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MD2B
BY : RAFFI , MANAL ,
SHAYLA , LUANA & ABHI
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. What are stem cells? What is Regeneration?
2. What are the ramifications for disease treatments
using regeneration?
3. What are the ramifications for Cancer treatments
using regeneration?
4. How can regeneration be used in the treatment of
Leukemia?
FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS
• 1) How can we reduce the chance of graft-vs-host disease in autologous SCT, is
there a way of controlling the differentiation of T-cells from the lymphoid stem
cells?
2) What further developments or research will be necessary in order to develop
Stem Cell Transplants from an experimental procedure into a common successful
procedure?
3) How can SCT be made more accessible to patients who are not as young, or
healthy? What factors would have to be modified?
4) How can Cord Blood SCT be developed into a safer alternative with a lower risk
of infections? Can engraftment be artificially induced in Cord Blood SCT so that it
may happen at a faster rate therefore eliminating high risks of infections?
o THE DEFINITION OF STEM CELLS & REGENERATION
• A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that is able to undergo
cell division. Once the cell divides, its daughter cells either
continue as stem cells or possess undifferentiated behavior
which allows the cells to have a specialized function. Stem cells
are vital because they can replace damaged cells and thus can
treat diseases such as diabetes, and heart disease.
• 2 major types of stem cells
1 - Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a mammalian embryo at the early stages
of development. These cells are totipotent and can be grown in tissue culture and can also become
different cells.
2- Adult stem cells.
Adult stem cells are pluripotent, as they possess undifferentiated behavior and undergo continuous
cellular turnover.
Regeneration refers to when specific cells are delivered to diseased organs and tissues. These
specific cells work to restore the organ and tissue function. Cell-based therapy is an example of how
function can be restored. Essentially, cellular material is injected into a patient where the cells
move to specific sites in the body. Once the cells reach the site, they wait for a signal that allows
them to come up with an appropriate response. The response works to restore damaged functions.
o THE RAMIFICATIONS FOR DISEASE TREATMENTS
USING REGENERATION
• The results for disease treatments using regeneration can begin with the transplant of bone or
replacement of soft tissues and organs. There are many diseases that are involved in the treatment
using regeneration. Regeneration used for disease treatments can result with various outcomes in
diseases in healing the bodies. the operation can be done with surgery or without. Regeneration can
alter the functions of cells to help heal the body. Regenerating new cells to replace lost or damaged
cells can treat or heal diseases. It can also kill certain cells or bone marrow cells, then replacing them
with new cells. Regeneration can also help slow down the disease or reverse it. The result of the use
of regeneration in the treatment of diseases can also remove misguided immune cells and reviving
normal immunity functions. Regeneration can also go through the process to rescue, repair and
replace tissues to help.
o THE RAMIFICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENTS
USING REGENERATION
• Gene Augmentation- Reverts genes of abnormal cells.
• Gene Inhibition- Destroys gene of malfunctioning cell allowing it to be completley manipulated or
destroyed.
o THE WAY REGENERATION IS USED IN THE
TREATMENT OF LEUKEMIA
• Chemotherapy can be used in the treatment of leukemia
• Intensification chemotherapy destroys leukemia cells.
• Maintenance chemotherapy reduces risk of recurring leukemia cells.
• Chemotherapy destroys dividing cancer cells very quickly, it can also affect
normal fast-growing cells, such as hair, mouth and bone marrow.
Chemotherapy for leukemia may also temporarily interfere with the ability of
the bone marrow to produce adequate numbers of blood cells. Depending on
the medications used and your individual response, since everybody has a
specific response and has a side effect because of chemotherapy.
• In order to replace damaged cells from the chemotherapy a Stem Cell
Transplant is needed.
Leukemia is when the cancer is in the cells that would normally develop into
different blood cells, and acute means that the cancer will progress quickly if
left untreated, most fatal in short span of time a few months maybe, myeloid is
just referring to the type of cell this leukemia starts from
. GVHD- "Graft-Versus-Host-Disease"
- A serious complication risk after a bone marrow stem cell transplant
-Each donor and patient requires a certain amount of cells to be successful in the procedure.
 CONCLUSION
•
Stem cells play an important role for medical purposes. They can be used to replace damaged cells
which can help in treating many diseases. Diseases can be treated with the regeneration of stem cells to
help replace, reverse, rescue and repair tissues. One of many diseases that regeneration has for medical
purposes is Cancer, specifically Leukemia. The process to treat Leukemia starts with Chemotherapy. This
allows the dividing cancer cells to be destroyed but it also affects other normal fast growing cells which
leads up to Stem Cell Transplant. The Stem Cell Transplant allows cancerous cells to be destroyed and
other cells to be restored to the bone marrow. Regeneration is a huge factor for medical reasons such as
helping treat Leukemia and allowing more opportunities to treat diseases through regeneration would
also benefit others waiting for aid.
WORK CITED
•
1] NIH Stem Cell Information Home Page. In Stem Cell Information [World Wide Web site]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of
Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016 [cited October 12, 2016] Available at
<stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/1.html>
2] "Center for Regenerative Medicine." About Regenerative Medicine. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, n.d.
Web. 12 Oct. 2016. <http://www.mayo.edu/research/centers-programs/center-regenerative-medicine/patient-care/aboutregenerative-medicine>
3] Fischbach, Bluestone, and Lim. "Cell-Based Therapeutics: The Next Pillar of Medicine." Science Translational Medicine. American
Association for the Advancement of Science, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2016. <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/5/179/179ps7.full>
4] Slack, Jonathan. "Stem Cell." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.britannica.com/science/stem-cell>
5] Https:www.fightaging.org/archives/author/reason/. "Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering." Fight Aging Stem
Cells Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Comments//. N.p., 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.
6] "Center for Regenerative Medicine." About Regenerative Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.
7] Oviedo, Néstor J., and Wendy S. Beane. "Regeneration: The Origin of Cancer or a Possible Cure?" Seminars in Cell & Developmental
Biology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.
8] "What Is Gene Therapy?" Yourgenome.org. The Public Engagement Team at the Wellcome Genome Campus, 2016. Web. 11 Oct.
2016.
9] "Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation." The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society: Fighting Blood Cancers. The Leukemia & Lymphoma
Society, Aug. 2007. Web.
10] "What Is Cord Blood?" What Is Cord Blood? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.
11] By considering Whether Leukemias Are Acute or Chronic and Whether They Are Myeloid or Lymphocytic, They Can Be Divided
into 4 Main Types:. "What Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?" What Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.
12] "Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct.
2016.