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Regents Review Timeline
10,000 B.C.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
 *People learned how to farm
 *Change from hunters/gatherers (nomads)
to farmers
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
 all dependent on fertile soil
 for farming, irrigation & transportation
 climate and geography favor agriculture
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
TIGRIS & EUPHRATES
*Sumerians (Mesopotamians); Hammurabi’s Code;
unpredictable floods, cuneiform, Crosswords of the World
(good for trade, cultural diffusion), no barriers
NILE RIVER
*Egypt, predictable floods, papyrus, hieroglyphics, theocracy,
deserts served as natural barriers
INDUS RIVER
*India (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro), well planned cities,
sewage systems, unpredictable floods
HUANG HE & YANGZI
*China, unpredictable floods, Loess, “Yellow River”, River of
Sorrows. Dynastic Cycle, Mandate of Heaven
CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS
HAN DYNASTY
*China, good road network, good trade and
communication, often compared to the Roman
Empire
MAURYAN EMPIRE (321 B.C.-185 B.C)
*First United India: Golden Age, set up a
bureaucracy, Asoka (religious toleration)
*Gupta Empire (also Golden Age in India)
CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS
GREECE (1750 B.C. -133 B.C.)
*Mountains divided city states:
Athens: Direct Democracy (Pericles), Philosophy
(Socrates, Aristotle and Plato), Education
Sparta: Military, Oligarchy, no democracy
*Alexander the Great (Hellenistic Civilization)
*Many achievements in literature, art/architecture, etc
ROME (509 B.C. -476 A.D.)
*Favorable Geography, Twelve Tables, Republic,
*Contributions: Law, good roads, legal system, architecture
*Reasons for Decline: Corruption, empire too big, high
taxes, unemployment
BELIEF SYSTEMS
Most belief systems have a guideline for behavior
HINDUISM
*Developed from ancient Aryan traditions, polytheistic, caste
system, Karma & dharma, reincarnation
BUDDHISM
*Founded by Siddharta Guatama, Eightfold Path, Nirvana,
Four Noble Truths, Tripitaka (sacred teachings)
CONFUCIANISM 551 B.C.
*Goal was to keep social order, teachings collected in
Analects, people have a given role in society (five key
relationships), people are naturally good, ruler should set
an example, Filial Piety (respect for elders)
BELIEF SYSTEMS
JUDAISM 1000 B.C.
*Monotheistic, 1o Commandments, Torah,
CHRISTIANITY A.D. 30
*Monotheistic, Bible, 10 Commandments, Christians
persecuted during Roman Empire
ISLAM A.D. 622
* Monotheistic, Founded by Muhammad, Five Pillars,
Koran, Allah
ANIMISM
*Ancient Religion in Africa, based on spirits in nature
SHINTOISM
*Religion in Japan, all living and non-living things have
spirits in nature
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
 *Eastern Part of the Roman Empire, Preserves
Greek and Roman Culture, Constantinople,
controlled important trade routes
 *Justinian’s Code, Law Code, Hagia Sophia,
Orthodox Christianity, Cyrillic Alphabet
 *Big influence on Russia
 *1453 taken over by the turks (Muslims)
500-1200
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
(MIDDLE AGES, DARK AGES)
*Not a lot of trade, education or arts!
FEUDALISM
*Strict social structure based on birth
*Economy based on manor (manorialism), self
sufficient
*Code of Chivalry for Knights
Middle Ages
CHURCH
*Served as a centralized power and had a lot of control over
people’s lives
*Collected tithe, gave sacraments, canon law, decided who
could achieve salvation
*Provided order and stability in time of chaos
CRUSADES
*Holy Wars: Christians v. Muslims, fighting over the Holy
Land (Christians lose)
*As a result trade between Europe and Middle East
increased, demand for goods increased
1200-1650
EARLY JAPAN & FEUDALISM
 *Feudal Social Structure: Shogun at the top,
samurai warriors followed Code of Bushido
 *Tokugawa Shogunate: 200 years of
isolation for Japan
1200-1650
MONGOLS
 *Asian Steppe
 *First united by Genghis Khan: great military
leader, superior military technology
 *Kublai Khan (grandson) set up a dynasty in China
(Yuan dynasty)
 *Russia was isolated as a result of the Mongols
1300-1500’S
RENAISSANCE
“Questioning Spirit”
 *Rebirth of Art and Literature
 *Started in Florence (they were wealthy from
trade)
 *Humanism: more focus on individual and the
secular world rather than the afterlife
 *Machiavelli: Wrote the Prince, “handbook for
rulers” said the ends justifies the means.
Encourages leaders to do whatever they need to,
to get the job done!
1500’S
REFORMATION
Henry VII and John Calvin
 *Martin Luther posted the 95 theses (complaints
against the church), especially indulgences, and
worldliness
 *Started Protestant Reformation/ new religious
sects
 *Catholic Reformation: Church’s response to
Protestants. They wanted to keep support for the
church
1450-1770
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
South America
 *Aztecs, Incas and Mayas established well
organized civilizations (complex civilizations)
before the Europeans
 *Tenochtitlan: Powerful city in Aztec Empire
 *Civilizations were destroyed by Conquistadors
 Pizarro: Incas. Cortes: Aztecs
1492-1800
EXPLORATION & EXPANSION
 *New Technology: Astrolable, Mercator Projection,
Caravel, Advances in Cartography
 *Columbian Exchange: Global Transfer of food,
plants and animals
 *Commercial Revolution: Changes in business
practices, mercantilism (establish colonies for
benefit of the mother country)
 *Encomienda System: Forced labor system in
Latin America
 *Social Structure: Peninsulares, Creoles,
1500’S-1600’S
ABSOLUTISM
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*Absolute Monarchs: Total control
*Divine Right: God given right to rule
*Peter the Great: Modernization in Russia
*Louis XIV: France, Sun King, “I am the State”
*Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights
led to a limited Monarchy
1550-1789
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Scientific Method
 *Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory (sun is the
center of the universe)
 *Galileo: Telescope
 *Newton: Gravity
ENLIGHTENMENT
Age of Reason
Intellectual Revolution
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*Locke: Natural Rights
*Montesquieu: 3 branches of government
*Voltaire: Freedom of Speech. religion
*All philosophers believed power is derived from
the people
 *Hobbes: Thought people were evil and selfish
and couldn’t be trusted to govern themselves..
absolute monarch
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
*Influenced by Enlightenment Ideas
*Provided an example for the French and Latin Americans
FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815)
*Society divided into three estates, taxes
paid by third estate
*Louis XVI was overthrown by the French
*Robespierre-Reign of Terror
*Napoleon-Restores stability and order to France
*Congress of Vienna- Clemens von Metternich, restores
order/monarchs, goal is to create a balance of power
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS
*Inspired by the American and French
*Unequal social class system
*Simon Bolivar & Toussaint L’Overture- Nationalist
Leaders, led independence movements
NATIONALISM
(LATE 1800’S)
DEFINITION
*Pride and devotion to one’s country
GERMANY
*Otto von Bismarck “Blood and Iron”, Militarism
ITALY
*Garibaldi, Mazzini and Cavour: Unification of Italy
ZIONISM
*Movement to create a homeland for Jews in Israel
DISUNITY
*Ottoman Empire/Austria-Hungary
KEMAL ATATURK
*Modernizes Turkey
1700’S-1900’S
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 *Move from domestic system-factory system
 *Urbanization- Movement to cities
COMPETING PHILSOPHIES
KARL MARX
*Communist Manifesto
*Communism/Marxism
*All classes should be equal in society
*Haves vs. have nots
*overthrow of current system
*his reaction to Industrial Revolution/ said the worker would
overthrow capitalists in Industrialized societies
ADAM SMITH
*”Wealth of Nations”
*Capitalism: Private invest for profit
*laissez-faire economy: government stays out of business
1850-1914
IMPERIALISM
*White Man’s Burden,*Industrial Revolution,*Resources & Power
AFRICA
*”Scramble for Africa”
*Berlin Conference: meeting to divide up Africa
INDIA
*”Jewel in the Crown”
*Sepoy Mutiny
*RAJ: Period of British rule in India
*Gandhi: fought for independence
1850-1914
IMPERIALISM
CHINA
*Opium War: China v. Britain
*Britain wins due to superior weapons
*Treaty of Nanjing: gives Britain control of Hong Kong
*Boxer Rebellion: attempt to get rid of foreigners
*Spheres of Influence
JAPAN
*Commodore Matthew Perry
*Meiji Restoration: Modernization in Japan
*Japan becomes imperialist to gain natural resources
1914-1918
WORLD WAR I
*Balkan Powder Keg & *Nationalistic Rivalaries
CAUSES
*MANIA: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism,
Imperialism, Assassination of Archduke
EFFECTS
*Treaty of Versailles, Genocide Armenian
Genocide
1917
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
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*Czar had absolute power/corrupt
*Bolsheviks-led by Lenin took over
*Lenin “Peace, Land and Bread”
*Communist government established
*Withdrew from WWI (treaty of BrestLitovsk)
 *Stalin comes to power in 1925
1920’S-1930’S
RISE OF FASCISM
*State is more important than individual
 Hitler-Germany (Treaty of Versailles led to
economic problems)
 *Mussolini- Italy
1939-1945
WORLD WAR II
 *D-Day: forced Germany to fight on two
fronts
 *Rape of Nanjing (Japanese violence toward
the Chinese)
 *Holocaust
1939-1945
WORLD WAR II
CAUSES
*Appeasement, Imperialism, Failure of League of
Nations, Treaty of Versailles
*US gets involved because of Pearl Harbor
EFFECTS
*United Nations
*Israel Created
*Independence Movements
*Nuremberg Trials
*Cold War
1920’S-1948’S
CHINESE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION
*Sun Yat-Sen Nationalist “Democracy, Livelihood
and Nationalism)
*Chinese Civil War: nationalists v communists
*Communists win- Mao Zedong
*collective farms
*Great Leap Forward (5 year plan)
*Cultural Revolution
*Deng Xiaoping- Four Modernizations
*introduces some aspects of capitalism
*Tiananmen Square
COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN
IMPERIALISM
INDIA
*Gandhi fought for independence: Civil
Disobedience/non violence
*India divided into India and Pakistan due to
religious differences
AFRICAN NATIONS
*Gained independence, but still have a lot of
problems
*S. Africa: Apartheid (separation of the blacks and
whites) Nelson Mandela (ANC)
CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
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*Israel v. Palestine
*tensions over land, both have historic ties
*Camp David Accords- attempt at peace
*Oil impacts society
*Islamic Fundamentalism: strict adherence
to Muslim rules
COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNION
 *Berlin Wall Falls
 *Gorbachev: Glasnost and Perestroika
 *Yeltsin “Shock Therapy”
GLOBAL ISSUES
*interdependence
*Desertification
*Deforestation
*Green Revolution
1945-1989
COLD WAR
United States v Soviet Union
CONTAINMENT stop the spread of communism
*TRUMAN DOCTRINE}
*MARSHALL PLAN} money to European
countries who resist communism
WARSAW PACT Alliance of communist nations
NATO Alliance of democratic nations
NON-ALIGNMENT Ex. India: not choosing sides
SATELLITE NATIONS Controlled by Soviet Union
COMMAND ECONOMY gov’t controls the
economy
CAPTIALISM free market, private ownership
BERLIN BLOCKCADE soviet union, blocked
supplies
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Soviet Union put
missiles in Cuba
POL POT Genocide in Cambodia, leader of
Khmer Rouge