Download Atomic Structure (27 Jan 2004) • What is matter? • Dalton`s Atomic

Atomic Structure
(27 Jan 2004)
• What is matter?
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• What is an element? What differentiates one element from
another?
• Thomson’s discovery of the electron
Thomson model of the atom
• 3 subatomic particles, relative charge, relative size
• Rutherford experiment
Rutherford model of the atom
• Atomic Number, Mass Number,
Z
A
E
• What is an ion? How are they produced from atoms?
• What is an isotope?
• Number and type of subatomic particles in atoms, ions,
isotopes
• The role of electrons in chemistry
Electronic Structure
(29 Jan 2004)
• Where are the electrons? Why are they important?
• Emission spectrum
• Properties of Waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light
• Bohr model of the atom
How does the Bohr model explain emission spectra?
• Limitations of the Bohr model
• How to write electron configurations
• What are valence electrons? Why are they important?
• How the Periodic Table was developed
• Basic Arrangement of the Periodic Table
How is electron configuration reflected in the Table?
• Periodic Trends: Size of an atom
Nuclear Chemistry
(3 & 5 Feb 2004)
• Discovery of radioactivity
• Three common types of radiation
• How to write a balanced nuclear equation
• Rate of radioactive decay
Half-life of a radioisotope
• Why are some isotopes radioactive and not others?
The “Line of Stability”
• Medical applications of radioactivity
• Radioactive dating
• Fusion and fission: sources of nuclear energy
Why is iron so common?
• Stars, Planets, Nuclear reactors
Chemical Bonding
(10 & 12 Feb)
“How do atoms interact with each other?”
• Stability of noble gases
• Ionic Bonding
- transfer of electrons from metals and nonmetals
- ions held together by electrostatic forces
• Ionic solids and their properties
• Metallic Bonding and properties of metals
• Packing in ionic and metallic solids
• Covalent Bonding
- sharing of electrons between nonmetals
- drawing Lewis dot structures
• Properties of Covalent compounds
1. Molecular covalent compounds
2. Network covalent compounds
• Shapes of molecular covalent compounds
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
Intermolecular Forces and States of Matter
(17 & 19 Feb)
• Temporary dipole interactions (dispersion forces)
• Permanent dipole interactions
• Hydrogen bonding
• Continuum of intermolecular forces to Ionic bonds
• Solids, Liquids, Gases
Change of Phase
Melting and Boiling points
• How to name compounds
• Special properties of water
• Solutions (dissolving “stuff” in water)
• Allotropes of carbon
Chemical Equations and Reactions
(Mar 2, 4 & 9)
• The mole, Molar mass
• Balancing a chemical equation
• Exothermic and Endothermic reactions
(and the First Law of Thermodynamics)
• Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Free Energy
• Kinetics of chemical reactions
(What controls the speed of chemical reactions?)
• Reversible reactions
Dynamic Equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Acids and Bases
(Mar 23, 25)
• Examples of acids and bases
• Properties of acids and bases (taste, litmus test)
• Definitions of acid and base
Identifying acids and bases based on definitions
(including conjugate acids and bases)
Writing and balancing equations
• Neutralization reactions of acids and bases
• Strong and weak acids and bases
• Calculations involving concentration (molarity)
• The pH scale
Calculations involving pH
• Applications of acids and bases
Redox Reactions
(Mar 30, Apr 01)
• Reduction and Oxidation reactions
- transfer of oxygen
- transfer of hydrogen
- transfer of electrons
• Identify oxidizing and reducing agents
Identify which chemical is oxidized, which is reduced
• Write “half-equations” involving electron transfer
• Basic Electrolysis reaction
Identify cathode and anode and what happens there
• Electrochemical Cell: Simple battery (Daniell cell)
• Duracell battery
• Fuel Cells
• Corrosion and rust
• Electroplating
Hydrocarbons (Part 1)
(13 Apr)
• The uniqueness of carbon
• Alkane family: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane,
hexane.
• Cyclic alkanes
• Physical and chemical properties of alkanes
• Structural formula and Molecular formula
• Isomerism in alkanes
• Alkene family: ethene, propene, ...
• Isomerism in alkenes
cis-trans isomerism
• Chemical reactions of alkenes: Addition Reactions
• Using bond energies to calculate enthalpy changes
of a chemical reaction
Hydrocarbons (Part 2)
(15 Apr)
• Line structures of hydrocarbons
• Benzene
• Naming benzene derivatives
• Chemical reactions of benzene and its derivatives
• Definitions: aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Petroleum: separating fractions from crude oil
• Catalytic cracking and reforming
• Fuel and octane rating
Other functional groups
(Apr 20, 22)
• Organohalides:
* nomenclature
* formation from addition of HX to alkenes
* substitution reactions to form alcohols and amines
• Alcohols:
* nomenclature
* formation from addition of H2O to alkenes
* substitution reactions to form organohalides and amines
* condensation reactions to form ethers
- primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols
- oxidation reactions to form aldehydes, ketones, and
carboxylic acids
• Ethers (nomenclature, formation from alcohols)
• Aldehydes and Ketones
- nomenclature
- the C=O functional group
- oxidation and reduction reactions
• Amines (nomenclature, substitution reactions)
• Carboxylic acids
* nomenclature
* condensation with alcohols to form esters
* condensation with amines to form amides
- reduction reactions to form aldehydes and ketones
Polymers
[27 Apr]
• Addition Polymers
- polyethene and its derivatives
• Condensation Polymers
- requirements of a condensation polymer
- polyesters
- polyamides
Lipids and Carbohydrates
[29 Apr]
• Lipids: fats, oils, steroids
• Triglyceride: building block of fats and oils
- saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fats
- cis and trans fats
• Steroid 4-ring structure building block
• Soaps and detergents
- made by reacting fatty acids and strong bases
- hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of detergent
• Membranes and cells
• Carbohydrates
- monosaccharide: building block of carbohydrates
- condensation to form disaccharides, polysaccharides
Proteins and DNA
(05, 11 May)
• Optical Isomerism and chiral centers
- properties of optical isomers
- identifying chiral centers
• Amino acid: building block of proteins
- polar and nonpolar amino acids
- the peptide bond formed from a condensation reaction
- polypeptide: primary structure of a protein
• Secondary, tertiary, quarternary structure of proteins
• Examples in the world of proteins
• Nucleotide: building block of DNA
- 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, organic base
- pairing rules of the organic bases
• The double helix structure of DNA
• The cell