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5.2.12.C 2011 Physical Science: All students will understand that physical science principles, including fundamental ideas about matter, energy, and motion, are powerful conceptual tools for making sense of phenomena in physical, living, and Earth systems science. (5.2) Forms of Energy: Knowing the characteristics of familiar forms of energy, including potential and kinetic energy, is useful in coming to the understanding that, for the most part, the natural world can be explained and is predictable. (5.2.C) Essential Questions 1. How do we know that things have energy? 2. How do the properties of materials determine their use? Content Statements Gas particles move independently and are far apart relative to each other. The behavior of gases can be explained by the kinetic molecular theory. The kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain the relationship between pressure and volume, volume and temperature, pressure and temperature, and the number of particles in a gas sample. There is a natural tendency for a system to move in the direction of disorder or entropy. Enduring Understandings 1. Energy takes many forms. These forms can be grouped into types of energy that are associated with the motion of mass (kinetic energy), and types of energy associated with the position of mass and with energy fields (potential energy). 2. The structures of materials determine their properties. Cumulative Progress Indicators Use the kinetic molecular theory to describe and explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. 5.2.12.C.1 Labs, Investigation, and Student Experiences 5.2.12.C.1 Websites/Labs National Science Digital Library, Science Digital Literacy Maps The Physical Setting: Energy Transformations http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-2071 The Physical Setting: Weather and Climate http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1698 National Science Digital Library, Science Refreshers http://nsdl.org/refreshers/science/ Science Curriculum Topic Study: Energy Transformation p. 213 Solar Weather and Climate p. 191 ACS Chemistry for Life http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=t rue&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=4 90&content_id=CNBP_026454&use_sec=true&sec _url_var=region1&__uuid=c1a992c3-ffba-43ef8217-839c8716739b Chemistry Virtual Lab http://www.chemcollective.org/assignments.php#the 5.2.12.C 2011 Heating increases the energy of the atoms composing elements and the molecules or ions composing compounds. As the kinetic energy of the atoms, molecules, or ions increases, the temperature of the matter increases. Heating a pure solid increases the vibrational energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions. When the vibrational energy of the molecules of a pure substance becomes great enough, the solid melts. Account for any trends in the melting points and boiling points of various compounds. 5.2.12.C.2 Desired Results Open Ended/ EOC Response Items: rmochemistry 5.2.12.C.2 Websites/Labs 1. Why does object dropped on your toe from a height of 1 meter cause more pain than the same object dropped from a height of a few centimeters? (C.1) 2. Why are spray cans labeled with a bold warning sign that tells consumers not to dispose of the cans in an incinerator? (C.1) 3. What does a scuba diver need to know about gas laws in order to enjoy diving without danger? (C.1) 4. Suppose that you drop a 50.0 g piece of metal, at 100.0 oC, into an insulated vessel containing 100.0 mL (density = 1.0 g/mL) of water at 25.0 o C. What is the specific heat of the metal if the final temperature of the combined metal/water system is 30.0 oC? The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/(g oC). (C.2) National Science Digital Library, Science Digital Literacy Maps The Designed World: Energy Resources http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-2246 National Science Digital Library, Science Refreshers http://nsdl.org/refreshers/science/ ACS Chemistry for Life http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=t rue&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=4 90&content_id=CNBP_026454&use_sec=true&sec _url_var=region1&__uuid=c1a992c3-ffba-43ef8217-839c8716739b Chemistry Virtual Lab http://www.chemcollective.org/assignments.php#the rmochemistry 5.2.12.C 2011 5. The enthalpy change for the following reaction is ∆Ho = 543 kJ. 2 POCl3(g) > 2 PCl3(g) + O2(g) Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain why. (C.2) 6. Give an example of a physical change that is endothermic, and an example of a physical change that is exothermic. (C.2)