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Unit 1: Ancient Civilizations Pre-history, Ancient Middle East & Egypt, Ancient Greece, & Ancient Rome Egypt & The Fertile Crescent: City States of Ancient Sumer A region in the Middle East in between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea Very fertile soil Various groups (nomads, invaders, traders) came and influenced the area over time Mesopotamia – an area within Fertile Crescent that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers World’s 1st civilization developed in southeastern Mesopotamia region called Sumer Control/access/use of river was key to development in the area Rivers and unprotected land led to major flooding Destroyed villages Used mix of clay/water to build Rivers brought trade Eventually made up of 12 city-states A political unit that includes a city and it’s surrounding land and villages Rivals fought over land/water & were led by military leaders Government: Leader to maintain city walls & irrigation; led armies; enforced laws; had ppl to collect taxes Society: Used social hierarchy (system of ranking groups) High class = ruling fam, lead officials, high priests Mid class = lesser priests, scribes, merchants, artisans Low class = majority of people; peasant farmers Women’s roles changed with time; never equal to men Religion: Polytheistic (worshiped many gods) Gods controlled of life & could cause violence/suffering Ziggurats built in each city state for worship Large temples dedicated to the city’s main god/goddess Afterlife in underworld with no escape Writing: Earliest known form called cuneiform, was invented by Sumerians by 3200 BC Wedge-shaped marks were made on clay tablets Later developed symbols 2500 BC: armies came through the area and took over Sumerian civilizations were replaced by new ones Sumerian cuneiform adapted by new people Sumerians studied astronomy & developed a number system Impacted development of western world Unit 1: Middle East & Egypt Egypt: Invaders, Traders, & Empire Builders First Empires In Mesopotamia • What is an empire? – A group of states/territories controlled by one ruler • Different ppl/groups settled in Fertile Crescent • Powerful leaders created large empires First Empires in Mesopotamia • Sargon – ruler of Akkad (next to Sumer) – Invaded & conquered Sumer ~ 2300 BC – Continued to expand / built 1st empire in history – Empire ruined after his death • Sumerian city-states came back but were soon invaded again Hammurabi & His Code • Hammurabi – King of Babylon; his empire gained control of most of Mesopotamia ~ 1790 BC • Created set of laws: Hammurabi’s Code – ~300 laws carved on stone pillars for the ppl to see • codify (arrange & write all laws that govern a state) Hammurabi & His Code • What the code did: – Established civil law – branch of law that focuses on private rights/issues • Designed to protect the poor and/or powerless (women, slaves) • Supported belief that orderly household was part of stable empire – Dealt with criminal law – branch of law that deals with offenses against others • Set specific punishments for specific offenses • “an eye for an eye and a life for a life” Hammurabi’s Code Close up of the written laws Stone pillar with code/laws New Empires, New Ideas • Hittites: 1400 BC – 1200 BC – Used iron to make tools/weapons • Assyrians: 1350 BC – 612 BC – Became feared warriors – 1st rulers to make laws controlling life in royal house Babylon & The Persian Empire • Babylon: reestablished as a power in 625 BC – One of largest/loved cities in history of the area – Hanging Gardens: 1 of 7 wonders of ancient world • Babylon fell to Persian armies in 539 BC • Persian Empire became largest ever seen Persian Empire Persian Empire • Empire made up of many diverse groups of people – Persian kings wanted acceptance of different groups they conquered • Real unification under emperor Darius I (522486 BC) – Created provinces called satrapies; led by governor called satrap Persian Empire • Unification under Darius I – Improved economic life • barter economy – exchanged goods/services for goods/services • He encouraged use of coins / created early money economy • New religion taught by Persian thinker Zoroaster • Rejected Persian gods; thought 1 god (Ahura Mazda) ruled the world; ideas of heaven/hell & judgment day The Phoenicians • People of a small state along eastern Mediterranean coast: Sailors & traders • Expanded manufacturing & trade – Set up colonies all over (territories settled and ruled by ppl from another land) • Established alphabet - led to our current alphabet Unit 1: Middle East & Egypt Egypt: The Kingdom on the Nile Egypt & The Nile River Egypt & The Nile River Farmers migrated there from the Mediterranean area, Africa, and lands around the Nile Land very fertile and valuable Egypt became powerful civilization very dependent on the river Egypt Shaped by Geography Egypt surrounded by desert Thought it wouldn’t have survived without the Nile – Needed rich, fertile land to farm: “black land” on banks of the river – Couldn’t survive off “red land” of the desert Egypt Shaped by Geography Nile flooded every spring / brought rich silt and excess water for land & crops Ppl worked together to manage the water – Designed ways to channel and store the water for dry season Egypt Shaped by Geography Had 2 distinct regions – Upper Egypt (south) / Lower Egypt (north) United by Menes, King of Upper Egypt, ~ 3100 BC – Nile linked the north/south making Egypt one of world’s 1st united states Nile used as trade route Egypt’s Kingdoms Ancient Egypt divided in 3 main time periods: – Old Kingdom: ~2575-2130 BC – Middle Kingdom: ~1938-1630 BC – New Kingdom: ~1539-1075 BC Power passed from one dynasty to another over time while staying united The Old Kingdom Pharaohs, Egyptian kings, built strong/centralized govt Pharaohs thought to be humans AND gods w/absolute power to own/rule all the land Wanted justice and order – Preserved through bureaucracy, system of govt with different job functions and levels of authority The Old Kingdom Pharaohs depended on a chief minister called a vizier to watch over the business of govt Pharaohs had cemeteries/tombs built inside pyramids as homes for eternity – Most famous are Great Pyramids at Giza The Middle Kingdom Old Kingdom collapsed bc of problems After 100+ yrs new pharaohs reunited land MK was turbulent time ~ 1700 BC Hyksos, invaders, took over delta region of Nile & governed Egypt – Brought new military technique of horse drawn war chariots The New Kingdom Many powerful/ambitious pharaohs; created large empire At its peak ~ 1450 BC – gained territory north to Euphrates River Powerful Rulers: – 1st female ruler Hatshepsut: 1472-1458 BC – Thutmose III: Hatshepsut stepson expanded territory; great military general The New Kingdom Powerful Rulers: – Ramses II: ruled 60 years (1279-1213 BC); best known Battles with Neighbors: – Many against Hittites of Asia Minor during Ramses II – Eventually signed peace treaty – 1st known in history – Fighting & trading with Nubia to the south Decline of Egypt Egyptian power declined after 1100 BC Assyrians & Persians invaded/conquered Nile 332 BC: last Egyptian dynasty ended – Greeks took control – Romans took from Greeks in 30 BC Unit 1: Middle East & Egypt Egypt: Roots of Judaism Ancient Israelites & Judaism • Ancient Israelites developed Judaism ~ 4000 years ago – Today one of largest faiths in world • Israelites were monotheistic – believed in one god • Thought every event reflected Gods plan – Recorded events and laws in Torah, most sacred text of Israelites (Jews) Ancient Israelites • ~ 2000 yrs ago Abraham & family moved to a region called Canaan – Abraham called the father of the Israelites • Believed God made a covenant with Abraham (a binding agreement) • Israelites forced to Egypt & became slaves • Moses led their exodus (departure) from Egypt back to Canaan (much later on) Ancient Israelites • Kingdom of Israel established in Canaan ~ 1000 BC – Feuding 12 tribes of Israel united under 2nd King, David • David’s son, Solomon, turned Jerusalem into impressive capital city • Kingdom split when he died and fell to Assyrians & Babylonians Israelite Society & Judaism • Patriarchal society – men had greatest authority • Law was central – Torah had laws about most things (cleanliness, food, crime) • 10 Commandments in Torah – Moral conduct & religious duty: • Keeping the Sabbath, holy day of rest & worship Israelite Society & Judaism • Prophets, spiritual leaders, part of history/society – Urged social justice; taught strong code of ethics (moral standards of behavior) • During time period called Diaspora, Jews left/were exiled from Israel – Spread around world • Christianity & Islam grew out of Judaism UNIT 1: MIDDLE EAST & EGYPT Ancient Egyptian Civilization Religion & Life Religion a part of daily life Sun god was main god Osiris was important God of the dead & Nile Afterlife Promised eternal life after death by Osiris & goddess Isis All had to pass test for eternal afterlife Judged by Osiris Sinners fed to Eater of the Dead Worthy ppl entered Happy Field of Food Relied on Book of the Dead to survive journey through underworld Preparing for the Afterlife Dead buried with earthly possessions Mummification preserved the body Embalmed & wrapped in cloth Process took 90 days (3 months) Tombs Pharaohs buried in tombs with their treasures Bodies placed in solid gold coffins called sarcophagus Often robbed King Tut Society Egypt had a class system (hierarchy) Society Most ppl were peasant farmers or slaves Ppl able to move up more easily during New Kingdom bc of trade & warfare Women had more opportunity than in other places Could get property, divorce, do business deals… Not confined to home Still below men Advances Developed diff writing systems Hieroglyphics – carved in stone by priests/scribes Hieratic & demotic – everyday use Made kind of paper from papyrus plant Rosetta Stone – black stone w/ diff writings on it used to figure out meanings of hieroglyphics\ Medicine – cures, symptoms, diagnosis, ops Astronomy – made calendar Developed geometry Arts & Literature Arts: Buildings (pyramids), statues, tomb paintings… gods/pharaohs shown larger…WHY??? Showed everyday life or ppl w/ animal heads Literature: Poems, hymns, prayers, folk tales