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The Rise of Europe: European Middle Ages, 500-1200 (214-229) Germanic Kingdoms Germanic groups: Tribes that conquered Rome—Goths, Vandals, Saxons, Franks,-lived in small communities and were mainly farmers/herders Feudalism New Invasions—Between 600 and 1000 new groups begin to sweep across Europe, including the Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings Franks—settled in Gaul, modern day France—Clovis was the first leader and converted to Christianity Vikings—mostly farmers and seafarer explorers who come out of Scandinavia Charles Martel—Leader of the Franks, led an army of Franks to defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Tours Battle of Tours—battle between Muslims and Franks in 732, Christians/Franks won and halted further advance of the Muslims into Europe, they do stay in Spain Charlemagne—grandson of Charles Martel— built brief empire in Western Europe— crowned by pope as Holy Roman Emperor, this is the First Reich Pope Leo…asked Charlemagne for help against the nobles, crown Charlemagne and proclaims him “Emperor of the Romans” Legacy of Charlemagne—Extended Christian civilization into northern Europe—furthered blending of Germanic, Roman, and Christian traditions Feudalism— Response to a basic need for protection, decentralized political and economic structure Lord divided…local lords divided lands among lesser lords and agreed to protect vassals Vassals…lesser lord and could be in service to several lords—were granted a fief, gave 40 days of military service to lord Feudal Contract: Lords granted estates with towns, peasants, and lands to lesser lords—based on exchange of loyalty and military service—also gave money and advice to the vassal The World of Knights and Nobles Knights: Trained from age of 7, fought on horseback, sent away to lord to train, taught to ride, fight, and keep weapons in good order (lances, spears, and swords) Castles: started in 1100’s by wealthy landlords as a defense, stone, high walls, moats—also knights lived there and peasants would take refuge in the castle Women’s Roles: Noble women played active roles in supervising houses (men were out in battle/fighting), Managed house, sometimes had a small role in politics, widows could keep their land Chivalry: Code of conduct for knights, required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word Manor—heart of feudal economy, peasants lived and worked on manor, included villages and surrounding lands—was selfsufficient Serfs—peasants bound to the manor, cannot be bought or sold, had to ask permission to leave, not slaves, but not free The Medieval Church Role of Priest—only contact people had with church, performed mass and sacraments, presented Bible to people as it was only in Latin—guided people and assisted needy Village Church—Church main social center, revolved around Christian holidays and main events –highly decorated church, must pay tithe of one-tenth of income Rise of Cathedrals—large churches, Gothic style, built to glorify God Benedictine Rule and Service: regulated monastic life, took three vows, poverty, purity, and obedience—helped poor and sick, provided lodging, provided education Papal Supremacy—authority over secular rulers, representatives of god, spiritual leader of Western church—God on earth Canon law—body of law of the church the was based on religious teachings, government many aspects of life Excommunication—punishment for disobeying church law. Could not receive sacraments or have a Christian burial. Interdict—when noble opposed church this order excluded town or region from receiving sacraments and Christian burial Conflict with Gregory VII and Pope (not in textbook)