Download Circulatory System

Circulatory
System (watch 10 min video)
Part I: Blood and Vessels
Parts of the Blood (see Handout A)
Formed Elements
YOLK SAC
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
hemocytoblast
(stem cell)
myeloid
stem cell
(progenitor cell)
megakaryoblast
megakaryocyte
erythroblast
myeloblast
erythrocytes
myelocyte
lymphoid stem
cell
(progenitor cell)
lymphoblast
monoblast
monocyte
agranular
leukocytes
lymphocytes
T (lymphocyte) cells
neutrophilss
platelets
B (lymphocyte) cells
basophils
eosinophils
granular leukocytes
NK cells
macrophages
plasma
cells
Begin Notes…
Three categories of blood cells
1). platelets = thrombocytes
2). red blood cells =
erythrocytes (contain type
A, B and Rh proteins in their
cell membranes)
3). white blood cells =
leukocytes
Platelets/Thrombocytes
• Platelets form from large cells called a
megakaryocyte.
• The megakaryocyte (mother platelet cell)
matures and breaks into pieces to become
platelets.
• Platelets move by ameboid movement and
remain alive for about 10 days.
• They can help repair damaged blood vessels by
sticking to the broken surfaces and they are
needed for the formation of blood clots
•
Red blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
develops from an
Facts
erythroblast.
• small, biconcave, diskshaped cell
• By the time it has fully
matured it has lost its
nucleus and most of its
organelles
• Is able to alter shapes in
order to pass through
the smallest blood
vessels (capillaries)
• life span of about four
months (120 days).
The function of the RBC
• To carry O2 to the
tissues and to carry CO2
out of the tissues.
• This is accomplished by
a protein found inside
the RBC called
hemoglobin.
• There are about 280
million hemoglobin
molecules per RBC.
A hemoglobin molecule
is composed of two parts
• The heme portion
has iron (Fe) as
part of its
structure.
• The globin part of
the molecule is
composed of four
polypeptides
(proteins).
Heme Portion
• The iron is able to bond
with oxygen.
• Each molecule is able to
pick up four O2 (8 atoms of
O) as the RBC travels
through the lungs.
• This gives each RBC the
potential to carry about 1
billion oxygen molecules.
• When the oxygen is
present the molecule is
called oxyhemoglobin
(bright red).
dark red (venous)
or
bright red (arterial)
• As the oxygen is
released to the tissues,
the molecule is called
deoxyhemoglobin.
(darker in color; may
appear bluish when
viewed through the
vessel walls).
Globin portion
The amino (NH2) parts of the amino acids (that
form the polypeptides )are able to bond with
CO2.
Allows hemoglobin to pick up some of the CO2
produced (about 20%) as a waste and
transport it to the lungs for removal.
Some of the CO2
dissociates into H+
and HCO3- and is
transported to the
lungs for removal.
The rest of the CO2
remains in a
dissolved state as
CO2 until it is
removed in the
lungs
Mechanics of Breathing Video
See Handout B : White Blood Cells
B
B-2
Neutrophils:
first to
respond
to
infection
B-3
Basophils
B-4
B-5
Macrophages
B-6
B-7
Sickle-cell anemia
B-8
Blood clotting
Part II - Vessels!
The circulatory system is composed of the heart
and blood vessels.
There are five types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Venules
Arteries
• round and thick-walled.
• contain smooth muscle and
elastic connective tissue.
• carry oxygenated blood away
from the heart, (therefore
arterial blood is bright red).
• Exception: pulmonary
arteries that carry
deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the lungs.
arterioles =
These are arteries that
are smaller in diameter
Veins
• Flatter and thinner walled than arteries
(therefore the internal opening (lumin) is larger)
• Closer to the skin (vessels you see through the
skin are usually veins).
• Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Exception to this will be the pulmonary veins.
These carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.
Many of the veins (EX:
in arms and legs)
contain valves. The
venules = These are veins that are
valves are
composed of two
smaller in diameter.
flaps that close if
blood begins to
back up in the vein.
This prevents the
blood from flowing
in the wrong
direction (back
flow).
Capillaries
• the smallest blood vessels; very thin-walled
• Diffusion of gases and nutrients occurs through
these walls
• Capillaries arise from both arterioles and venules
to form highly branched capillary beds within the
tissues of the body.
NOTE: the constriction or dilation of arteries and
arterioles controls the flow of blood into specific
capillary beds and therefore, into the tissues.
Complete Reading
and Questions on Blood
Work on Review Sheet 11
The Circulatory System: Part 2
The Heart
The Heart: Internal Structure
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
General Characteristics:
• slightly larger in size than a
clenched fist
• double, self-adjusting pump
• weight varies from 280 to 340
g in men and from 230 to 280
g in women
• four chambers
• 3 layered wall
Will need ONE
red/pink pencil and
ONE blue/purple
pencil)
HEART - EXTERNAL ATTACHMENTS
The heart is located in
the mediastinum.
It is surrounded by a
sac, called the parietal
pericardium (protects
the heart).
This sac is composed
mainly of white fibrous
C.T.
It is attached to the
following structures:
1). Diaphragm
2). the back of the
sternum
3). the vertebral column
4). the large blood
vessels that extend out
of the heart
3 Layers of
Heart Wall
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• endocardium
1. visceral pericardium /
epicardium = (a serous
membrane that covers the
heart)
•outermost, protective layer of
the heart.
•Between the parietal
pericardium (sac that
surrounds the heart) and this
layer, there is a space called the
pericardial cavity. I
•contains a small amount of
serous fluid (helps reduce
friction when the heart moves)
2). myocardium = This is the
middle layer of the heart wall.
It is composed of cardiac
muscle.
It produces the muscular
contractions which force the
blood through the heart.
3). endocardium = This is the
innermost layer of the heart
wall.
It is composed of epithelium
and connective tissue.
It protects the heart chambers
and valves.
ANATOMY OF THE
HEART
Four Chambers:
The human heart contains four chambers:
The two upper chambers are the left and right auricles /
atria (singular = atrium).
The two lower chambers are the left and right ventricles
The two chambers on the right (atrium and ventricle) are
separated from the two chambers on the left (atrium
and ventricle) by the interventricular septum.
Lets take a look!
Left atrium
Right Atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Heart
Valves
The movement of blood
through the heart is aided
by "flaps of tissue" called
valves.
 There are four of these
valves in the heart
Pulmonary Circuit
RIGHT SIDE
tricuspid valve
Location: Between right atrium and
ventricle, one-way valve
 composed of three flaps of tissue
 three flaps are regulated by
tendinous cords called chordae
tendineae.
 The cords originate from mounds of
tissue called papillary muscle
Blood flow: The tricuspid valve opens
as the blood flows from the right
atrium to the right ventricle. Then
it closes to prevent any back-flow of
blood (when the ventricle
contracts).
RIGHT SIDE
pulmonary (semilunar) valve
Location: between this ventricle and
pulmonary artery
 composed of three curved flaps
which resemble "half moons"
(hence the name semilunar).
 closes once ventricle contracts
and fills the artery with blood
(prevents back-flow of blood)
[NOTE: The pulmonary artery splits
into the left and right pulmonary
arteries. One of these vessels
goes to each lung.]
Systemic Circuit:
LEFT SIDE
bicuspid / mitral valve
Location: between the left
atrium and ventricle
composed of two flaps of
tissue [which are
regulated by chordae
tendineae] …prevents
back-flow.
The left ventricle connects
with a large blood vessel
called the aorta.
LEFT SIDE
aortic semilunar valve
Location: between the left
ventricle and aorta.
Its function is similar to that of
the pulmonary semilunar
valve.
NOTE: The walls of the left
ventricle are much thicker than
the right ventricle because the
left ventricle must force the
blood throughout the body.
• aortic (semilunar) valve
When the blood circulates through the body, it
must make two trips through the heart:
1 trip = through the right side and into the
lungs where it is oxygenated (pulmonary circuit)
Handout E
Now color in the
pulmonary
circuit (BLUE OR
PURPLE)
Now color in the systemic
circuit (RED OR PINK)
1 trip = through the left side
where it travels to parts of the
body to provide oxygen etc.
There is always some blood
traveling both pathways at the
same time.
Now, work on :
Circuits Packet – Due Thursday!
FINISH AT HOME!
See Handout on Heartbeats
Hand out F
Handout G
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes
Swollen lymph nodes
Thymus
SPLEEN
Respiratory
System Video
Alveoli
Urinary system
Video on
Osmoregulation
High School Girl and Cancer Cure?