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Transcript
Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Nature/Nurture • Role of instincts in human behavior • Some sociologist ignore the important of biology Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Feral Children Wild Boy of Aveyron Rejected most food Winter without clothes Taught to eat, sleep reg hrs., wear clother Learned to make a sound for “milk”; never learned to talk Cried occasionally No interest in sex Feral Children • • • • • • Traian Caldarar 2002-Romania 4 years old-fled abusive father Lived with dogs Discovered at age 7; displayed animalistic characteristics Size of a 3 yr. old; couldn’t speak Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Skeels & Dye • 13 children; ages 1-2; avg. IQ=64; placed with young women at a mental institution • Women-given basic instructions on child care; were labeled mentally retarded • 12 children left at orphanage were the control group; under 3 yrs. of age; avg. IQ=86; minimal contact with staff Skeels & Dye • End of 1 yr.: experimental group improved considerably; gained IQ points • Control group: IQs went down • 2 ½ yr. follow-up: experimental group gained an average of 28 IQ points; control group lost average of 30 • 21 years later-all subjects were found Skeels & Dye • Most in experimental group completed school (avg. 12 years); 11 of 13 married; all gainfully employed • Control group: avg. of 4 years of school; lower-level jobs; 4 were still institutionalized Spitz • Observed children living in a foundling home for approx. 2 years • Facilities were suitable; physician saw every child • Physical needs were taken care of; little other interactions • 34% of 91 children died within 2 yrs. of the study; 23 %-slow phys. & soc. development Spitz • Some couldn’t talk at all • Another institution-mothers were delinquents; played with babies; development of the children-normal Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing George Herbert Mead • Self-not present at birth; language is the key to its development Language is symbolic Symbolic interaction-a social process that occurs among individuals because of internalization of meanings and language Human need to interact with others George Herbert Mead • Infants-eventually learn to differentiate themselves from their surroundings (ex. Knows that mom is paying attention to her by bringing bottle) • Children learn to differentiate themselves from other objects in their environments • Develop expectations about parent’s behaviors George Herbert Mead • Role Taking: the process of figuring out how others will act • Play: a way of practicing role-taking; take the role of significant others-leads to better understanding of own roles • 3 processes in role-taking: Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, & Game Stage George Herbert Mead • Preparatory Stage: only able to imitate others; not yet aware of sense of self • Play Stage: take role of significant others (mother, father, teacher, etc.) • Game Stage: can understand the role of several others simultaneously; can put themselves in the place of others-Mead called this taking the role of the generalized other George Herbert Mead • Child must learn to see others not as individuals but as generalized others; ex: baseball game positions-develop expectations of positions regardless of who is playing • We begin to develop a personality once an idea of the generalized other occurs • The “I” and “Me” George Herbert Mead • “I” – the acting person; ex. “I go to class” • “Me” – part of the self concerned with society’s expectations; ex. “Society expects me to go to class” • We develop our own mind: our own ability to think based on the expectations of the generalized other George Herbert Mead • Mead believed the mind is entirely social; don’t use our mind until we learn the expectations of our society • Expectations of society are learn primarily through language Applying Mead’s Role-Taking • Important for self-development and professional relationships • Clinical sociologists and therapists must be able to imagine how others feel; need to see things from another person’s view; verstehen Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Charles Horton Cooley • Based on perception and effect: the perception we believe others have of us and the effects of these perceptions on our self-image • We compare and contrast ourselves with others Applying Cooley’s LookingGlass Self • Self-fulfilling prophecy (Robert Merton)-the evaluations of other directs our behaviors • We behave in ways that we believe others expect us to act Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Infant and Childhood Experiences • Children who are touched and talked to cling to their mothers • Parents teach boys and girls different techniques for solving problems-give girls specific advice; encourage boys to learn problem solving strategies Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing Introduction to Sociology, 5/e © 2012 BVT Publishing