Energy flow animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 45
Diet of the red fox interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 46
Categories of food webs interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 47
Soil profiles interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 48
Water cycle interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 49
Nitrogen cycle interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 50
Hubbard Brook experiment animation.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 51