Download IB History Study Guide

Emergence of America in Global Affairs
IB History - Mr. Wasek
Trimester 1 Test
#Table of Contents
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#Table of Contents
#Upcoming Dates
#Test Format
[STUDY GUIDE BEGINS]
#Textbook
o #The American Pageant - Chapter 27
o #The American Pageant - Other Sections
 LOOK AT IB TEMPLATE ASSIGNMENT. [DONE]
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#PDFs
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#Children’s Book of Knowledge
#TR and American Ambition
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#TR Corollary and Japan
#A new Era of Gunboat Diplomacy
#Why did America become a World Power?
#Projects/Homeworks/Assignments
o White Man’s Burden Poetry Analysis
o Monroe Doctrine Debate
o Monroe Doctrine Values, Stakeholders, etc.
o Strategical value of the Philippines
#Monroe Doctrine
o Purpose
o Goals (of each country?)
o Development of document
 What were the key events?
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 How did each key event affect it?
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#Random Topics
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#IB History Study Guide
#Curriculum Material
o Unit 1
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o Unit 2
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NO SPECIFIC DATES NEED TO BE KNOWN
#Upcoming Dates
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Tuesday - AGENDA CHECK, test review (answering questions)
Wednesday - Test
#Test Format
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10-15 multiple choice
5-7 short-ended
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#Textbook
#The American Pageant - Chapter 27
I. America Turns Outward
1.
From the end of the Civil War to the 1880s, the United States was very isolationist, but in the 1890s, due to rising exports, manufacturing
capability, power, and wealth, it began to expand onto the world stage, using overseas markets to sell its goods.
o The “yellow press” or “yellow journalism” of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst also influenced overseas
expansion, as did missionaries inspired by Reverend Josiah Strong’s Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Its Present
Crisis. Strong spoke for civilizing and Christianizing savages.
o People were interpreting Darwin’s theory of survival-of-the-fittest to mean that the United States was the fittest and
needed to take over other nations to improve them.
i.
Such events already were happening, as Europeans had carved up Africa and China by this time.
ii.
In America, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s 1890 book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, argued that
every successful world power once held a great navy. This book helped start a naval race among the great powers and moved the U.S. to
naval supremacy. It motivated the U.S. to look to expanding overseas.
2. James G. Blaine pushed his “Big Sister” policy, which sought better relations with Latin America, and in 1889, he presided over the first
Pan-American Conference, held in Washington D.C.
3. However, in other diplomatic affairs, America and Germany almost went to war over the Samoan Islands (over whom could build a naval
base there), while Italy and America almost fought due to the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans, and the U.S. and Chile almost went to
war after the deaths of two American sailors at Valparaiso in 1892.
o The new aggressive mood was also shown by the U.S.—Canadian argument over seal hunting near the Pribilof
Islands off the coast of Alaska.
4. An incident with Venezuela and Britain wound up strengthening the Monroe Doctrine.
o British Guiana and Venezuela had been disputing their border for many years, but when gold was discovered, the
situation worsened.
o Thus, the U.S., under President Grover Cleveland, sent a note written by Secretary of State Richard Olney to Britain
informing them that the British actions were trespassing the Monroe Doctrine and that the U.S. controlled things in the
Americas.
o The British replied by stating that the affair was none of the U.S's business.
o Cleveland angrily replied by appropriating a committee to devise a new boundary and if Great Britain would not accept
it, then the U.S. implied it would fight for it.
o Britain didn’t want to fight because of the damage to its merchant trade that could result, the Dutch Boers of South
Africa were about to go to war and Germany’s Kaiser Wilhem was beginning to challenge Britain's power.
o Seeing the benefits of an alliance with the "Yankees," Great Britain began a period of "patting the eagle's head,"
instead of America "twisting the lion's tale." This was referred to as the Great Rapprochement or reconciliation.
II. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
1.
2.
3.
From the 1820s, when the first U.S. missionaries came, the United States had always liked the Hawaiian Islands.
Treaties signed in 1875 and 1887 guaranteed commercial trade and U.S. rights to priceless Pearl Harbor, while Hawaiian sugar was very
profitable. But in 1890, the McKinley Tariff raised the prices on this
sugar, raising its price.
Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaii—a move opposed by its Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate
Americans in Hawaii revolted.
o
They succeeded, and Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but Grover Cleveland became president again,
investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left office.
o
Cleveland was bombarded for stopping “Manifest Destiny,” but his actions proved to be honorable for him and
America.
III. Cubans Rise in Revolt
i.
ii.
iii.
In 1895, Cuba revolted against Spain, citing years of misrule, and the Cubans torched their sugar cane fields in hopes that such
destruction would either make Spain leave or America interfere (the
American tariff of 1894 had raised prices on it anyway).
Sure enough, America supported Cuba, and the situation worsened when Spanish General Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler came to Cuba
to crush the revolt and ended up putting many civilians into
concentration camps that were terrible and killed many.
The American public clamored for action, especially when spurred on by the yellow press, but Cleveland would do nothing.
1.
2.
3.
iv.
v.
The Mystery of the Maine Explosion
The yellow presses competed against each other to come up with more sensational stories, and Hearst even
sent artist Frederick Remington to draw pictures of often-fictional atrocities.
o For example, he drew Spanish officials brutally stripping and searching an American woman, when
in reality, Spanish women, not men, did such acts.
o Then, suddenly, on February 9, 1898, a letter written by Spanish minister to Washington Dupuy de
Lôme that ridiculed President McKinley was published by Hearst.
On February 15th of that year, the U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor, killing
260 officers and men.
o Despite an unknown cause, America was war-mad and therefore Spain received the blame.
o Hearst called down to Cuba, “You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the story.”
o Actually, what really happened was that an accidental explosion had basically blown up the ship—a similar
conclusion to what Spanish investigators suggested—but America ignored them.
o The American public wanted war, but McKinley privately didn’t like war or the violence, since he
had been a Civil War major. In addition, Mark Hanna and Wall Street didn’t want war because it
would upset business.
However, on April 11, 1898, the president sent his war message to Congress anyway, since: (1) war with Spain seemed inevitable, (2)
America had to defend democracy, and (3) opposing a war could split the
Republican party and America.
Congress also adopted the Teller Amendment, which proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give
the Cubans their freedom and not conquer it.
IV. Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila
i.
On paper, at least, the Spanish had the advantage over the U.S., since it had more troops and a supposedly better army, as well as
younger (and seemingly more daring) generals.
ii.
Navy Secretary John D. Long and his assistant secretary, Theodore Roosevelt had modernized the U.S. navy,
making it sleek and sharp.
4.
On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong,
and told him to take over the Philippines.
5.
Dewey did so brilliantly, completely taking over the islands from the Spanish.
iii.
Dewey had naval control, but he could not storm the islands and its fortresses, so he had to wait for reinforcements,
but meanwhile, other nations were moving their ships into Manila Harbor to protect their
men.
6.
The German navy defied American blockade regulations, and Dewey threatened the navy commander with war, but luckily, this
episode blew over, due in part to the British assistance of America.
iv.
Finally, on August 13, 1898, American troops arrived and captured Manila, collaborating with Filipino insurgents, led
by Emilio Aguinaldo, to overthrow the Spanish rulers.
v.
On July 7, 1898, the U.S. annexed Hawaii (so that it could use the islands to support Dewey, supposedly), and Hawaii received full
territorial status in 1900.
V. The Confused Invasion of Cuba
i.
The Spanish sent warships to Cuba, panicking Americans on the Eastern seaboard, and the fleet, commanded by Admiral
Cervera, found refuge in Santiago harbor, Cuba.
1. Then, it was promptly blockaded by a better American force.
ii.
American ground troops, led by fat General William R. Shafter, were ill-prepared for combat in the tropical environment (i.e. they
had woolen long underwear).
iii.
The “Rough Riders,” a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled
at El Caney stormed up San Juan Hill.
iv.
Admiral Cervera was finally ordered to fight the American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed.
v.
On land, the American army, commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico.
vi.
Soon afterwards, on August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice.
vii.
Notably, if the Spaniards had held out for a few more months, they might have won, for the American army was plagued with
dysentery, typhoid, and yellow fever.
1. Finally, TR wrote a “round-robin” letter demanded that the U.S. government take the troops out
before they all died.
VI. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire
4.
o
In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba, but the Philippines were a tough
problem, since America couldn’t honorably give it back to Spain after decades of
misrule, but the U.S. couldn’t just take it like an imperialistic nation.
o Finally, McKinley decided to keep the Philippines, even though they had been taken one day after the end of the war,
but he did so because of popular public opinion and because it meshed well with business interests.
The U.S. paid $20 million for the islands.
o Upon the U.S. taking of the Philippines, uproar broke out, since until now, the United States had mostly acquired
territory from the American continent, and even with Alaska, Hawaii, and the other scattered islands, there weren’t
many people living there.
o The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new imperialism of America, and its members
included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
Even the Filipinos wanted freedom, and denying that to them was un-American.
o However, expansionists cried that the Philippines could become another Hong Kong.
British writer Rudyard Kipling wrote about “The White Man’s Burden,” urging America to keep the Philippines and “civilize them.”
o In the Senate, the treaty was almost not passed, but finally, William Jennings Bryan argued for its passage, saying
that the sooner the treaty was passed, the sooner the U.S. could get rid of the Philippines. The treaty passed by only
one vote.
i.
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VII. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
5.
o
The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government, and in 1917, Congress granted
Puerto Ricans full American citizenship.
i.
U.S. help also transformed Puerto Rico and worked wonders in sanitation, transportation, beauty, and education.
o In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court barely ruled that the Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal
with the islands (Cuba and Puerto Rico), essentially letting Congress do whatever it wanted with them. Basically, the
cases said the island residents do not necessarily share the same rights as Americans.
o America could not improve Cuba that much however, other than getting rid of yellow fever with the help of General
Leonard Wood and Dr. Walter Reed.
.
In 1902, the U.S. did indeed walk away from Cuba, but it also encouraged Cuba to write and pass the Platt Amendment, which
became their constitution.
i.
This amendment said that (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy, (2) that the U.S. could trade freely
with Cuba, and (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay.
VIII. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
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The Spanish-American War lasted only 113 days and affirmed America’s presence as a world power.
However, America’s actions after the war made its German rival jealous and its Latin American neighbors suspicious.
Finally, one of the happiest results of the war was the narrowing of the bloody chasm between the U.S. North and South, which
had been formed in the Civil War.
General Joseph Wheeler was given a command in Cuba.
IX. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines
The Filipinos had assumed that they would receive freedom after the Spanish-American War, but when they didn’t they revolted
against the U.S.
i.
The insurrection began on February 4, 1899, and was led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who took his troops into guerrilla warfare after
open combat proved to be useless.
ii.
Stories of atrocities abounded, but finally, the rebellion was broken in 1901 when U.S. soldiers invaded Aguinaldo’s headquarters
and captured him.
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a.
President McKinley formed a Philippine Commission in 1899 to deal with the Filipinos, and in its second year, the organization
was headed by amiable William Howard Taft, who developed a strong attachment for the Filipinos, calling them his “little brown brothers.”
b.
The Americans tried to assimilate the Filipinos, but the islanders resisted; they finally got their independence on July 4, 1946.
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X. Hinging the Open Door in China
Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, China had been carved into “spheres of influence” by the European powers.
Americans were alarmed, as churches worried about their missionary strongholds while businesses feared that they would not be
able to export their products to China.
b.
Finally, Secretary of State John Hay dispatched his famous Open Door note, which urged the European nations to keep fair
competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. This became the
“Open Door Policy.”
.
All the powers already holding spots of China were squeamish, and only Italy, which had no sphere of influence of its own,
accepted unconditionally.
i.
Russia didn’t accept it at all, but the others did, on certain conditions, and thus, China was “saved” from being carved up.
c.
In 1900, a super-patriotic group known as the “Boxers” started the Boxers’ Rebellion where they revolted and took over the capital
of China, Beijing, taking all foreigners hostage, including diplomats.
d.
After a multi-national force broke the rebellion, the powers made China pay $333 million for damages, of which the U.S.
eventually received $18 million.
e.
Fearing that the European powers would carve China up for good, now, John Hay officially asked that China not be carved.
.
a.
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XI. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
Just like four years before, it was McKinley sitting on his front porch and Bryan actively and personally campaigning, but
Theodore Roosevelt’s active campaigning took a lot of the momentum away
from Bryan’s.
a.
Bryan’s supporters concentrated on imperialism—a bad move, considering that Americans were tired of the subject, while
McKinley’s supporters claimed that “Bryanism,” not imperialism, was the problem, and that if Bryan became president, he would shake up the
prosperity that was in America at the time; McKinley won easily.
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XII. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Six months later, a deranged murderer shot and killed William McKinley, making Theodore Roosevelt the youngest president ever
at age 42.
TR promised to carry out McKinley’s policies.
Theodore Roosevelt was a barrel-chested man with a short temper, large glasses, and a stubborn mentality that always thought
he was right.
.
Born into a rich family and graduated from Harvard, he was highly energetic and spirited, and his motto was “Speak softly and
carry a big stick,” or basically, “Let your actions do the talking.”
b.
Roosevelt rapidly developed into a master politician, and a maverick uncontrollable by party machines, and he believed that a
president should lead, which would explain the precedents that he would
set during his term, becoming the “first modern president.”
.
a.
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XIII. Building the Panama Canal
TR had traveled to Europe and knew more about foreign affairs than most of his predecessors, and one foreign affair that he
knew needed to be dealt with was the creation of a canal through the Central American isthmus.
.
During the Spanish-American War, the battleship U.S.S. Oregon had been forced to steam all the way around the tip of South
America to join the fleet in Cuba.
i.
Such a waterway would also make defense of the recent island acquisitions easier (i.e. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii).
a.
However, the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain had forbade the construction by either country of a canal in the Americas
without the other’s consent and help, but that statement was nullified in
1901 by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.
b.
A Nicaraguan route was one possible place for a canal, but it was opposed by the old French Canal Company that was eager to
build in Panama and salvage something from their costly failure there.
.
Their leader was Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
i.
The U.S. finally chose Panama after Mount Pelée erupted and killed 30,000 people.
c.
The U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual payment,
but this treaty was retracted by the Colombian government, which owned Panama.
.
TR was furious, since he wanted construction of the canal to begin before the 1904 campaign.
d.
At this point, TR and the U.S. decided enough was enough and it was time for action.
.
On November 3, 1903, another revolution in Panama began with the killing of a Chinese civilian and a donkey, and when
Colombia tried to stop it, the U.S., citing an 1846 treaty with Colombia, wouldn’t
let the Colombian fleet through.
i.
Panama was thus recognized by the U.S., and fifteen days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister despite his French
nationality, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that gave a widened (6x10 mi.) Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 million.
ii.
TR didn’t actively plot to tear Panama away from Colombia, but it seemed like it to the public, and to Latin America, and his
actions in this incident saw him suffer a political black eye.
e.
In 1904, construction began on the Panama Canal, but at first, problems with landslides and sanitation occurred.
.
a.
b.
c.
Colonel George Washington Goethals finally organized the workers while Colonel William C. Gorgas exterminated yellow fever.
When TR visited Panama in 1906, he was the first U.S. president to leave America for foreign soil.
The canal was finally finished and opened in 1914, at a cost of $400 million.
XIV. TR’s Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine
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Latin American nations like Venezuela and the Dominican Republic were having a hard time paying their debts to their European
debtors, so Britain and Germany decided to send a bit of force to South America
to make the Latinos pay.
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TR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in Latin America, a blatant
violation of the Monroe Doctrine, so he issued his Roosevelt Corollary, which stated that in future cases of debt problems, the U.S.
would take over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe, thus keeping Europe away and the Monroe
Doctrine intact.
a.
It said in effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S.
b.
However, this corollary didn’t bear too well with Latin America, whose countries once again felt that Uncle Sam was being
overbearing.
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When U.S. Marines landed in Cuba to bring back order to the island in 1906, this seemed like an
extension of the “Bad Neighbor” policy.
XV. Roosevelt on the World Stage
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In 1904, Japan attacked Russia, since Russia had been in Manchuria, and proceeded to administer a series of humiliating
victories until the Japanese began to run short on men.
a.
Therefore, they approached Theodore Roosevelt to facilitate a peace treaty.
b.
At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905, both sides met, and though both were stubborn (Japan wanted all of the strategic island
of Sakhalin while the Russians disagreed), in the end, TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses.
c.
For this, and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 through an international conference at Algeciras, Spain, TR received
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
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However, due to the Russo-Japanese incident, America lost two allies in Russia and Japan, neither of which felt that it had
received its fair share of winnings.
XVI. Japanese Laborers in California
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a.
b.
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After the war, many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and fears of a “yellow peril” arose again.
The showdown came in 1906 after the San Francisco earthquake when the city decreed that, due to lack of space, Chinese,
Japanese, and Korean children should attend a special school.
Instantly, this became an international issue, but TR settled it eventually.
San Francisco would not displace students while Japan would keep its laborers in Japan.
To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleship fleet, “The Great White Fleet,” around the world for a tour, and it
received tremendous salutes in Latin America, New Zealand, Hawaii, Australia, and Japan, helping relieve tensions.
The Root-Takahira Agreement pledged the U.S. and Japan to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and to
uphold the Open Door Policy in China.
#The American Pageant - Other Sections
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LOOK AT IB TEMPALTE ASSIGNMENT
#PDFS
#Children’s Book of Knowledge
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http://portal.bergen.org/TeacherWebSite/ClassDetails.aspx?COURSE_ID=1097&COURSE_NAME=The%20
Book%20of%20Knowledge&District=BCTS
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Origin: Editor is Holland Thompson, Ph.D., CCNY. Written in 1927.
Purpose: A children’s encyclopedia, designed obviously to inform but also to subtly portray the US in a
positive light.
Value: Informs readers about history in a simple and clear manner. Shows subtle use of pro-American
propaganda in children’s textbooks.
Limitations: Obviously only portrays the US positively.
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Talks about: Hawaii, Molokai, Spanish-American War, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Samoa, Midway Island, Virgin
Islands.
Essentially this pdf talks about how the US intervened in foreign lands (listed above) and created a utopian
(well this is an exaggeration but the idea is there) society from its previous penury and uncivilized-ness.
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Highlights:
o “King Kalakaua...was a very bad ruler”. (So we overthrew him)
o “Most of the natives [of Molokai] refuse to do much work”.
o “Another group of islands and the savage inhabitants”. (Rather blatant, no? This is the title of a
section)
o “The US has announced that when the people are prepared for it, independence will be granted,
but many of the Filipinos think they are ready now”. (Speaks quite disparagingly of the Filipinos...as
if they were children)
o “They [the Filipinos] take many holidays...[and] have little desire to improve their condition.
Wonderful changes have taken place since the Americans took charge”.
o “No European nation believed that the US would keep its promise not the retain Cuba”. (But it
explicitly states that we did in the following paragraph...what exactly are they trying to say?)
What does it mean to be a student in 1906?
o The world outside the US is a dangerous, uncivilized, hostile place.
o The US is a savior of foreign lands, is extremely privileged, etc etc.
#TR and American Ambition
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Famous for his Rough Riders and his charge on the San Juan Hill in the Spanish American War
As assistant secretary, he ordered Commodore George Dewey to take the Pacific Fleet to Hong Kong and
to launch an attack on the Philippines as soon as a war was declared
His appointment as assistant secretary and his address to the Naval War College introduced his
expansionist policy.
o Naval War of 1812
o demonstrated that he was a strategical thinker
Recognized that US needed to upgrade their navy.
“I do not fear England, Canada is hostage for her good behavior”
Starting from George Washington, US had an isolationist policy, but TR brought in a new wave of
expansionism.
People at the time were bent towards isolationist however.
TR argued that in order for the security of the isolation, US must expand and fortify such places as Hawaii
and Philippines.He also argued that the Panama Canal would allow the fleet to travel from one ocean to
another, guaranteeing that the US would be better protected.
o To acquire the canal, however, US had to have some sort of an expansionist views.
Believed social darwinism prevailed
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Roosevelt became president in 1901 after McKinley was assassinated
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Roosevelt’s past
o Part of the Rough Riders; lead charge up San Juan Hill in the decisive battle of the Cuban
campaign of the Spanish-American War
o Governor of New York
o Nominated for vice president
As vice president
o Persuaded McKinley to annex Hawaii and attack the Phillipines
Danger for America – defined as a time when Britain, Germany, and Japan were engaged in a naval arms
race
Apathetic nation needed to be persuaded of its global destiny and central importance
Frederick Jackson Turner gave a speech about expansionism
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Roosevelt argued using the isolationist sentiment – the security of isolation could be upheld only by regional
expansion
Roosevelt was not blindly pro-business, he helped defraud a corruption scheme (Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
group). Supported only when it benefited more than it damaged.
Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson were progressives, mainly in response to the exigencies of the middle
class.
In the early 1900s, (Pr. R & W), there was large political unrest, greatly indefinable, but can be contributed to
an amalgam of issues.
Roosevelt used his presidential power to its limits in order to accomplish his lofty goals.
Roosevelt always put the nation first, as seen through his reforms and his claim that “as president, it was his
job to be on everyone’s side”.
o This often caused conflicts and tension within his political party.
Roosevelt’s Achievements:
o Preserving over 190 million acres of nature into reserves.
o Challenged racism by inviting Booker T. Washington to the White House.
o Stopped the corruption of big business, namely using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act against J.P.
Morgan.
Roosevelt used media presence to his advantage.
Great White Fleet was his display of military power around the world.
Due to his persistence in building the Panama Canal, he ruined relations with Latin America.
However, Roosevelt was not truly imperialistic, as it would almost be impossible to defy the American anticolonial ideals.
Roosevelt’s America was prosperous, and glorified war.
#TR Corollary and Japan
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D. The Panama Revolution
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John Hay Twists Colombia’s Arm (1903)
o Hay threatened to revert back to the Nicaragua route in order to make Colombia give up the
Isthmus of Panama
o Nicaraguan Congress was upset at low price of $10 million and annual payment of $250,000
Theodore Roosevelt Hopes for Revolt (1903)
o Entire Columbian Congress rejected the treaty because they wanted to be paid $40 million, the
original price from 1870
o Panama was upset at this because they would lose profit, so they revolted
Office Connivance in Washington (1903)
o Due to a treaty in 1846, the United States had guaranteed the neutrality of the isthmus of Panama
o The United States sent naval units to prevent Colombian troops from landing and crossing over to
Panama to crush the rebellion
o Panama claimed its independence
o Primary documents show that it seems like TR planned this
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E. The Monroe Doctrine in the Caribbean
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Roosevelt Launches a Corollary (1904)
o Caribbean nations tended to overborrow money. European powers would come over to punish.
o
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Roosevelt decides to create a corollary which says that the United States will not allow European
powers to interfere, and that the United States will take care of any problems by itself
A Latin American Protests (1943)
o European powers can no longer take custom houses (and perhaps staying)
o US marines landed and acted like international police
o Primary source states how different corollary is from the actual Monroe Doctrine
#A new Era of Gunboat Diplomacy
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Gunboat diplomacy: diplomacy involving intimidation by threat or use of military force (www.thefreedictionary.com);
achieving foreign-policy objectives through vivid displays of naval might; the use of a military force in a threatening
manner, but without being blatant about it or actually opening fire on anyone (tvtropes.org)
Examples:
o Last year, Obama sent aircraft carrier George Washington to Yellow Sea for joint exercises with South Korea,
sending a message to both North Korea and China (after North Korean attack on South Korea)
o In 1996, Clinton administration sent Seventh Fleet to warn China against attacking Taiwan
o Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed fleet into Tokyo Bay, intimidating Japan into opening up foreign trade
(Great White Fleet)
o Countries are now vying for naval power over the seas as a result of the melting polar ice caps which are
opening up new shipping routes and the possibility of oil and gas deposits underneath
o In 1905, Roosevelt used Gunboat Diplomacy to resolve as situation in which he forced the government to end
a trade boycott protesting the US exclusion of Chinese workers
o In order to construct Panama Canal, Roosevelt encouraged people of Panama to revolt against their
Colombian rulers, promising assistance from US navy. The rebellion was successful because the US ship
USS Nashville was in the local waters at the time, therefore discouraging Colombia from sending troops to
stop the rebellion
#Why did America become a World Power?
Period of American Imperialism
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Overview
o Overseas expansion of the 1890s is often considered an aberration, being a unique moment in US
History where we began to look like an empire.
o The reasons for this drive for imperialism is attributed to different causes depending on which
scholar you ask.
Scholarly Interpretations
o Julius Pratt
 Blamed irresponsible behaviour of “yellow press”.
o Richard Hofstadter
 Blamed the “psychic crisis of the 1890s” brought on by the economic depression of the
time and the Populist upheaval.
o Howard K. Beale
 Argued that TR and the US were under international peer pressure to either force an
imperialist drive and flaunt the nation’s strength, or succumb to being the second of that of
emerging European and Asian empires.
o New Left (school of writers: William Appleman Williams, Walter LaFeber)
 Increased economic output in the US forced us to set up an “informal empire” in order to
acquire more raw materials and overseas markets to sell our goods to
 (Exceptions being Puerto Rico and the Philippines).
 Controversial because other scholars argue that the diplomacy of this period was far too
complex to be simply caused by economic need.
Other Interpretations
o TR and imperialists viewed the world in gendered terms, meaning that since the US frontier closed,
that we had lost touch with our “manly” virtues and needed to expand to regain them.
o
“Civilized” Anglo-Saxons were at the top of an international racial heirarchy and were entitled to the
conquest of “inferior” peoples.
 To these people this period in US history did not appear to be an anomaly, seeing as we
have have been doing that with the Native Americans and African American slaves for
most of US history to this point.
#Projects/Homeworks/Assignments
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White Man’s Burden Poetry Analysis
Monroe Doctrine Debate
Chapter 27 Notes
Monroe Doctrine Values, Stakeholders, etc.
Strategical value of the Philippines
o YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR OWN COPY OF THESE!
#Monroe Doctrine
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Purpose
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Goals (of each country)
o LOOK AT MONROE DOCTRINE DEBATE NOTES
o Michelle
o Britain: In 1823, British Foreign Secretary George Canning wanted to create a joint declaration with
the US stating that no European power can intervene in the Spanish American colonies. This was
ignored by the US, however, as it put forth its own Monroe Doctrine later that year.
o US: Advocates the Monroe Doctrine, monarchy will not be tolerated, ideals of spreading democracy
with the backing of Great Britain’s navy
o Argentina: Skeptical of US motives, interested in independence
o Colombia: Wants protection against the Holy Alliance, would like to know clearly the extent of
action that the US would take
o Holy Alliance: Under the divine sovereignty of God, the colonies belong rightfully to Spain - the Holy
Alliance was Russia, Austria, Prussia
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Development of Monroe Doctrine
What were the key events?
o John Quincy Adams was Monroe’s Secretary of State
o Exerted a dominant influence over American foreign policy
o Believed that the US was destined to dominate North America.
o Looked to capitalize on economic potential of dissolving Spanish empire in South America
o Expansion of US through annexation of Florida and Spanish-held lands in the west
o Keenly aware of the military and economic threat posed by Great Britain.
o President Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to subdue the raiding Seminoles in Florida
(the Seminoles’ land was being settled by white settlers). Feeling of Spanish dislike. Secretary
Adams justified Jackson’s actions by stating that Spain had been remiss in its governance of
the territory. Threat that US would take further action to secure the region. Adams-Onis treaty in
1819 with Spain - ceded Florida, Mississippi River, and all territories north of 42nd parallel. US
recognized Spain’s claim to Texas and paid American merchants’ claims against Spain of about $5
million for losses incurred during the Napoleonic Wars.
o Other concerns: Russia encroaching in California
o
o
o
o
Recognizing new and independent colonies of Argentina, Peru, Chile, Columbia, and Mexico, all
former colonies of Spain.
1823 French troops marched into Spain to return Spain’s King Ferdinand VI to the throne. US was
concerned that the attempt to restore Spanish monarchy would be accompanied by an attempt to
restore Spain’s colonies in US.
All of this led to the Monroe Doctrine, which was stated in President Monroe’s annual message to
Congress. This reflected Adams ‘ foreign policy views.
How did each key event affect it?
Key Events (From IB Template Chart)
Monroe Doctrine
Historic Problem: 1820s. How to prevent other world powers from creating more colonies that could harm the US’s
position of power. How the US could protect itself from future invasions. How to prevent Russia from encroaching on
land that US believed was US territory.
Stakeholders: US - wanted sole power to intervene in any trade/government negotiation on the Western hemisphere
Great Britain - wanted free trade
Other European nations - wanted to colonize, Imperialist motives
New Territories - wanted their independence, did not want to be tied to one power, and saw the Monroe Doctrine as a
way to achieve this
Solutions: Creation of the Monroe Doctrine, using the British Navy, Russo-American Treaty of 1824 stopped Russian
expansion
Texas Independence
Historic Problem: Mexico refused to recognize Texas’ Independence, Mexico and Britain wanted to prevent the US
from taking Texas as a territory. Britain and France wanted to find a way to use Texas to get around the Monroe
Doctrine.
Solution - In 1839-1840, Europe gave Texas a shield of protection from Mexico and recognized it as a free state and
not a part of the US. This helped keep US expansion in check, challenged the Monroe Doctrine, and weakened the
US by fragmenting its states. Independent Texas would also help wean European powers off of dependence on US
cotton.
Sierra Nevada goldfields, New Granada
Historic Problem: How could the US expand without the encroachment of Great Britain? Who controlled the goldfields
that offered the possibility of transoceanic travel? Southern slave owners wanted new slave territory in Nicaragua and
were intervening in C. America. President Polk was interested in Cuba because it held a large population of enslaved
blacks, could be carved into several states to restore the balance between slave and non-slave states in Senate
Solutions: In 1848 a treaty was created between New Granada and the US which gave US access across the
isthmus in return for US pledge to maintain neutrality in that region. President Pierce stopped the southern planter
aristocracy from spreading into Central America. The Ostend Manifesto, created between Spain, France, US, and
England, gave US control of Cuba. However, the anti-slavery issue in the North stopped intervention in the 1850s.
Monroe Doctrine was applied in an Interventionalist manner. During and following the Civil War, the Monroe Doctrine
was not used because the country was caught up in war and reconstruction- internal affairs.
TR Corollary (See section on TR Corollary)
Change to Monroe Doctrine: Applied aggressive stance on preventing other nations from intervening in Central
America
Dollar Diplomacy (see section on Dollar Diplomacy)
Continuation of the philosophy behind TR corollary, applied by Taft
World War II
The collapse of France meant that Britain was the only country standing between Hitler and control over Western
Europe. The US declared neutrality but felt threatened by the possibility of a stronger Hitler. FDR had to choose
between maintaining an isolationist stance or supporting Britain.
Solution: During the Havana Conference of 1940, the US agreed to share with its 20 neighbors in the New World the
responsibility of the policy outlined in the Monroe Doctrine - no European power was permitted to
intervene. Ultimately the Monroe Doctrine was used in Intervention.
#Random Topics
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(Mr. Wasek was telling me this information as we walked down the hallway while I was typing it on my
iPhone, so it’s slightly disorganized. These topics are definitely on the test. - Winnie)
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Taft - TR chose Taft, thinking he would be able to persuade him to follow his orders, but this did not happen.
In reality, Taft differed from TR in that he had a isolationist and less Euro-centric worldview. He called the
Filipinos his “little brown brothers” and for the most part tried to stay out of world affairs.
Dollar Diplomacy: 4 essential parts - floating loans, building railroads, buying bonds, establishing banks
Clayton Bulwer - a treaty between the United States and United Kingdom negotiated in 1850 that prohibited
the US from securing exclusive control over an isthmian route. This initially prevented America from creating
a canal across the Central American isthmus in 1901.
Nicaragua - Dollar diplomacy was used by Taft in response to the nationalism of the leader Jose Santos
Zelaya. US was interested in mining and was backed by the Marine Corps. When the Senate would not
ratify the Dollar Diplomacy treaty with Nicaragua, private US companies and banks acquired controlling
interests in banks and railroads. The marines were called upon to suppress another revolution caused by
nationalist sentiments in 1912.
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#IB History Study Guide
Imperialist Stirrings
As America bustled with a new sense of power generated by the strong growth in population, wealth, and productive capacity, labor violence
and agrarian unrest increased. It was felt that overseas markets might provide a safety valve to relieve these pressures.
Reverend Josiah Strong's Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis inspired missionaries to travel to foreign nations.
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, argued that control of the sea was the
key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.
James G. Blaine published his "Big Sister" policy which aimed to rally the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and to open
Latin American markets to American traders.
The willingness of America to risk war over such distance and minor disputes with Italy, Chile, and Canada demonstrated the aggressive new
national mood.
Monroe's Doctrine and the Venezuelan Squall
The area between British Guiana and Venezuela had been in dispute for over 50 years. When gold was discovered in the contested area,
the prospect of a peaceful resolution faded.
Secretary of State to President Cleveland, Richard Olney, claimed that if Britain attempted to dominate Venezuela in the quarrel and gain
more territory, then it would be violating the Monroe Doctrine. When Britain flatly rejected the relevance of the Monroe doctrine, President
Cleveland stated that the United States would fight for it.
Although somewhat annoyed by the weaker United States, Britain chose to not to fight a war. Britain's rich merchant marine was vulnerable
to American commerce raiders, Russia and France were unfriendly, and Germany was about to challenge the British naval supremacy.
With their eyes open to the European peril, Britain was determined to cultivate an American friendship. The Great Rapprochement, or
reconciliation, between the United States and Britain became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
The first New England missionaries reached Hawaii in 1820.
Beginning in the 1840s, the State Department began to warn other nations to keep their hands off Hawaii. In 1887, a treaty with the native
government guaranteed naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor.
The profits of sugar cultivation in Hawaii became less profitable with the McKinley Tariff of 1890. American planters decided that the best
way to overcome the tariff would be to annex Hawaii. Queen Liliuokalani insisted that native Hawaiian should control the islands.
A desperate minority of whites organized a successful revolt in 1893. The Queen was overthrown and white revolutionists gained control of
Hawaii. When a treaty to annex Hawaii was presented to the Senate, President Grover Cleveland promptly withdrew it.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Sugar production of Cuba became less profitable when the America passed the tariff of 1894.
Cubans began to revolt against their Spanish captors in 1895 after the Spanish began to place Cubans in reconcentration camps and treat
them very poorly. Cuban revolutionaries began to reason that if they destroyed enough of Cuba and did enough damage, then Spain might
abandon Cuba or the United States might move in and help the Cubans with their independence.
America had a large investment as well as annual trade stake in Cuba.
Congress passed a resolution in 1896 that recognized the belligerence of the revolted Cubans. President Cleveland refused to budge and
fight for Cuba's independence.
The Mystery of the Maine Explosion
William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer led the fabricated atrocities of Cuba apart of the new "yellow journalism." The two men caused the
American people to believe that conditions in Cuba were worse than they actually were.
Hearst's Journal published a private letter written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lome in 1898. The letter, which
degraded President McKinley, forced Dupuy de Lome to resign.
On February 15, 1898, the American ship, Maine blew up in the Havana port. The Spanish investigators deduced that it was an accident
(spontaneous combustion in one of the coal bunkers) while the American investigators claimed that Spain had sunk it. The American people
were convinced by the American investigators and war with Spain became imminent.
McKinley Unleashes the Dogs of War
American diplomats had already gained Madrid's agreement to Washington's 2 basic demands: an end to the reconstruction camps and an
armistice with Cuban rebels.
Although President McKinley did not want a war with Spain, the American people did. He felt that the people should rule so he sent his war
message to Congress on April 11, 1898. Congress declared war and adopted the Teller Amendment. It proclaimed to the world that when
the United States had overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
The American people plunged into the war with jubilation, which seemed premature to Europeans. The American army numbered 2,100
officers and 28,000 men compared to the 200,000 Spanish troops in Cuba.
The readiness of the navy (ranked 5th world-wide) owed much to the navy secretary John D. Long and his assistant secretary Theodore
Roosevelt.
Roosevelt called upon Commodore George Dewey's 6-ship fleet to descend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of war. On May 1, 1898,
Dewey slipped by detection at night and attacked and destroyed the 10-ship Spanish fleet at Manila.
Unexpected Imperialistic Plums
Foreign ships began to gather in the Manila harbor, protecting their nationals. After several incidents, the potential for battles with other
nations blew over.
On August 13, 1898, American troops captured Manila.
The victory in the Philippines prompted the idea that Hawaii was needed as a supply base for Dewey in the Philippines. Therefore, Congress
passed a joint resolution of Congress to annex Hawaii on July 7, 1898.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Shortly after the outbreak of the war, the Spanish government sent a fleet of warships to Cuba, led by Admiral Cervera. He was blockaded in
the Santiago harbor in Cuba by American ships.
Leading the invasion force from the rear to drive out Cervera was General William R. Shafter.
The "Rough Riders," apart of the invading army, was a regiment of volunteers consisting of cowboys and ex-athletes. Commanded by
Colonel Leonard Wood, the group was organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt.
William Shafter's landing near Santiago, Cuba was made without serious opposition.
On July 1st, fighting broke out at El Caney and San Juan Hill, up which Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders charged.
Curtains for Spain in America
Admiral Cervera's fleet was entirely destroyed on July 3, 1898 and shortly thereafter Santiago surrendered. General Nelson A. Miles met
little resistance when he took over Puerto Rico.
On August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice.
Before the war's end, much of the American army was stricken with malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever.
McKinley Heeds Duty, Destiny, and Dollars
In late 1898, Spanish and American negotiators met in Paris to begin heated discussions. The Americans secured Guam and Puerto Rico,
but the Philippines presented President McKinley with a problem: he didn't feel he could give the island back to Spanish misrule, and
America would be turning its back upon responsibilities if it simply left the Philippines.
McKinley finally decided to Christianize and to civilize all of the Filipinos. Disputes broke out with the Spanish negotiators over control of the
Philippines because Manila had been captured the day after the war, and the island could not be listed among the spoils of the war. America
therefore agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
The Anti-Imperialistic League sprang up and fought the McKinley administration's expansionist moves.
In the Senate, the Spanish treaty ran into such opposition that is seemed doomed to defeat. Democratic presidential candidate for the
election of 1900, William J. Bryan used his influence on Democratic senators to get the treaty approved on February 6, 1899. Bryan argued
that the sooner the treaty was passed, the sooner the Filipinos could gain their independence.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
By the Foraker Act of 1900, Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted them U.S.
citizenship. The American regime in Puerto Rico worked wonders in education, sanitation, transportation, and other improvements.
Beginning in 1901 with the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court declared that the Constitution did not extend to the Philippines and Puerto
Rico.
The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment of 1898, withdrew from Cuba in 1902. The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own
constitution of 1901 (the Platt Amendment). The constitution decreed that the United States might intervene with troops in Cuba in order to
restore order and to provide mutual protection. The Cubans also promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations to the U.S.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
Although the Spanish-American War only lasted 113 days, American prestige as a world power increased.
One of the greatest results of the war was the bonding between the North and the South.
#Curriculum Material
Taken from:
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http://users.bergen.org/ricwas/IB%20Curriculum%202007.pdf
http://users.bergen.org/ricwas/cmp.pdf
Unit 1: Cultural and intellectual developments in the Americas throughout the Industrial
Revolution (<-- WTF IS THIS)
Development and impact of ideological currents including progressivism, liberalism, nationalism, positivism,
romanticism, social Darwinism, and “indigenismo”
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The arts, music, and literature
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Reform and increase in education
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Technological and scientific developments
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Unit 2: United States foreign policy in Latin America, 1898 to 1945
Background of United States policy
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United States’ foreign policy: The Big Stick, Dollar Diplomacy, Moral Diplomacy.
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The Monroe Doctrine and its redefinitions
United States expansionist foreign policies: political, economic, ideological reasons.
Definitions, applications and the impact on the region.
The Spanish-American War: causes and effects.
Establishment of the spheres of influence
Central America, including Panama, Nicaragua, and Cuba
The influence of leaders in the transition to the modern era. Political and economic aims,
assessment of the success and failures. Suitable examples could be T. Roosevelt, J.
MacDonald or a Latin American leader of the candidates’ choice.
Good Neighbor Policy and wartime alliances, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Social, economic and legal conditions of African Americans between 1880-1929.
The search for Civil Rights and the ideas, aims and tactics of B.T. Washington, Dubois and Marcus Garvey.