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Lesson 2 Word List Study the words below. Then do the exercises for the lesson. astronomer besides crater degree diameter gaze gravity reflect telescope universe An astronomer is a person who studies the sun, planets, stars, and other objects in space. In 1610, Galileo was the first astronomer to see four of the moons of Jupiter Besides means in addition to or also. Besides being on the soccer team, Sean loves playing basketball. 10 A crater is a round hole in the shape of a bowl. It is found in the ground or at the mouth of a volcano. The hikers walked to the top of the volcano to look down into the large crater. A degree is a unit for measuring how warm something is. Cindy heated the oven to 350 degrees before she put the bread in to bake. A degree is a stage or step in a series that one goes through. By degrees, Malcolm taught his puppy to obey commands like sit, heel, and give. Diameter is the distance from side to side and through the center of a circle or a round object. The diameter of the trunk of our old oak tree was at least thirty inches. To gaze is to look steadily at something for a long time. Sam and Julie gazed at the polar bears swimming in a large pool at the zoo. 11 Gravity is the force on our planet that pulls things toward the center of the earth. Gravity causes an apple to fall to the ground. Gravity is the condition of being serious. Celia understood later the gravity of what she had done by playing too close to the large waves. To reflect is to turn or throw something back. The water reflected the sun so strongly that Giselle put on her sunglasses. To reflect is to think carefully about something. Paul reflected on the next chess piece he would move. A telescope is an object that makes distant things seem closer and larger. It does this by using mirrors and lenses. On a cool October night, Dad and Molly set up the telescope in the backyard to view the stars. The universe is all of space and all of the objects in space. The Milky Way is just one of many large groups of stars in our universe. Be Wordly Wise Besides and beside look almost the same but have very different meanings. As you just learned, besides means in addition to or also. Beside means next to. Be careful to use these words correctly or you may say something you do not mean. For example: Melanie ate two scoops of ice cream beside the table. Melanie ate two scoops of ice cream besides the table. (She must have had a bad stomachache after that meal.) 12 Exercise 1 Words and Their Meanings Look at the group of words on the left. Then circle the letter of the word on the right that has the same meaning. 1. in addition to (a) between (b) degree (c) besides 2. a hole in the ground shaped like a bowl (a) crater (c) gravity 3. all things in space (a) gravity (b) universe 4. a unit for measuring heat (a) degree (c) diameter 5. a person who studies the stars astronomer (d) crater (b) telescope (d) universe (c) degree (d) astronomer (b) gravity (d) telescope (a) telescope (b) diameter (c) gaze (d) Now look at the word on the left. Then circle the letter of the group of words on the right that has the same meaning. 6. telescope (a) a tool for punching holes (b) an object that makes distant things seem closer (c) a tool for cutting stone 7. diameter (a) a measure of three feet (d) an object that makes soft sounds louder (b) the distance around a circle (c) the distance across a circle (d) a measure of how heavy something is 8. gravity (a) a force that pulls an object to the earth (b) a measure of speed (c) a measure of size (d) a force that pushes something away 9. reflect (a) to win over (b) to take in (c) to go under (d) to turn or throw back 10. gaze (a) to listen closely (b) to touch lightly (c) to look steadily (d) to taste cautiously 13 Exercise 2 Seeing Connections Look at each group of words below. Three of the words are alike or related in some way. One word does not belong in the group. Find the word that does not fit and circle it. 1. degree inch pound crater 2. astronomer inventor diameter 3. besides two also 4. laughter happiness joy 5. universe moon earth sun too musician gravity Exercise 3 Applying Meanings Circle the letter of the correct answer to each question below. Circle one letter only. 1. Which of the following can reflect light? (a) a story (b) a sound (c) a window (d) a taste 2. What is an astronomer most interested in? (a) planets (b) mountains (c) oceans (d) birds 3. On which of the following can someone gaze? (a) a memory (b) a thought (c) a fear (d) a picture 4. Which of the following do you expect to see through a telescope? (a) shells (b) stars (c) sharks (d) hairs 5. Which of the following can measure degrees? (a) a cup (b) a clock (c) a yardstick (d) a thermometer 14 Story Read the story below and then answer the questions that follow it. How far up does the sky go? It seems to go on forever. No one knows where space ends or if it has an end. So let us explore a small piece of it, our system of planets. People have always gazed at the night sky. Long ago, they saw the moon and the stars just as we do today. But those who looked carefully noticed something more. They saw that most stars seemed fixed in place but that some moved slowly across the night sky. Now we know that the moving objects are not stars at all. They are the planets that rotate around the sun. About five billion years ago, the sun and planets were formed out of clouds of gas and dust. Gravity pulled the chunks and pieces together to make lumps of matter. These lumps slowly got bigger as more and more dust was added to them. The largest lump became the sun. It is a giant star. It shines brightly because it is an enormous ball of fire. The smaller lumps that circle around it are the planets. They reflect light from the sun. The planet that is most distant from the sun is Pluto. Because it is so far away, it is dark all the time. It is also very cold, several hundred degrees below zero. Pluto is the smallest planet. It is even smaller than our moon. As we move in toward the sun from Pluto, we come to the four giant planets. They are Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter. No astronaut will ever land on any of these four because they are made of gas. Each of these planets has rings around it, and each has several moons. Jupiter is the largest of all the planets. Its diameter is eleven times that of the Earth. Four smaller planets are closer to the sun. They are Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury. All of them are made of solid rock. Mercury, which is the closest to the sun, is very hot. The temperature there can rise to almost twice as high as the top setting on an oven. About four hundred years ago, when the telescope was invented, people were able to take a dose look at the planets for the first time. The early astronomers were surprised at what they saw. Saturn's rings were beautiful. Mars had huge craters. Jupiter had several moons. One of them was even bigger than Mercury. Our planet Earth travels around the sun on a path between those of Mars and Venus. As far as we know, Earth is the only planet in the universe that has liquid water. Our distance from the sun gives us just the right amount of heat. If we were much closer, the oceans would boil away. If we were much farther away, the oceans would turn to ice. Because the temperature is just right, life in all of its forms is possible on Earth. Scientists believe that there are other suns besides our own that have planets circling them. If so, they are very, very far away. Is there life on any of them? We do not know. There may be planets somewhere in space with creatures that are smarter than we can imagine. Or Earth may be the only planet anywhere that has life. As more of space is explored, we may someday find out. 15 Answer each of the following questions with a sentence. 1. According to the story, what planet besides Earth has living creatures on it? 2. What did some of the very first astronomers see in the night sky? 3. What would you see if you were gazing at Saturn? 4. How does gravity affect an object in space that gets close to our planet? 5. Why will we probably not find any craters on the four giant planets? 6. Do you think there might be other life in the universe? Explain your answer. 7. What details in the story tell you that the planets formed by degrees? 8. How does the diameter of Pluto compare with that of our moon? 9. Why is it not correct to say that the sun reflects light? 10. How did the invention of the telescope help science? 16 Hidden Messages In the boxes next to each sentence, write the word that is missing from the sentence. Put one letter in each box. All the words are from lesson 2. If you spell correctly, the shaded boxes will answer the following riddle: Darryl has two coins that equal thirty cents. One of them is not a nickel. How can that be? ---Refer to boxes on page 17 l. This photo clearly shows a on the moon. 2. A circle is divided into two equal parts by its 3. The discovered a new star. 4. People on a spaceship do not feel any 5. The water will . the sunlight into your eyes. . 6. The temperature dropped to thirty last night. 7. Earth is only a very tiny part of the . 8. We wanted to 9. Jill, I have two other sisters. 10. Through the 17 at the stars all night. , we could see Venus.