Download INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDUNG GERUNDIVE AND

INFINITIVES AND
PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING
GERUNDIVE AND GERUND)
DEFINITIONS
•
Infinitive: A verbal noun, similar in function to the English infinitive (to love etc.).
•
Participle: An adjective formed from a verb and also functioning as a noun for people
doing, having done something etc.
–
–
•
Caesar, omnibus hostibus superātīs, Rōmam rediit.
With all his enemies defeated, Caesar returned to Rome
Dēlenda est Carthāgō
Carthage must be destroyed
Gerund: a verbal noun identical in form to the neuter singular of the gerundive. It is
not used in the nominative, for which the infinitive is used instead.
–
•
To work is to pray
Gerundive: A verbal adjective acting rather like a future passive participle (going to be
---ed) but also expressing the idea of necessity or obligation.
–
•
Labōrāre est ōrāre
Amīcōs dēfendendī causā pugnāvimus
We fought for the sake of defending our friends
Supine: A verbal noun identical in the accusative (-um) to the neuter singular of the
past participle and with an ablative/dative in -ū.
–
Hic liber dignus est lēctū
This book is worth reading
PARTICIPLE FORMATION
•
Present (`doing’):
– The –ns, -ntis ending for the present participle is normally added to the base
used in the Imperfect tense
– The verb esse had no present participle in the classical period but a form ens,
entis came into use in the Middle Ages.
– The common irregular verb eō (go) has u before the nt: iēns, euntis
– The participle declines like an ordinary third declension adjective but the ablative
singular ends in –e, not –ī if the participle is felt to be more verbal than adjectival
in meaning:
• Cum puellā canente ambulābam I was walking with a girl who was singing
• Cum puellā canentī ambulābam I was walking with a girl who was a singer
•
Perfect (`having been done’ – normally passive but active in deponent
verbs):
– The fourth of a verb’s four `principal parts.’
– Always ends in –tus, -sus, or –xus
•
Future (`about to do’):
– Formed from the perfect participle by inserting –ūr- before the endings. With
intransitive verbs, a future participle may be formed from what the perfect
participle would have been if one existed! E.g. ventūrus, about to come
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
(ACTIVE)
PERFECT
(PASSIVE –
but ACTIVE
in
Deponents)
FUTURE
(ACTIVE)
amāns,
amantis
habēns,
habentis
regēns.
regentis
audiēns,
audientis
____
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
(ACTIVE)
amāns,
amantis
habēns,
habentis
regēns.
regentis
audiēns,
audientis
____
PERFECT
(PASSIVE –
but ACTIVE
in
Deponents)
amātus
habitus
rēctus
audītus
____
FUTURE
(ACTIVE)
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
(ACTIVE)
amāns,
amantis
habēns,
habentis
regēns.
regentis
audiēns,
audientis
____
PERFECT
(PASSIVE –
but ACTIVE
in
Deponents)
amātus
habitus
rēctus
audītus
____
FUTURE
(ACTIVE)
amātūrus
habitūrus
rēctūrus
audītūrus
futūrus
DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
Neut
(Sing)
regēns
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
regentēs
regentia
DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
Neut
(Sing)
regēns
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
regentēs
regentia
regentem regēns regentēs/īs regentia
DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
Neut
(Sing)
regēns
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
regentēs
regentia
regentem regēns regentēs/īs regentia
regentis
regentium
DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
Neut
(Sing)
regēns
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
regentēs
regentia
regentem regēns regentēs/īs regentia
regentis
regentium
regentī
regentibus
DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M & F (Sing)
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
Neut
(Sing)
regēns
M & F (Plr)
Neut (Plr)
regentēs
regentia
regentem regēns regentēs/īs regentia
regentis
regentium
regentī
regentibus
regentī/e
regentibus
GERUNDIVE
•
A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described as a future passive
participle) usually formed by adding –ndus, -a, -um to the base used in
forming the imperfect tense and present participle. In the third and fourth
conjugations, u can be used instead of e :
– amābat > amandus
docēbat > docendus
– regēbat > regendus (regundus) audiēbat > audiendus (audiundus)
•
Used for expressing necessity, with the person who needs to act put in the
Dative. With intransitive verbs, the neuter of the gerundive can be used
impersonally.The most natural English translation is usually in the active
voice:
– Nōbīs haec vocābula ēdiscenda sunt.
We have to learn these words by heart.
– Mihi theātrum relinquendum est. I have to leave the theatre.
– Nōbīs abeundum est. We have to go away.
•
Also used in noun phrases where English would prefer the (active) gerund
in –ing or two nouns:
– Dē castrīs dēfendendīs colloquāmur Let’s talk about defending the camp/the
defence of the camp.
GERUND
• A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the gerundive,
but used in the active sense.
• Equivalent to the English –ing form of the verb when this
is used as a noun. In these cases, the –ing form is also
called a gerund but when it is used like an adjective it is
called a present participle
• Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the
accusative in place of a gerundive phrase but this tends
to happen only when gerundive and noun both have long
endings (especially genitive plural):
– dē amīcīs dēfendendīs (with gerundive) is better than dē amīcōs
dēfendendō (with gerund)
– amīcōs dēfendendī causā (with gerund) is better than amīcōrum
dēfendendōrum causā (with gerundive)
SUPINE
• Normally identical with the neuter singular of the perfect participle
and therefore used as the fourth principal part of a transitive verb;
not often used in sentences.
• With īrī, forms the future passive infinitive. This is used in indirect
stement but often the construction with fore ut (to be going to be
that)plus subjunctive is preferred:
– Nōn putābam Henrīcum superātum īrī / fore ut Henrīcus superārētur
I didn’t think Henry would be defeated.
• Can be used to express purpose after a verb of motion: :
– Petrus cubitum it.
Peter goes to lie down (i.e. goes to bed) [verb is
cubō, cubāre, cubuī, cubitum ]
• There is a special ablative form in –ū which can be used with
adjectives in expressions such as mīrābile dictū (strange to say),
liber est lēctū dignus (the book is worth reading)
INFINITIVES
1.
2.
Note that most infinitives are invariable (endings do
not change) but that when they contain a perfect or
future participle, they are declined like bonus –
bona – bonum.
The future passive infinitive in –um īrī (to be going
to ____ ed) is rarely used and, where one would
expect it in indirect statement, is normally replaced
by a paraphrase with fore ut (`to be going to be
that’) plus the subjunctive:
Putāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superentur?
Do you think our soldiers will be defeated?
Putābāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superārentur?
Did you think our soldiers would be defeated?
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
ACTIVE
PRESENT
PASSIVE
PERFECT
ACTIVE
PERFECT
PASSIVE
FUTURE
ACTIVE
FUTURE
PASSIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT
PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT
ACTIVE
PERFECT
PASSIVE
FUTURE
ACTIVE
FUTURE
PASSIVE
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT
PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT
ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT
PASSIVE
FUTURE
ACTIVE
FUTURE
PASSIVE
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT
PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT
ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT
PASSIVE
amātus
esse
habitus
esse
rēctus
esse
audītus
esse
_____
FUTURE
ACTIVE
FUTURE
PASSIVE
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
ACTIVE
amāre
to love
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT
PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT
ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT
PASSIVE
amātus esse
to have been
loved
habitus
esse
rēctus
esse
audītus
esse
_____
FUTURE
ACTIVE
amātūrus
esse
habitūrus
esse
rēctūrus
esse
audītūrus
esse
futūrus
esse OR
fore
to be loved
To have loved
To be about
to love
FUTURE
PASSIVE
amātum īrī
to be about to
be loved
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
ACTIVE
amāre
habēre
regere
audīre
esse
PRESENT
PASSIVE
amārī
habērī
regī
audīrī
____
PERFECT
ACTIVE
amāvisse
habuisse
rēxisse
audīvisse
fuisse
PERFECT
PASSIVE
amātus
esse
habitus
esse
rēctus
esse
audītus
esse
_____
FUTURE
ACTIVE
amātūrus
esse
habitūrus
esse
rēctūrus
esse
audītūrus
esse
futūrus
esse OR
fore
FUTURE
PASSIVE
amātum īrī habitum īrī rēctum īrī
audītum īrī _____