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Anthology For Beginning American singers Table of Contents foreword by dr. thomas houser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii The Americans second new england school bio/song/ipa arthur foote (1853-1937) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Milkmaid’s Song . . . . . . . . 2 / 5 george whitefield chadwick (1854-1931) . . As Summer Wind . . . . . . . . . . .8 / 10 How Flowers Fade . . . . . . . . . . .8 / 11 edward macdowell (1860-1908) . . . . . . . . . . A Maid Sings Light . . . . . . . . . 12 / 15 horatio parker (1863-1919) . . . . . . . . . Come, O Come My Life’s Delight . . . .17/ 19 amy (mrs. h. h. a.) beach (1867-1944) . . . . . . The Year’s At the Spring . . . . .21/ 23 /107 /108 /109 /110 /111 /112 stylistic offshoots bio/song/ipa charles edward ives (1874-1954) . . . . . . . . . Nature’s Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25/ 28 /113 john alden carpenter (1876-1951). . . . . . . . Looking-Glass River . . . . . . . . . .29/ 31 /114 charles wakefield cadman (1881-1946). . . The Pearl Lies In the Sea . . . . . .33/ 36 /115 Transition george frideric handel (1685-1759) . . . . . . Art Thou Troubled? . . . . . . . . .39/ 43 /116 Dov’é sei, amato bene? . . . . . . . 39/ 45 /117 The Italians bio/song/ipa andrea falconieri (1585/86-1656) . . . . . . . . . O bellissimi capelli . . . . . . . . . . .47/ 49 francesca caccini (1587-after 1641). . . . . . . . Furon saggi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51/ 55 barbara strozzi (1619-1677) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .La fanciuletta semplice . . . . . . .57/ 59 alessandro scarlatti (1660-1725) . . . . . . . . .Son tutta duolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63/ 67 francesco gasparini (1668-1727). . . . . . . . . . Caro laccio, dolce nodo . . . . . . .69/ 71 antonio vivaldi (1678-1741) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vieni, vieni o mio diletto . . . . .73/ 75 Piango, gemo, sospiro e peno . . 73/ 77 benedetto marcello (1686-1739) . . . . . . . . . É quella, quella sì . . . . . . . . . . . 81/ 84 gaetano donizetti (1797-1848) . . . . . . . . . . .Al dolce guidami castel natio! . 86/ 90 /118 /119 /120 /121 /122 /123 /123 /124 /125 International Phonetic Alphabet (I.P.A.) Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93—106 I.P.A. Transcriptions with Word-For-Word Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107—125 Glossary of Terms and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126—132 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133—134 Single american vowel sounds IPA symbol Examples Some American English spellings Pronunciation Hints [ ´] her, fervent, berth, birth, sir, curl, burp er, ir, ur [o] obey, provide, desolate o [ɔ] ball, caw, morn, pause, brought a, aw, or, au, ou [u] blue, boot, you, do u, oo, ou, o [υ] put, book, wool, wood, would u, oo, ou [√] up, putt, other u, o found in stressed syllables: lips curled outward, tongue behind lower front teeth for ‘r-less’ sound. found in unstressed syllables; does not slide toward ‘oo’ at the end, lips stay round. Always spelled single letter ‘o.’ stressed: lips must be very rounded, shaped like an oval. stressed; cheek muscles push lips forward, lips are rounded and more protruded than [ o ], opening is smaller. Avoid making ‘w’ sound when [ u ] ends the word. stressed; lips must be rounded, but not as protruded as [ u ]. stressed sound; lips relaxed, jaws not quite as wide apart as for [ɑ]. never stressed or accented; neutral vowel—known as ‘schwa’. a, appeal, vista, brilliant a emir, fiddle, the e juniper, pencil i synonym, symptom of o minus, circular, jealous u, ou [ə] Schwa has no sound of its own. Schwa can be sustained. Anthology for Beginning American Singers { 1860 Birth { 1868 Begins Musical Studies { 1876 Paris Conservatory { 1883 Published { 1908 Death { Opening of the Pony Express, which lasts for 16 months as the most reliable overland mail delivery system in the world. { Italian patriot Giuseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882) begins conquest of Sicily (Risorgimento). { Florence Nightingale establishes the Nightingale Training School for nurses in London. { Lady Elgin rammed on Lake Michigan; hundreds drown. { Abraham Lincoln (18091865) elected 16th US President. { South Carolina secedes from the Union (Dec. 20) ushering in American Civil War. { President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) impeached, tried and acquitted after he challenges Tenure of Office Law (1867) restricting presidential powers. { 14th Amendment ratified, effectively granting citizenship to ex-slaves. { Death of opera composer Gioacchino Rossini (b. 1792). { Remains of CroMagnon discovered for first time in France. { Johns Hopkins University opens in Baltimore. { Colorado becomes 38th State. { First 2-way telephone conversation. { Bananas introduced at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition as an exotic food. { Wild Bill Hickok (b. 1837) shot in the back and killed while playing cards, Deadwood, Colo. { First sardines packed in cans. { Opening of the Metropolitan Opera House, New York City. { Krakatoa volcano erupts, kills 36,417; explosion believed to be loudest sound in recorded history, shock wave travels around world 7 times. { Buffalo Bill Cody (1846-1917) opens first Wild West Show. { Alfred Packer (1842-1907) convicted of cannibalism in Colorado. { US Supreme Court declares Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. { First New Year’s Eve ball drops in Time Square. { Last (Qing) Emperor (P’u-Yi, 1906-1967) takes throne in China. { Orville Wright (1871-1948) takes first passenger for flight in an airplane; 5 months later, first passenger fatality occurs, Wright severely injured. { Henry Ford (1863-1947) produces first Model T automobile. EDWARD MACDOWELL (1860-1908) E dward MacDowell (b., d., New York City) was the first American composer to achieve international fame. Born into a well-to-do Quaker family, Edward’s interest in the arts was encouraged from the time he was a child. He began his piano studies when he was eight, and for a time was a pupil of the great Venezuelan pianist, Teresa Carreño,22 whose later championing of MacDowell’s piano works formed part of the basis for his international fame. In 1876, it was determined that Edward’s mother should take him to France for European study and he was admitted to the Paris Conservatory at the age of fourteen. Two years later, having heard Nicolai Rubinstein23 play at the Paris Exhibition, MacDowell decided he wanted a more Germanic education. He withdrew from the Paris Conservatory to attend the Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (1879), where he studied piano, advanced composition and counterpoint. That same year, Franz Liszt visited the conservatory and, on several occasions, heard MacDowell play. In 1883, Liszt recommended that Breitkopf and Härtel24 publish young 22 Teresa Carreño (1853-1917), pianist, composer and singer, whose teachers from the age of 8 included some of the foremost pianists of their time. Among them were Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-1869) in New York, and in Paris, Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894), the Russian virtuoso whose fame as pianist/composer was second only to that of the great Franz Liszt. 23 Nicolai Rubinstein (1835-1881) Anton’s brother, was a fine pianist, though Nicolai’s few surviving compositions are not notable. 24 Breitkopf and Härtel (est. 1719) is one of the world’s most important and respected publishers of music. Anthology for Beginning American Singers { 1587 Birth { Elizabeth I of England (15331603) orders her cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (b., 1542) beheaded for treason. { Virginia Dare first English child born in North America; disappeared 1587. (Roanoke, NC). { 1600 Singing { 1607 Medici { 1625/26 Era of Debut Service Begins Greatest Fame { Beginning of the Baroque Era in music. { Formation of the British East India Tea Company (1600-1873). { Jacopo Peri (1561-1633) and Giulio Caccini write the opera Euridice for wedding of Maria de‘ Medici and Henri IV of France. { Premiere of Claudio Monteverdi’s (1567-1643) opera Orfeo. { First permanent English settlement in New World established at Jamestown, Va.; over half the settlers die in the first year. { Birth of John Harvard (d.1638) benefactor of Harvard University. { Poet/playwright William Shakespeare (b. c. 1557) dies in London (1625). { The Dutch found town of New Amsterdam (later New York) on southern tip of Manhattan Island (1625). { Local Lenape Indians sell Manhattan Island to Dutch governor-general Peter Minuit (1580-1638) for $24 in trinkets and beads (1626). { William Heyther (c. 1563-1627) endows professorship in music at Oxford University (1626). { Charles Stuart becomes King of England, asserts “divine right of kings,” alarming Parliament. { c. 1641 Death?? { Puritan minister Nathaniel Ward’s (15781652) The Body of Liberties, codifying fundamental legal rights accepted by the General Court of Massachusetts; includes the right to equal justice, the right of appeal, the guarantee against double jeopardy, the banning of cruelty to wives and animals. It also recognizes existence of slavery. { Puritans in English Parliament attempt to limit powers of King Charles I; Irish Uprising explodes in Ulster. Francesca Caccini (1587-after 1641) F rancesca Caccini, ‘La Cecchina,’94 (b. Florence, Italy; d., probably Florence) was the elder daughter and foremost pupil of musician and composer Giulio Caccini.95 Known primarily as a remarkable singer and composer, Francesca also wrote poetry and played lute, guitar and harpsichord. Francesca made her singing debut at age of thirteen (1600) in Paris at the wedding of Maria de’ Medici96 and Henri IV, King of France. Four years later, the Caccini family was invited to perform at the French Court and King Henri asked that Francesca (whom he had called the best singer in all of France) be allowed to enter his service. The Medici refused and Francesca returned with her family to Florence.97 In 1607, she officially entered the service of 94 “The Songbird.” 95 Giulio Caccini (1551-1618) was among the most important composers, singers and singing teachers of his generation. He is credited with being a founder of the operatic form, though perhaps more for helping to define operatic performance practice than for composition. His first wife, Lucia (Francesca’s mother), was a singer. His second wife, Margherita, also a singer, was the mother of his son Pompeo and daughter Settimia (c.15911638). Settimia became nearly as famous as Francesca, and was eventually the highest paid performer at the Mantuan Court. Giulio trained both of his daughters and probably his wives. 96 The Medici family of Florence was the wealthiest family in Italy and its members were very important patrons of the arts and of literature. The Medici ruled Florence and the Duchy of Tuscany for well over two hundred years. Medici children married into—and produced heirs for—most of the royal houses of Europe. 97 Musicians were servants, who had to be released from one court and granted permission by their lords to take up service in another. Giulio Caccini’s enthusiastic recommendation to one court cited—among other attributes—his valuable abilities as gardener and secretary. Even international fame did not permit musicians a place at the ducal dinner table unless their lord willed it—and, at times, the greatest singers endured insults from the nobles seated with them. A female singer