Download The Creation of Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The Rise of Islam
Summer School 2011
Muhammad
• Born into powerful Meccan Family
• Became Business manager for Khadijah, a
wealthy business woman whom he would later
marry.
• About age 40 (610) while meditating in a cave
outside Mecca, the voice of the Angel Gabriel
came to him and gave him Gods word.
• He was convinced he was the last prophet.
• 613 he begins to preach around Mecca
Islam Basics
• The Five Pillars
– Faith – There is only one God, Allah, and
Muhammad is his prophet.
– Prayer – Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
– Alms – Support those less fortunate through
special religious tax
– Fasting – During holy month of Ramadan,
fast between dawn and sunset.
– Pilgrimage – The Hajj or Pilgrimage to Mecca
must be performed at least once in their
lifetime.
Islam Basics
• Islam is name of religion
• A Muslim is one who follows Islam
• The Qur’an is holy book of Islam
containing the revelations given to
Muhammad by God
• Umma – Muslim religious community
• Ulama – Scholar class of Islam who study
Qur’an
Links to Judaism and Christianity
• They all worship the same god!
• Differences
– Muslims Believe Jesus was a prophet, not son of God
– Muslims believe Muhammad was a prophet same as
Abraham and Moses
– The Qur’an perfects the earlier revelations and is
Gods final word.
– Muslim holy law or Shari’a requires Muslim leaders to
extend tolerance to Christians and Jews because
they are “people of the book”
Muhammad’s Death 632
• Muhammad chased out of Mecca in 620 to
Medina. There he finds many who will follow him
and becomes great leader.
• 630 he returns to Mecca with great Army and
city surrenders. City converts to Islam and most
of the Arabian peninsula by the time of his death
in 632.
• The tribes of the Arabian peninsula are united
for the first time ever under than banner of Islam.
Spread of Islam
• The four “Great Caliphs”
– Abu-Bakr – All of Arabia by 634
– Umar – Syria and Lower Egypt
– Uthman and Ali – All of Middle East by 661
• 750 Islamic Umayyad Empire from India to
Spain and North Africa
Islamic Split
• After the death of Ali who was the son and
cousin to Muhammad, differences arose
over who should lead Islam.
• Some believed following the Umayyad’s
was the way. Others believed only the
blood of Muhammad should lead.
• Those following the descendents of Ali
and Muhammad become the Shi’a. Those
who follow Umayyad’s become known as
Sunni.
Umayyad and Abbasid Empires
• Umayyad – Assassinates Ali in 661.
– Move capital to Damascus, Syria
– Made easier to control territories
– Rebelling groups overthrow Umayyad in 750.
• Abbasids 750-1258
– Move capital to new city of Baghdad
– Baghdad sits on vital trade routes making the
Abbasids very rich and powerful
– Due to size of Empire, Individual Islamic States begin
to emerge reducing the power and influence of the
Abbasids and they lose control by 1258
Muslim Culture
• Advances in Science
– Math and Astronomy needed to correctly
calculate the proper times for prayer. Also
deep curiosity about the world and
Muhammad encouraged learning.
– Collecting knowledge
• House of Wisdom – Baghdad
– Scholars from different cultures and beliefs translated
texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere into
Arabic
Muslim Culture Cont.
• Mathematics
– Muslim scholars believed that math was basis for
all knowledge.
– Al-Khwarizmi – Mathematician Writes a textbook
called “The Art of Bringing Together Unknowns to
Match a Known Quantity”
• Technique was called “al-jabr”
• Scientific Method
– Muslims did not use greek methods of science
based in Logic. The favored a new method based
in observation and experimentation.
Assignment
• Questions:
– p. 268 # 1-7
– p. 272 # 1, 3-8
– p. 279 # 1, 3-8
The Rise of the Ottoman’s
Summer School 2011
After the Abbasid Empire
• Muslim for individual Muslim kingdoms
throughout the old Abbasid Empire.
• Fatimids - N.Africa
• Moors – Spain
• Safavids – Persia
• Turks – Anatolia
– Located present day southwestern Turkey
– Military Society
– Leader – Osman
• West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans
Anatolia United
• Osman Unites Anatolia into a small Islamic
state by 1300.
– Military success based on Gunpowder
• Son Orkhan, names himself Sultan or
“One with Power”
– Treated those they conquered with respect.
– All Muslims needed to serve in Army
– Non-Muslims needed to pay tax
Mehmed II
• Mehmed II finally conquers surrounded
Byzantine capital of Constantinople in
1453.
– Ottomans had been trying to take the city for
over 150 years.
– Mehmed was tolerant of other religions and
opened the city for all . Rename city Istanbul.
Selim and Suleyman
• Selim - Mehmed’s Grandson
– Conquers Safavids 1514 and moves south
into Palestine, Syria, and N. Africa.
– Takes control of Holy Cities of Mecca and
Medina
• Suleyman – Son of Selim
– Moves Army’s into Europe
– Pushes as far as Vienna Austria
• Europeans finally defeat him 1526.
• High Point of Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Decline
• Ottomans hold power till WWI but were in
great decline for over 300 years.
• Many lines of incompetent Sultans allow
for poor management of huge empire
• Also it became custom for Sultan to have
his brothers strangled to prevent a
struggle for power in the empire.
Assignment
• Questions:
–P.511 # 2-8
–P.515 # 2-8
The Creation of Israel and the
Arab-Israeli Conflict
World Studies Summer School
2010
Zionism
• Zionism is the belief that the Jewish people
should return to their rightful home in Palestine.
• Zionism movement grows between late 1800s
and early 1900s
• Before WWI, Palestine was controlled by the
Ottoman Empire.
• After Ottoman defeat, British were mandated to
control Palestine as part of the Treaty of
Versailles
History
• Jews driven out of Palestine around A.D.
135
• Arab Muslims had controlled Palestine,
with some exceptions, for the last 1200
years.
• By early 1900s, Zionists begin buying land
from Ottomans who need money to
finance their large empire
British Mandate
• British begin to be pressured for Jewish State.
• Arabs oppose growing Jewish presence.
• WWII Holocaust brings Jewish cause to center
stage. And sympathy for Jewish state grows,
especially from America.
• 1920s-1940s Jewish land purchases increase
from absentee Arab landowners even though
British have outlawed such purchases.
• Jewish Organizing for state continues and
violence against British and Arabs escalates
United Nations and Partition
• With support of U.S. and others, Newly
formed U.N. tackles issue of Palestine.
• U.N. votes for partition of Palestine into a
Jewish state and an Arab state with
Jerusalem to be an international city
owned by neither.
• Jews make up 34% of population but
receive 55 percent of area.
• Arabs countries universally reject plan
State of Israel
• May 14th, 1948 David Ben Gurion proclaims
Independent State of Israel.
• May 15th 6 Arab countries attack Israel
• First Arab-Israeli War 1948
• Israel wins and seizes half the land given for Arab
state during war.
• Land set aside for Arab State never happens.
• Some Arab nations grab land for themselves.
• Especially Jordan-the West Bank, Egypt-Gaza Strip
1956 Suez Crisis
• Second Arab-Israeli War
• Egypt seizes control of the Suez Canal
– Had been controlled by British
• British get Israel with the support of French Air
Force to retake canal.
• They quickly defeat the Egyptians and take
canal.
• With pressure from Soviet Union and U.S.,
British, French and Israeli’s withdraw from Egypt
leaving the canal in Egypt’s control ending the
crisis.
PLO Created
• 1964 – Palestinian Liberation Organization
formed. To Liberate Palestine from Israel
• Leader is Yasir Arafat
• Depending on your point of view PLO is:
– Terrorist group trying to destroy Israel
– Humanitarian group trying to help Palestinians
being oppressed by Israel.
• Group in actuality does BOTH!
1967 Six-Day War
• Tensions had been building between Arab
Countries and Israel for some time.
• With Arab countries preparing an attack
Israel launches surprise attack destroying
air forces in Jordan, Syria, Iran, and Egypt.
• Israeli Army then moves quickly
conquering Arab forces on three different
fronts
1967 Six-Day War - Results
• Israel takes control of West Bank
– Most importantly – The Old City of Jerusalem
• Israel takes Sinai peninsula from Egypt
• Israel takes Golan Heights
• Palestinians living in Jerusalem were
given choice of Israeli Citizenship or
Jordanian. Most chose Jordan.
Yom Kippur War
• October 1973
• Egyptian President Sadat plans joint Arab
attack on Jewish Holy Day of Yom Kippur
• Israeli’s caught by surprise and take great
casualties as well as lose some of territory
captured during 1967 war.
• Israel counter-attacks and regains most of
lost territory.
• Both side agree to a truce after several
weeks of fighting.
First Efforts of Peace
• November 1977 Anwar Sadat Stuns the
world by extending a hand to Israel.
• He goes before Israeli Parliament and
asks for Israel to join him in peace.
• 1979 – Camp David Accords (Facilitated
by Carter)
– Egypt Recognizes Israel’s right to exist.
– Israel in turn returns the Sinai Peninsula to
Egypt
Ramifications
• Egypt becomes first Arab country to
recognize Israel.
• World leaders praise Sadat.
• Other Arab countries condemn Sadat
• 1981 Muslim extremists assassinate Sadat
• New President Mubarak pledges to
maintain peace with Israel
Fighting between Israel and PLO
intensify
• Palestinians attack Israel-Israel bombs
PLO camps
• PLO begins hiding in Southern Lebanon
• Israel invades southern Lebanon and get
involved with the Lebanon Civil War
• Israel eventually with draws
Intifada 1987-1992
• Campaign of civil disobedience or uprising
by Palestinians against Israel
• Boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on
soldiers, rock throwing by teenagers
• Intifada accomplishes little. Does effect
world opinion though, putting pressure on
Israel to open peace talks with
Palestinians
Oslo Peace Accords 1993
• Israel grants Palestinians partial self rule
in Gaza and West Bank.
• Creation of Palestinian Authority
• PA must recognize Israel right to exist
• Further Steps to be taken to increase PA
rule in future.
• Israeli Prime Minister Assassinated by
Jewish extremist 1995
1995-2001
• Further expansion of the agreements at
Oslo never happen.
• Both sides never fully cooperate with
decisions made.
• Attacks by Palestinians continue and
escalate.
• Peace process moves backward.
Assignment
• Questions
–P. 1023 # 1, 3-8