Download Chapter 5: Population Ecology

Chapter 5: Community Ecology
1. Describe the three characteristics that describe a
biological community.
2. Distinguish among the following roles played by species
and give one example of each: native species, nonnative
species, indicator species, keystone species. Explain why
these labels are important.
3. Distinguish among the following species interactions and
give one example of each: interspecific competition,
predation, and symbiosis. Distinguish between
interference competition and exploitation competition.
.
Summarize the competitive exclusion principle. List two
strategies species use to reduce competition.
4. List two strategies that predators use to capture their prey.
List at least five strategies that prey use to defend
themselves against predators.
5. Distinguish among three forms of symbiotic relationships
and give one example of each: parasitism, mutualism, and
commensalism.
6. Define succession. Distinguish between primary and
secondary succession. Describe how humans affect
communities
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
alien species (p. 145)
balance of nature (p. 158)
behavioral strategies (p. 153)
camouflage (p. 152)
carnivores (p. 152)
chemical warfare (p. 152)
climax community (p. 158)
commensalism (p. 155)
constancy (p. 158)
dung beetle (p. 148)
early successional plant species
ecological succession (p. 155)
epiphytes (p. 155)
facilitation (p. 155)
foundation species (p. 149)
gut inhabitant mutualism
herbivore poisons (p. 152)
herbivore repellants (p. 152)
host (p. 153)
indicator species (p. 146)
inertia (p. 158)
intermediate disturbance hypothesis (p.
157)
interspecific competition
invasive species (p. 145)
keystone species (p. 148)
late successional plant species
midsuccessional plant species
mimicry (p. 153)
mutualism (p. 154)
native species (p. 145)
niche structure (p. 145)
nonnative species (p. 145)
parasitism (p. 153)
persistence (p. 158)
physical appearance (p. 145)
Piaster orchaceus (p. 148)
pioneer species (p. 156)
predation (p. 151)
predator-prey relationship
primary succession (p. 155)
resilience (p. 158)
resource partitioning (p. 150)
secondary succession (p. 155)
species diversity (p. 145)
species evenness (p. 145)
species richness (p. 145)
top predator (p. 148)
warning coloration (p. 152)
Chapter 5: Population Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Define carrying capacity and explain what determines the
Describe the various types of population distribution
carrying capacity of an ecosystem.
patterns that can occur in nature and comment on which is
most common and why.
7. Explain density-dependent population controls and densityindependent population controls.
Define birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.
Write an equation to mathematically describe the
8. List the four general types of population fluctuations in nature.
relationship between these rates and the rate of population Indicate which of these is most common.
change.
9. Discuss the relationships between predators and prey and the
Define limiting factor. Give an example of a resource that possible interactions upon each other.
would be limiting in an ecosystem.
10. Define r-selected species and K-selected species and compare
Define exponential growth.
the two. Give an example for each type of species
reproductive pattern.
Compare a J-shaped growth curve with a S-shaped growth
curve and comment on the factors that produce the sigmoid
11. Describe the three general types of survivorship curves in
(S-shaped) curve.
nature.
Community Ecology
49
Key Terms:
age structure (p. 162)
asexual reproduction (p. 167)
biotic potential (p. 163)
boom-and-bust cycles (p. 166)
bottom-up control population
regulation (p. 166)
carrying capacity (K) (p. 163)
clumping (p. 162)
constant loss curves (p. 169)
cyclic fluctuations (p. 166)
density-dependent population
controls (p. 165)
density-independent population
controls (p. 165)
dieback (crash) (p. 164)
dispersion (p. 162)
early loss curves (p. 169)
environmental resistance
exponential growth (p. 163)
intrinsic rate of increase (r)
irregular fluctuations (p. 166)
irruptive population fluctuations
K-selected species (p. 168)
late loss curves (p. 169)
life expectancies (p. 169)
life table (p. 169)
logistic growth (p. 164)
opportunists (p. 167)
overshoots (p. 164)
Chapter 6-Applying Population
Ecology:
1. Define birth rate, death rate, emigration rate, and
immigration rate. Write an equation to mathematically
describe the relationship between these rates and the rate of
population change.
2. Distinguish between replacement-level fertility and total
fertility rate. Describe how total fertility rate affects
population growth. List at least five factors that affect birth
and fertility rates and five factors that affect death rate.
3. Summarize changes over time in the U.S. population growth
rate. Give reasons for the high rate of teen pregnancy in the
United States compared to the rate in other industrialized
countries. Draw connections between population growth
and environmental degradation in California.
4. Define infant mortality rate. Explain why it is considered a
good indicator of quality of life.
population density (p. 165)
population distribution (p. 162)
population dynamics (p. 161)
postreproductive stage (p. 162)
prereproductive stage(p. 162)
random dispersion (p. 162)
reproductive stage (p. 162)
reproductive time lag (p. 164)
r-selected species (p. 167)
sexual reproduction (p. 167)
stable population fluctuations
survivorship curve (p. 169)
top-down control population
regulation (p. 166)
uniform dispersion (p. 162)
6. Using population age structure diagrams, explain how the
age structure of a country creates population growth
momentum. Summarize problems associated with a baby
boom and a declining population.
7. Summarize key factors used to influence population size:
immigration policy, family planning, economic rewards
and penalties, empowering women. Summarize the current
attitudes toward immigration policy in the United States.
8. List the four stages of the demographic transition. List
social, biological, political, and economic issues that can
be addressed to help developing countries undergo a
demographic transition. List three factors that may limit
the effectiveness of a demographic transition in influencing
population size.
9. Compare and evaluate the population policies of India and
China. Summarize what we have learned from decades of
trying to influence human population growth. List the
major goals of the UN Conference on Population and
Development.
5. Compare rates of population growth in developed countries
and developing countries. Explain the differences you find.
Key Terms:
age structure (p. 178)
baby-boom period (p. 175)
birth rate (p. 173)
crude birth rate (p. 173)
crude death rate (p. 174)
cultural carrying capacity (p.
death rate (p. 174)
demographic transition
demographic trap (p. 183)
demographically divided world
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emigration (p. 177)
family planning (p. 184)
fertility (p. 173)
fertility (p. 174)
gender imbalance (p. 187)
industrial stage (p. 183)
infant mortality rate (p. 177)
life expectancy (p. 177)
migration (p. 177)
optimum sustainable population
population change (p. 173)
postindustrial stage (p. 183)
postreproductive (p. 178)
preindustrial stage (p. 183)
prereproductive (p. 178)
replacement-level fertility
reproductive (p. 178)
total fertility rate (TFR) (
transitional stage (p. 183)
urbanization (p. 176)
Instructor's Manual: Chapter 8