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1 TEACHER’S GUIDE BENCHMARK’S INTERACTIVE TUTORIAL SCIENCE SERIES: PHYSICS 48 Tutorial Lessons, each take about 20 minutes For Grades 9 to 12 Subject: Physics This one DVD containing Benchmark’s Interactive Tutorial Science Library offers an innovative and very effective way for students to learn SHS Core Science Concepts in Physics. TUTORIAL INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN These self-tutorial programs allow students to control the pace of their learning, and include: lesson objectives; doing experiments completely under student control; continous interactive activities involving graphics, pop-up labels, animation, and pop-on explanatory text; intermittent testing for accurate observation and comprehension with immediate feedback as to whether the answers are correct or not for the student’s self-assessment; a summary; and a final quiz with feedback. Any part of the tutorial can be repeated. The successful completion of a tutorial is itself convincing proof of the student’s thorough understanding of the content. Optionally these tutorials are designed to be hosted in a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) such as the free share software MOODLE, should the teacher wish have a record of each student’s scores, maintain a bulletin board, and so forth. This series is designed to tutor students at a computer, which must have an internet browser: whether assigned in preparation for, or for review after a class lesson on the subject; by students working individually or in pairs; in the school library, computer lab, or at home; or used in a computer lab with teacher assistance available. The tutorial content can be accessed by any student’s computer having an internet browser either by inserting a tutorial disc copy into a computer’s CD/DVD drive, or from the school or school district server(s) on which the Tutorial Series is stored. Optionally in the near future, the Tutorials will be available from Benchmark via the internet with an ID and password. The Occasional Word With British Spelling Students & teachers will find an occasional word whose British spelling differs from the American, such as, “ou” for “0” as in color for color, or “re” for “er” as in fiber for fiber. It is suggested that teachers alert their students to this. An understanding of the meaning of such words should present no problem. For students who wish to pursue the spelling differences further, the teacher can recommend this web site with American-British spelling differences at: http://scientific.thomson.com/support/patents/dwpiref/reftools/usukdict/ 2 48 PHYSICS TUTORIALS On the DVD, under Science, selecting Physics will display 57 tutorials numbered from 1 to 57, of which a selected 48 are appropriate for the SHS Physics st;udent. The following Table of Contents organizes only those 48 tutorials, which we are at this time submitting for evaluation and use into learning units. Following that, Annotations provides descriptions of each of those 48 tutorials within those units. CONTENTS: PHYSICS 48 TUTORIAL LESSONS UNIT UNIT 1: LAWS OF MOTION # TUTORIALS 2 PAGE 2 UNIT 2. RECTILINEAR MOTION 3 3 UNIT 3 VECTORS 1 3 UNIT 4 ENERGY 1 3 UNIT 5 CIRCULAR MOTION & OSCILLATIONS 4 4 UNIT 6 HEAT ENERGY 4 4 UNIT 7 WAVES 4 5 UNIT 8 GRAVITATIONAL FORCES & ELECTRICAL FIELDS #1 5 6 UNIT 9 GRAVITATIONAL FORCES & ELECTRICAL FIELDS #2 3 7 15 7 UNIT 11 QUANTUM PHENOMENA 3 10 UNIT 12 RADIOACTIVITY 3 11 UNIT 10 ELECTRICITY CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS Gr 10 See Page 11 CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS Gr 12 See Page 13 ANNOTATIONS : PHYSICS 48 TUTORIAL LESSONS UNIT 1 LAWS OF MOTION 2 TUTORIAL LESSONS LAWS OF UNIFORM MOTION (see Physics #19) Objectives: interpret the variable symbols used in the equations of uniform motion; select the appropriate equation to suit the given problem; solve problems using the equations of uniform motion. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (see Physics #20) Objectives: state Newton's laws of motion; use Newton's laws of motion to solve problems 3 UNIT 2 RECTILINEAR MOTION 3 TUTORIAL LESSONS RECTILINEAR MOTION: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOTION (see Physics #49) You will learn in the context of the separation of two spacecraft: the concept of linear momentum, that it is a vector quantity and how it is measured; the principle of conservation of linear momentum and its application to both elastic and inelastic collisions and 'explosions' in one dimension; the concept of kinetic energy, that it is a scalar quantity, how it is measured and its conservation only in elastic collisions and 'explosions': the concept of an elastic and an inelastic collision and 'explosion' and the application of these concepts to a variety of situations. RECTILINEAR MOTION: MEASURING THE ACCELERATION OF FREE FALL (see Physics #51) The content of this learning object covers a method for determining the acceleration due to gravity by the use of a light gate with a timing card. Additionally, it provides activities to verify and use the expression F=ma. You will learn: an experimental method using a light gate to measure the acceleration of an object due to gravity; the acceleration, a, of an object is related to the unbalanced force on it, F, and its mass, m, as shown by the equation F = ma; how to use the equation F = ma to explain why the acceleration of free fall due to gravity is constant, regardless of the mass of the falling object; how to use the equation F = ma to calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon. EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #50) Three exam questions and their model answers on topics in the Rectilinear Motion unit. UNIT 3 VECTORS 1 TUTORIAL LESSON FORCE (see Physics #18) Objectives : define a force; use triangle of forces for forces in equilibrium; use parallelogram of forces to calculate resultant force. UNIT 4 ENERGY 1 TUTORIAL LESSON ENERGY (see Physics #17) Objectives: calculate the kinetic energy of a body; calculate the potential energy of a body; carry out calculations using principle of conservation of energy. 4 UNIT 5 CIRCULAR MOTION & OSCILLATIONS 4 TUTORIAL LESSONS THE MOTION OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM (see Physics #25) In this tutorial the students have to think big – a pendulum with a period of 20 seconds! The context is a new TV game show; the student is the producer’s technical adviser. Content: a swinging pendulum has a constant period of swing; the period of a pendulum depends only on the length of the pendulum and the acceleration of free fall at its location, as given by the equation, T = 2π(l /g); as a pendulum swings, kinetic and potential energy are interchanged, the total of the two being constant if the effect of air resistance is negligible; the amplitude of a pendulum’s swing gradually gets less if the effect of air resistance is not negligible, but the period remains constant; the motion of a pendulum swinging with a small amplitude is an example of simple harmonic motion. DEMONSTRATION OF FREE,FORCED, & DAMPED VIBRATIONS (see Physics #22) In this tutorial you will study vibrations, resonance, and damping to see how they apply to a car's suspension system. Rosie and Kai, two Physics students, have entered a competition to develop a model car. The car needs to demonstrate a particular feature that might be adopted by a leading car manufacturer for its ‘top of the range' model. The team has decided to give their car beyond ‘state of the art' suspension. DEMONSTRATION OF THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE (see Physics #23) This learning object puts circular motion in context, using the common fear of white-knuckle fairground rides (the fear that pulls the crowds) and other examples. Content: circular motion requires the existence of a force towards the centre of the circular path (centripetal force); centripetal forces can be provided by numerous physical forces such as tension in a string, contact forces, magnetic forces, gravitational forces, etc.; masses subject to a centripetal force have a centripetal acceleration; centripetal acceleration can be expressed in terms of the speed at 2 which a mass with circSular motion is travelling (a = v /r) or its angular velocity (a = 2 rω ); • The corresponding formulae for centripetal force are F = mv2/r and F = mrω2. EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #24) Three exam questions and their model answers on topics in the Circular Motions and Oscillations unit. UNIT 6 HEAT ENERGY 4 TUTORIALS In Recommended Order of Learning HEAT ENERGY (see Physics #7) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: give examples of how heat energy is produced; describe how heat energy is used, and how energy is wasted; name the units of heat energy and estimate the efficiency of simple energy transfers. 5 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER (see Physics #11) On completing the unit, learners should be able to: explain how heat is transferred by conduction; understand convection and why it happens; recognize how radiation differs from conduction and convection. HEAT CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS (see Physics #6) On completing the unit, learners should be able to: give examples of materials that are good conductors of heat; give examples of materials that are good insulators of heat; give and explain examples where heat conduction or insulation is important. SAVING ENERGY IN THE HOME (see Physics #14) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: explain how heat is lost in an un-insulated home: suggest methods of energy saving; explain which methods are most cost effective. UNIT 7: WAVES 4 TUTORIAL LESSONS POLARIIZATION OF TRANSVERSE WAVES (see Physics #55) This tutorial puts polarization into context by using common everyday examples, such as the transmission and reception of television signals and the use of polarization filters in photography and sunglasses. Content: transverse waves can vibrate with many planes at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave; a polarizing filter restricts the plane of vibration to one; transverse waves can be polarized but longitudinal waves cannot; polarizing light waves reduces glare; a television aerial must be set at the same plane of polarization as the signal it is set to receive. STATIONARY WAVES (see Physics #56) This learning object presents stationary waves in the context of the production of musical notes. Content: • Stationary waves are produced in pipes or strings when two progressive waves superpose; where the waves interfere constructively, an antinode is formed; where the waves interfere destructively, a node is formed.; the lowest note produced is called the fundamental frequency; other stationary waves can be produced as overtones whose frequency is a whole multiple of the fundamental frequency; the resultant sound produced by a musical instrument is a combination of the fundamental frequency and any overtones that are present. DIFFRACTION OF WATER WAVES AND LIGHT WAVES (see Physics #53) This learning object explores the diffraction of light waves and water waves and looks at how diffraction effects were first discovered and explained. Content: diffraction effects become noticeable when the wavelength of the waves passing though a gap are of the same order of magnitude as the gap, or are larger; a single slit diffraction pattern consists of a central bright maximum of width twice that of 6 the dark minima to each side of it; Huygens’ principle can be used to predict diffraction effects; for electromagnetic waves, the position of the minima in a single slit diffraction pattern are given by the expression sinθ = mλ/w where θ is the angle of diffraction, λ the wave's wavelength, w the slit width and m =1, 2, 3 etc. WAVES: EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #54) Three exam questions and their model answers on topics in the Waves unit. UNIT 8 GRAVITATIONAL FORCES & ELECTRICAL FIELDS #1 5 TUTORIAL LESSONS NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION (see Physics #33) In in space and the formation of black holes; the distinct meanings of the this unit you will learn: about the gravitational force between objects; about gravitational interactions words weight and gravitational field strength and how these are measured on the Earth; and Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitational Attraction. THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE (see Physics #34) This tutorial demonstrates how the gravitational field strength varies above and below the Earth’s surface. Content: the gravitational field strength g falls as you travel up or down from the Earth’s surface; below the Earth’s surface g = 4πρGr/3; 2 2 above the Earth’s surface g = gsurface rE /r ; for many practical purposes, because the radius of the Earth rE is so large, close to the Earth we can consider g to be a constant. VERIFICATION OF COULOMB’S LAW (see Physics #36) This tutorial shows how Coulomb’s law can be verified in the laboratory. Content: • Coulomb’s Law states that the electrical force F between two electrical charges Q 1 2 and Q2 depends upon both Q1 and Q2 and their separation r. F = (1/4πε0) Q1Q2/r ; Coulomb’s Law is an example of an inverse square law. It can be checked directly by measuring the force between two known charges that are a known distance apart, but it is hard to prevent some of the charge leaking away. ELECTRICAL FIELD LINES IN UNIFORM FIELDS (see Physics #31) In this tutorial, thinking about a force field in terms of Faraday’s idea of field lines is introduced. Content: how to visualize electric fields by using a candle flame and grass seeds; how to create a mathematical model of an electric field and use this to solve problems; how to think about electric fields as lines to represent the forces acting; a uniform field is represented by parallel straight lines that are evenly spaced; the strength of the field is represented by the closeness of the lines; the direction of the field is given by an arrow pointing the way a positive charge would 7 move; for a uniform field between two electrically charged plates the electric field strength (the force per unit positive charge) is E = V/d. EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #32) Three exam questions and their model answers on the preceding tutorials in this Gravitational Forces & Electrical Fields 1 unit. UNIT 9 GRAVITATIONAL FORCES & ELECTRICAL FIELDS #2 3 TUTORIAL LESSONS PRINCIPLES OF A CYCLOTRON (see Physics #38) This tutorial explores the principles behind particle accelerators. Content: Charged particles will experience a force in an electric field. The magnitude of force Fe depends upon the strength of the electric field E and the charge on the particle q. Fe = Eq. Charged particles moving across a magnetic field will experience a force. The magnitude of force Fm depends upon the strength of the magnetic field B, the charge on the particle q and the rate at which it moves across the field, v. Fm = Bqv Charged particles are accelerated by forces when they interact with magnetic or electric fields. The magnitude of the acceleration depends upon the size of the force and the mass of the particle. PRINCIPLES OF DIFFERENT RADIATION DETECTORS (see Physics #39) This tutorial considers the principles behind radiation detectors. Content: Ionizing radiation may be detected by the effects radiation has on materials. Because molecules are so tiny, there needs to be some form of amplification to produce a signal or sign that can be detected. Various properties of ions are used in detection. For example, their movement in an electric field or their ability to act as seeds for changes of state. Radiation detectors have to be designed so that the conditions are optimum for detecting the effects of ionization. For example, the pressure or composition of a gas, a vapor that is supersaturated, or a liquid that is superheated. EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #37) Two exam questions and their model answers on the preceding tutorials in this Gravitational Forces and Electrical #2 unit. Unit 10 ELECTRICITY 15 TUTORIAL LESSONS In Recommended Order of Learning INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY (see Physics #10) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: describe the nature of static electricity; describe how electricity flows around a circuit. 8 CIRCUITS AND SYMBOLS (see Physics #2) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: describe features of direct and alternating current; identify appliances that use DC current, AC current, or both. AC/DC CURRENT (see Physics #1) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: describe features of direct and alternating current: Identify appliances that use DC current, AC current, or both. WIRING IN SERIES AND PARALLEL (see Physics #16) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: explain series and parallel connections; explain how voltmeters and ammeters are used to measure voltage and current. RESISTANCE, CONDUCTORS, AND INSULATORS (see Physics #13) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: describe what is meant by electrical resistance; give examples of conductors and insulators. OHM’S LAW 1 (see Physics #12) The relationship between voltage and current is established and resistance is investigated. As the voltage increases, the current increases. The voltage is proportional to the current. Graphically, resistance can be expressed as the slope or gradient of a graph of voltage against current. The steeper the graph of voltage against current becomes, the greater the resistance. The formula triangle used for Ohm's law calculations is introduced. OHM’S LAW 2 (see Physics #21) Objectives: explain what is meant by current flow; describe the factors affecting current flow; apply Ohm's law to a simple circuit. ELECTRICITY: CONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY (see Physics #27) Objectives: resistance and conductance refer to particular objects, such as circuit components, or particular samples of materials; resistivity and conductivity refer to materials and are independent of dimensions; the resistance of a sample of material depends upon its dimensions as well as its resistivity; the conductance of a sample of material depends upon its dimensions as well as its conductivity; resistance is the opposite (or reciprocal) of conductance; resistivity is the opposite (or reciprocal) of conductivity. ELECTRICITY: RESISTANCE CHANGE OF A THERMISTOR AND AN LDR (see Physics #29) This learning object looks at how conditions such as light and temperature change the electrical properties of materials. 9 The resistance of a piece of material usually changes with temperature. The resistance of a piece of material depends on the number of charge carriers, such as electrons, contained within the material, and also how freely these charge carriers can move through the material. For metals, the resistance increases with increasing temperature so they have a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity. For semiconductors, the resistance usually decreases with increasing temperature, so they usually have a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity. For glass, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature. A semiconductor component designed to have a large variation of resistance with temperature is called a thermistor. Some semiconductor materials have a much higher conductivity (or lower resistivity) when illuminated than when kept in dark conditions. A circuit component designed to have a large change in resistance with light conditions is called a Light Dependent Resistor, or LDR. HEAT AND RESISTANCE (see Physics #5) The learning unit explores how an electric current generates heat and its applications. Ohm's law and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance is reviewed. The heating effect in a lamp shows that as the lamp gets hotter, its resistance increases. This heating effect is explained in terms of the atoms and electrons of electrical conductors. The unit of heat energy, the joule, is introduced, together with some related calculations of the heat energy released by appliances. HEAT PRODUCTION IN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (see Physics #8) The learning unit explores the different ways that electrical appliances can produce heat that we use in a variety of ways. The heating effect of a highly resistant metal alloy, nichrome, is reviewed. The structure and working of a hair dryer and an immersion heater are explored. Heat is often produced as an unwanted product of electricity, a number of examples are considered. Finally some electrical hazards connected with appliances are described. USING ELECTRICA APPLIANCES (see Physics #15) The relationships of Ohm's Law and the calculation of joules are reviewed. The watt is a unit of power and measures the rate at which energy is used by an electrical appliance. One watt is a joule per second. The wattage of an appliance is calculated from its voltage and current usage. Examples of some calculations are given. The power rating of various appliances is described, together with their operating voltage. Some calculations related to power, current and voltage are given. DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY AND WIRING A PLUG (see Physics #3) The electrical supply to a domestic house is described in terms of the different colored wiring used, and the role of the fuse box. Each part of the fuse box is described as are the different fuse ratings used for lighting, power and heating circuits. The nature of the wiring circuit used for lighting in the house is described. The 3-pin plug is described and the role of each cable 10 discussed. Next the safe way to wire a plug correctly is described. The importance of using the correct fuse in the plug is explained. FUSES AND EARTH FOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY (safety) (see Physics #4) When you have completed this learning object, you should be able to: describe possible safety hazards in the home; describe safety precautions and examples of safe practice in the home; explain the difference between single and double insulation. ELECTRICITY EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #28) Three exam questions and their model answers on several topics in the Electricity unit. UNIT 11 QUANTUM PHENOMENA 3 TUTORIAL LESSONS DEMONSTRATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT (see Physics #42) Content: photoelectrons are emitted when the surfaces of certain materials are illuminated with electromagnetic radiation of particular frequencies; the energy of a photon is given by the formula E = hf, where E is the energy of the photon, h is a constant called Planck’s constant and f is the frequency of the radiation; the number of photoelectrons emitted is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation; the photoelectrons are emitted with a range of kinetic energies from zero to a maximum; the maximum kinetic energy is independent of the intensity of the radiation but depends on the frequency of the illuminating radiation; the work function is defined as the energy required to liberate an electron from the surface of a material. DEMONSTRATION OF THE ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PHENOMENON (see Physics #41) This learning object introduces electron diffraction through its application in electron microscopes. Content: • De Broglie has shown that matter that normally behaves as a particle can also display wave–like properties; a particle of mass m and velocity v has an associated wavelength given by λ = h/p; the diffraction effect is only easily detectable for very low mass particles traveling at relatively high speeds. EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #43) Two exam questions and their model answers on topics in the Quantum Phenomena unit. 11 UNIT 12 RADIOACTIVITY 3 TUTORIAL LESSONS RADIOACTIVITY: PROPERTIES OF ALPHA, BETA, AND GAMMA RADIATION (see Physics #47) This tutorial examines the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation in the context of naturally occurring radon gas in a home. You will learn: there are three types of radiation – alpha, beta and gamma; the three types of radiation can be distinguished by their different characteristics; there are natural sources of radioactivity which exist around us every day and provide a level of background radioactivity; certain types of radioactivity that occur naturally can be damaging to your health. RADIOACTIVITY: EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE HALF LIFE (see Physics #46) In the medical context of showing how a radioactive tracer can be used to produce a bone scan, you will learn: the half life does not mean that it only takes two half lives for all of a radioactive substance to decay; the rate of decay is proportional to the quantity of substance that is still radioactive; radioactive decay is exponential, as -λt shown by the formula: Nt = N0 e ; each substance has a unique half life; he half life cannot be changed no matter what you do to the radioactive substance. RADIOACTIVITY: EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #45) Three exam questions and their model answers on the preceding tutorials in this Radioactivity unit CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS 3.4.10 GRADE 10 B. Analyze energy sources and transfers of heat. Use knowledge of conservation of energy and momentum to explain common phenomena (e.g., refrigeration system, rocket propulsion). UNIT # TUTORIALS PAGE UNIT 1: LAWS OF MOTION 2 2 UNIT 2. RECTILINEAR MOTION 3 3 UNIT 3 VECTORS 1 3 UNIT 4 ENERGY 1 4 UNIT 5 CIRCULAR MOTION & OSCILLATIONS UNIT 6 HEAT ENERGY 4 4 4 5 Explain resistance, current and electro-motive force (Ohm’s Law). UNIT # TUTORIALS PAGE UNIT 10 ELECTRICITY 15 8 12 CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS 3.4.10 GRADE 10 (continued) c. Distinguish among the principles of force and motion. Identify the relationship of electricity and magnetism as two aspects of a single electromagnetic force. PRINCIPLES OF A CYCLOTRON (see Physics #38) Describe sound effects (e.g., Doppler effect, amplitude, frequency, reflection, refraction, absorption, sonar, seismic). STATIONARY WAVES (see Physics #56) Describe light effects (e.g., Doppler effect, dispersion, absorption, emission spectra, polarization, interference). POLARIZATION OF TRANSVERSE WAVES (see Physics #55) DIFFRACTION OF WATER WAVES AND LIGHT WAVES (see Physics #53) Describe and measure the motion of sound, light and other objects. UNIT # TUTORIALS PAGE UNIT 7 WAVES 4 5 Know Newton’s laws of motion (including inertia, action and reaction) and gravity and apply them to solve problems related to forces and mass. UNIT # TUTORIALS PAGE UNIT 1: LAWS OF MOTION 2 2 UNIT 8 GRAVITATIONAL FORCES & ELECTRICAL FIELDS #1 5 UNIT 9 GRAVITATIONAL FORCES & ELECTRICAL FIELDS #2 3 6 7 C Distinguish among the principles of force and motion. Determine the efficiency of mechanical systems by applying mathematical formulas. DEMONSTRATION OF FREE,FORCED, & DAMPED VIBRATIONS (see Physics #22) THE MOTION OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM (see Physics #25) DEMONSTRATION OF THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE (see Physics #23) EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #24) 13 CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS 3.4.12 GRADE 12 A. Apply concepts about the structure and properties of matter. Explain how radioactive isotopes that are subject to decay can be used to estimate the age of materials. RADIOACTIVITY: EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE HALF LIFE (see Physics #46) RADIOACTIVITY: EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #45) Apply the conservation of energy concept to fields as diverse as mechanics, nuclear particles and studies of the origin of the universe. ENERGY (see Physics #17) RECTILINEAR MOTION: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOTION (see Physics #49) NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (see Physics #20) LAWS OF UNIFORM MOTION (see Physics #19) HEAT ENERGY (see Physics #7) Apply the predictability of nuclear decay to estimate the age of materials that contain radioactive isotopes. RADIOACTIVITY: EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE HALF LIFE (see Physics #46) RADIOACTIVITY: EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #45) B. Apply and analyze energy sources and conversions and their relationship to heat and temperature. Apply appropriate thermodynamic concepts (e.g., conservation, entropy) to solve problems relating to energy and heat. HEAT ENERGY (see Physics #7) C. Apply the principles of motion and force. Evaluate wave properties of frequency, wavelength and speed as applied to sound and light through different media. UNIT # TUTORIALS PAGE UNIT 7 WAVES 4 5 Propose and produce modifications to specific mechanical power systems that will improve their efficiency. DEMONSTRATION OF FREE,FORCED, & DAMPED VIBRATIONS (see Physics #22) THE MOTION OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM (see Physics #25) DEMONSTRATION OF THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE (see Physics #23) EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #24) 14 CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS 3.4.12 GRADE 12 (continued) Analyze the principles of translational motion, velocity and acceleration as they relate to free fall and projectile motion. RECTILINEAR MOTION: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOTION (see Physics #49) RECTILINEAR MOTION: MEASURING THE ACCELERATION OF FREE FALL (see Physics #51) EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #50) Analyze the principles of rotational motion to solve problems relating to angular momentum, and torque. DEMONSTRATION OF THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE (see Physics #23) Interpret a model that illustrates circular motion and acceleration. DEMONSTRATION OF THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE (see Physics #23) EXAM TECHNIQUES (see Physics #24) Describe inertia, motion, equilibrium, and action/reaction concepts through words, models and mathematical symbols. LAWS OF UNIFORM MOTION (see Physics #19) NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (see Physics #20) FORCE (see Physics #18) ENERGY (see Physics #17) END CORRELATION WITH PA CURRICULUM STANDARDS