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Creation Cosmology
Big Bang vs. Creation
Origin of Stars
Solar System: Evidence of Design
Age of the Cosmos
Are we being told all the evidence or just
selected information to support a
particular idea?
The Origin of Stars
Evolution
Stars evolved billions of years before
the earth
Theistic evolution
Stars evolved billions of years before the earth
The Bible
Earth created on day 1
The sun, moon, and stars on day 4
The Origin of Stars
Hugh Ross (Astronomer), “Species Development: Natural
Process or Divine Action,” Audiotape (Pasadena, CA:
Reasons to Believe, 1990).
“The entire process of stellar evolution is by
natural process alone. We do not have to
invoke Divine intervention at any stage in
the history of the life-cycle of the stars that
we observe.”
Is this statement consistent with
the Bible?
When I consider thy heavens, the work
of thy fingers, the moon and the stars,
which thou hast ordained;
Psalms 8:3
The Origin of Stars
And
God made two great lights; the
greater light to rule the day, and the lesser
light to rule the night: he made the stars
also. (Genesis 1:16)
Lift
up your eyes on high, and behold who
hath created these things, that bringeth out
their host by number:… (Isaiah 40:26)
The Origin of Stars

By the word of the Lord were the heavens
made; and all the host of them. (Ps 33:6)

Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all
you shining stars….for he commanded and
they were created. (Ps 148:3-5)

Thou, even thou, are Lord alone; thou hast
made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with
all their host… (Nehemiah 9:6)
He determines the number of the stars
and calls them each by name.
(Psalm 147:4)
Stellar lifecycle
Nebula
Nebular solar system
formation
Star Formation and Physics
The popular theory is that stars form from
vast clouds of gas and dust through
gravitational contraction.
Nebula
Gas and
dust clouds
will expand
NOT
contract
Star Formation
Don DeYoung (Ph.D. in Physics),
Astronomy and the Bible, 2000, p. 84.
“The complete birth of a star has
never been observed. The principles
of physics demand some special
conditions for star formation and also
for a long time period. A cloud of
hydrogen gas must be compressed to
a sufficiently small size so that gravity
dominates.
continued
In space, however, almost every gas cloud
is light-years in size, hundreds of times
greater than the critical size needed for a
stable star. As a result, outward gas
pressures cause these clouds to spread out
farther, not contract.”
Star Formation
Fred Whipple, The Mystery of Comets,
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute
Press, 1985), pp. 211, 213.
“Precisely how a section of an interstellar
cloud collapses gravitationally into a star
… is still a challenging theoretical
problem… Astronomers have yet to find an
interstellar cloud in the actual process of
collapse.”
Star Formation
Danny Faulkner, Ph.D. Astronomy
“Most astronomers believe that the
clouds gradually contract under their
own weight to form stars. This
process has never been observed,
but if it did occur, it would take many
human lifetimes.
continued
It is known that clouds do not
spontaneously collapse to form stars. The
clouds possess considerable mass, but
they are so large that their gravity is very
feeble. Any decrease in size would be
met by an increase in gas pressure that
would cause a cloud to re-expand.”
Star Formation Theories
 Contraction
 Cooling
 Collision
Supernova and Star Birth
Galaxy Collision
Star Formation
Hannes Alfven (Nobel prize winner), Gustaf
Arrhenius, “Evolution of the Solar System”,
NASA, 1976, p. 480.
“There is general belief that stars are forming
by gravitational collapse; in spite of vigorous
efforts no one has yet found any
observational indication of conformation.
Thus the ‘generally accepted’ theory of stellar
formation may be one of a hundred
unsupported dogmas which constitute a large
part of present-day astrophysics.”
Star Formation
Charles Lada and Frank Shu (both astronomers),
“The Formation of Sunlike Stars,” Science, 1990,
p. 572.
“Despite numerous efforts, we have yet to
directly observe the process of stellar
formation…. The origin of stars represents
one of the fundamental unsolved problems
of contemporary astrophysics.”
Star Nurseries
Do pictures
confirm stars are
forming?
Eagle nebula
Star Nurseries
Martin Rees (A leading researcher on cosmic
evolution), Before the Beginning, 1998, p. 19.
“Stars are still forming today. About 1500
light-years away lies the Orion Nebula:
enough gas and dust to make millions of
stars…. It even contains protostars that
are still condensing …”
Star Formation and Nebula
Images taken by the European Southern
Observatory Very Large Telescope in
January 2002 of the Horsehead Nebula in
Orion verified that the structures are
Star Nurseries
Ron Cowen, “Rethinking an Astronomical Icon: The Eagle’s
EGG, Not So Fertile,” Science News, Vol. 161, 16 March
2002, pp. 171–172.
“NASA’s claim in 1995 that these pictures
showed hundreds to thousands of stars
forming was based on the speculative ‘EGGstar formation theory.’ It has recently been
tested independently with two infrared
detectors that can see inside the dusty pillars.
What did they find?
Few stars were there, and 85% of the
pillars had too little dust and gas to
support star formation. ‘The new findings
also highlight how much astronomers still
have to learn about star formation.’”
No star
nurseries
Star Formation and Time



100 billion galaxies (1011)
200 billion stars per galaxy (2x1011)
Universe 20 billion years old (2x1010)
100 Billion x 200 Billion
20 billion


2.7 billion stars per day
31,700 stars per second
1 trillion
stars per
year
Conclusion on Star Formation
Abraham Loeb, (Harvard Center for Astrophysics),
quoted by Marcus Chown, “Let there be Light”,
New Scientist, Feb 7, 1998,
“The truth is that we don’t understand
star formation at a fundamental level.”
Heavens Declare
Sun
Our Sun: Mediocre?
“Who are we? What are we? We find that we
live on an insignificant planet of a
humdrum star lost in a galaxy tucked away
in some forgotten corner of a universe in
which there are far more galaxies than
people.”
Carl Sagan
Sun Power and Size
A Special Place
Type G: only 9 percent of all stars. About 80
percent of all stars are Class M, which
flare often and would kill us from radiation.
Sun Flares
Unusually Quiet and Gentle
‘Thank our lucky star’, New Scientist, 161(2168):15,
1999
One recent 30-year study: photosphere is
“constant in temperature”
 “Sun-like stars normally produce a bright
superflare about once a century…Why a
superflare has not occurred on the Sun in
recorded history is unclear. ‘I think a consensus
is emerging that our Sun is extraordinarily
stable’, suggests Galen Gisler, an astronomer at
the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New
Mexico.”

Designed Just for Us
 If
too massive: would be unstable. If not
massive enough: Earth would have to be
too close, would be tidally locked.
 Its position in the galaxy is vital for life. Its
galactic orbit is more nearly circular than
about 80 percent of nearby stars.
The Alternative
V838 Mon
About 85 Percent of Stars are
in Binary or Multiple Systems
Binary star system
Betelgeuse
in the Orion
Constellation
•1,180 times the
diameter of the sun.
•It could contain more
than 1.6 billion suns.
640 light years away
Canis Majoris
Almost twice the size of Betelgeuse
2100 times the diameter of the sun.
Canis Majoris
23,100 times the diameter of the Earth,
7 quadrillion times Earth’s volume
Angular Momentum
Observed: 2 km/s
Required: over 400 km/s
Angular Momentum and the
Solar System
“There is a fundamental and insuperable difficulty with the
model as described. A striking characteristic of the solar
system is that the planets with about 1/700th of the mass
of the system, in their orbital motion account for over
99% of its angular momentum. There seems to be no
way in which an initially diffuse nebula could evolve so
as to partition mass and angular momentum in that way.
It turns out… that the angular momentum problem is one
of the most important hurdles to be negotiated by any
plausible theory for the origin of the solar system.”
Dormand and Woolfson, The Origin of the Solar System: the capture theory,
1989, p. 14
“The problem of the outward transfer of
angular momentum has been a vexing
dilemma for models attempting to explain
the origin of the solar system…
“This is the rock on which most theories for
the formation of the solar system have
foundered…
“Theories for the origin of the solar system
have, in general, failed to deal with this
fundamental question.”
Stuart Ross Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 1992, p. 54
An Old Problem
“During the 1970s the solar nebula concept
became established as a fundamental
assumption of astronomy, notwithstanding
that its two-hundred-year-old problems
had not been resolved.”
Dormand and Woolfson, p. 47
The Early Faint Sun Paradox
40%
Brighter
 Energy
by thermonuclear fusion
 The core of the sun should alter and the
sun should grow brighter with age
 If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it should
have brightened by about 40%
The Early Faint Sun Paradox
Earth average temperature (59O F or 15O C)
A 25% increase in brightness increases the
average temperature by about 32O F (18O C)
(59o – 32o = 27o F (-2.78o C) Avg. temp
Chris Ashcraft
Northwest Creation Network
www.nwcreation.net
Galaxy Formation
Spiral Galaxy
M101
M51 The Whirlpool
Galaxy
Formation of Galaxies
Joseph Silk (Professor of Astronomy at the
University of Oxford), The Big Bang, 2001, p. 195.
“Many aspects of the evolution of
galaxies cannot yet be determined with
any certainty.”
Galaxies
James Trefil, Ph.D. Physics, The Dark Side of
the Universe, 1988, p. 3 & 55.
“There shouldn’t be galaxies out there at
all, and even if there are galaxies,…
The problem of explaining the existence
of galaxies has proved to be one of the
thorniest in cosmology.”
Galaxy Formation
The Facts on File Dictionary of Astronomy, 1994,
p. 172.
“Galaxies must have condensed out of
the gases expanding from the big bang….
Details of the formation of galaxies are still
highly uncertain, as is their subsequent
evolution.”
Why is this any more scientific than:
In the beginning God created…