Download 6th - Chapter 7 - vocab and notes

Unit 3 – Ancient Greece and Rome
Chapter 7 – The Glory of Ancient Greece
Vocabulary:
1. Athens
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2. agora 
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3. vendor
4. slavery 
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5. Sparta 
6. helots 
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7. Poloponnesian War 8. plague 
9. blockade 
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10. barbarian 
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11. assassinate 
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12. Alexander the Great -
13. Hellenistic
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a city-state in ancient Greece; Greece's
capital today
public market and meeting place in
ancient Greece
a seller of goods
condition of being owned by, and forced
to work for,someone else
a city-state in ancient Greece
slaves in ancient Sparta who
were owned by the state
war fought between Athens and Sparta
between 431 - 404 BC, almost every
Greek city-state was involved
a wide-spread disease
an action taken to isolate the enemy and
cut off its supplies
a person who others consider wild or
uncivilized
to murder for political reasons
(356 - 322 BC) king of Macedonia,
conquered Persia and Egypt and invaded
India
describes Greek history or culture after
the death of Alexander the Great
Chapter 7 – The Glory of Ancient Greece
Section 1 – Daily Life in Athens
Obj: Public life in Athens, how Athenians spent their time when they were at
home; how slavery operated in ancient Greece.
Public Life:
Boys growing up in Athens needed only to look around to understand that it was
the men who were active in politics, society and other aspects of Athenian public
life.
The Marketplace:
 On their way to school, boys passed through the Agora of Athens
 The Acropolis was the center of Athens’ religious life
 The Agora was the center of its public life.
 The Agora was near the Acropolis
 All Greek cities has agoras
 The Agora in Athens was probably the busiest and the most interesting of
them all.
 The mild climate of Athens made it possible to carry on business in the
open.
The Business of Men:
 Men made their way to the Agora in the morning
 They spoke of politics, philosophy, or events in their community.
 Vendors could be heard in the background bargaining to sell their goods
 The streets were lined with shops
 Farmers and artisans sold their wares from stands
 Just about any food an Athenian would want could be found in the Agoras.
 Other goods were also for sale:
o Sheep’s wool, pottery, hardware, cloth and books
Public Buildings:
 Temples and government buildings lined the Agora
 The buildings were often beautiful structures showing off Greek architecture
o The classical style architecture was from the Golden Age
o Many government buildings today in Europe and the US were
patterned after Greek architecture.
At Home in Athens
The splendor of public buildings in Athens contrasted with the simplicity of
people’s houses, even in the Golden Age.
Private Life:
 Private homes were plain
o Made of mud brick
 consisted of rooms set around an open courtyard that was hidden from the
street
 the courtyard was the center of the household
 other rooms might include:
o a kitchen
o storerooms
o a dining room
o bedrooms
o some homes even had bathrooms (water had to be carried from a
public fountain)
 Ancient Greeks ate simple foods
 Breakfast – bread
 Lunch – cheese and olives were added to the bread
 Dinner – would be a hot meal that was more filling
o Fish and vegetables
o Followed by cheese and fruit
o Even cakes sweetened with honey
 Most Athenians ate little meat
o Even the wealthy families ate meat only during religious festivals
Women of Athens:
 Place was in the home
 Thought to need protection (home was safer than public place like agoras)
and to be guided by men
 Almost no freedoms
o No politics
o No voting
o No property
o Only priestesses
 Womens’ jobs:
o Spinning and weaving
o Looking after food and wine supplies
o Caring for young children
o Kept track of finances
o If wealthy, slaves were woman’s responsibility:
 Directed, trained, and cared for them
o If poor, women found jobs
 Making pottery, tending sheep, or manufacturing cloth from
wool.
o Although women throughout Greece did important work, they were
expected to be almost invisible.
 Men and women would sometimes have completely separate quarters.
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Slaves did a great deal of work throughout the city-states of Greece. It was
this work that gave Athenian men the leisure time to go to the Agora, and
participate in government and the arts.
There were as many as 100,000 slaves in Athens, making them 1/3 of the city’s
population.
Slavery in ancient times was never questioned, even in democratic Athens.
Who were the Slaves?
 Many free people became slaves
o Captured by armies during war
o Captured by pirates while traveling on ships
o Children born into slave families automatically became slaves
 Come Greeks uncomfortable owning other Greeks
o Solved problem by owning foreign slaves
The Lives of Slaves:
 Slaves did not have any privileges
 Taken for granted
 Lowest part of Greek society
 They were not citizens
 Had no political rights
 No personal freedom
 Received no formal education
 Could only become free if they bought their own freedom or master freed
them
 Without their labor, Greek citizens (men) would not have had the leisure to
participate in government and the arts.
 They did many kinds of work:
o Provided labor on farms
o Dug silver and other metals in mines
o Assisted artisans by making pottery and other decorative items
o Helped construct buildings
o Helped forge weapons and armor
o Operated households
 Cooked
 Served food
 Tended children
 Cleaned
 Wove cloth
Section 2 – Athens and Sparta
Obj: to compare and contrast the everyday lives of Athenians and Spartans;
to understand Sparta’s way of life
Life in Athens was free and open
Life for the citizens of Sparta were just the opposite
Life was harsh and even cruel
Spartans themselves were tough, silent and grim
Sparta’s army easily equaled that of Athens in the 400s BC
Sparta never came close to equaling Athens’ other achievements
 In the early days, Sparta was similar to other Greek cities
 In 600s BC – wars inside and outside the city led to changes:
o The government
o The way people lived
 Changes turned Sparta into a powerful war machine
 One basic rule:
o Always put the city’s needs above your own
 Early on, Sparta conquered the land around their city
o Conquered people became helots
o Helots did work of land owned by Spartan citizens
o This left Spartans free to wage war
o Helots outnumbered Spartans
o Fearful that helots would revolt, Sparta turned their city into an
armed camp
o Treated helots very harshly
Growing Up in Sparta:
The life of every Spartan was in the hands of the government from birth.
Only the healthiest children were raised because the Spartans wanted only the
healthiest people in their city.
Growing Up Male:
 Training began early.
o At 7 – boys left home to live in barracks with other boys
o Training continued for the next 13 years
 At age 12 –
o Long hours spent practicing with swords and spears
o Had only one cloak and a thin mat to sleep on
o Could hardly live on the small amount of food given
o Urged to steal
 Spartans thought that a boy who learned to steal would know
how to live off the land during a war
o If caught stealing, severe punishment
 Expected to bear pain, hardship and punishment in silence
o Through rigid discipline, Spartan youths became excellent soldiers.
 At age 20 –
o Officially became a soldier
o Remained soldiers until their sixtieth birthdays
 At age 30 –
o Able to take a place in the assembly
o Council consisted of all the male citizens born in Sparta
 Only non-slave males were considered citizens, as in Athens
o The council approved the decisions made by the council of elders
o Council of elders acted as advisors to the king
Growing Up Female:
 Like the boys, girls also trained and competed in wresting and spear
throwing
 Girls did not become soldiers
 Spartans did believe that girls who grew up strong and healthy would have
strong, healthy children.
 Unlike other Greek women, Spartan women trained to exercise and build up
their bodies.
 Spartan women had a somewhat better life than women on other Greek citystates
o Allowed to own land
o Could take some part in business
o Took on large responsibilities
 Ran farms or estates
 Still had to obey males
Spartan Attitudes:
 Spartans did not mingle with other Greeks
 They were not allowed to travel
 They looked down on the desire for wealth
 They looked down on those engaged in trade
 They lacked interest in the arts, unlike the Athenians
 Spartan warriors known for their skill and bravery.
 They played a key role in the Greek wars against the Persians (people who
lived across the Aegean Sea; east of Greece)
The Persians Invade
Much of Greek history tells of wars the Greeks fought among themselves.
Near the beginning of the 400s BC a new threat loomed – the growing might
of Persia
The Greeks put aside their differences and joined forces to defend their
peninsula
The Expanding Persian Empire
 Cyrus the Great had founded the Persian Empire in the mid 500s BC
 He and rulers who followed expanded the original empire
 By 520 BC – Persia gained control the Greek colonies of the west coast of
Asia Minor
Section 3 – The Spread of Greek Culture
Obj: to identify King Philip and Alexander the Great and their achievements;
to analyze and discuss the Peloponnesian War
 The kingdom of Macedonia lay just north of Greece
 Alexander thought of himself as Greek and spoke the Greek language
 People living south of the cities, such as Sparta and Athens, did not really
accept the Macedonians as Greeks
o They thought them barbarians
 Alexander’s father, King Philip, spent money on Greek tutors for Alexander,
who wanted to learn all he could about the Greeks
o His tutor was the Greek philosopher Aristotle
o Alexander loved his tutor, but his role model was Achilles, the
warrior hero of Iliad
 One day Alexander vowed to visit the site of Troy and lay a
wreath on the tomb of Achilles
 Macedonia was poor and divided
 359 BC - King Philip seized power,united it, his army stronger than Sparta’s
 338 BC – King Philip controlled all of Greece
o Athens and Thebes joined to try to stop him but were unsuccessful
 He had planned to attack Persia, but in 336 BC he was assassinated
 20 year old Alexander became king
o He wanted to be as great as his hero Achilles
 334 BC – won his first battle
o Within 11 years, he had conquered Persia, Egypt, Greece and lands
extending beyond the Indus River
o He established many cities in his name
o He never lost a battle
o He earned the right to be called “Alexander the Great”
o Alexander got as far as Babylon, where he came down with a fever
 323 BC – only 13 years after becoming king, Alexander died.
o His death spelled death for his empire
o Within 50 years:
 Confusion and disorder
 the empire broke into three major kingdoms, each ruled by one
of Alexander’s former commanders
 Kingdom 1 – Greece and Macedonia combined
 Kingdom 2 – Persia
 Kingdom 3 – Egypt
 Commanders fought over these lands for the next 300 years
 New cities built; settled by soldiers, traders and artisans
 Greek culture still remained alive and well in the new
kingdoms because of them
 Hellenistic Kingdoms –
o Cities modeled after Greek cities
o Greek kings ruled and help important jobs
o Cities designed with Greek temples and agoras
o Large theatres built for performing the arts
o Greek language was spoken
o Alexandria the greatest Hellenistic city in Egypt
 Alexander founded it in 332 BC at the edge of the Nile Delta
and it became the capital of Egypt and famous for its trade and
business
 Its lighthouse had a flame that guided ships safely into port
 It was also a great city of learning
 It had the largest library in the world
 Mathematics and science flourished
 300 BC Euclid developed geometry
o Mathematical laws and principles
 Squares
 Cubes
 Angles
 Triangles
 Cones
o his laws and principles are still used today
 Scientists in Hellenistic times:
 Knew the Earth was round
 Eratosthenes –
o Calculated the distance around the Earth
o Used advance mathematics
o Calculations very close to the distance we know
today
 Its greatest scientist – Archimedes
 Studied in Alexandria
 Discovered pulleys and levers
o Used to lift very heavy objects
 In the fall of 490 BC –
o Thousands of Persians landed in Greece
o Persian soldiers gathered at Marathon
 About 25 miles north of Athens
o Athenians hastily put together a small army
 Persia outnumbered Athens 2 to 1
o Several days armies stared tensely at each other across the plain of
Marathon
o Without warning, the Athenians rushed the Persians
 Persian succumbed to Athens
o This tiny state had defeated the giant that had come to destroy it
Conflict and the Athenian Empire
 More battles with Persia followed
 As a common enemy, Persia distracted Greece from fighting one another
o Briefly uniting them to drive away the Persians
 Victory over the Persians increased the Greeks’ sense of their own
importance
 They believed that the gods had favored them
 Athens emerged from the war as the most powerful city-state in Greece
 Athens joined other city-states in the Delian League
o Names after the island of Delos, where the league’s treasury was kept
 IN time, these cities were treated more like subjects of Athens and less like
allies
 Athens came to dominate the league and used it to create its empire
o Forcing other city-states to bow to its will
 Athens supported democratic groups within other city-states, but its focus
was on freedom for its own people.
 The years that followed the Persian Wars were the Golden Age of Athens.
Sparta and Athens at War
Although democratic at home, Athens began to act unfairly toward other citystates.
At first, allies paid tribute for protection, in case the Persians caused more
trouble.
Later, Athens moved the treasury from Delos to Athens and used the money
that was supposed to help defend its allied, to build the Parthenon and to
finance other projects.
The Peloponnesian War
 People began to fear and resent Athens’ power
 They looked to Sparta, which had not joined the alliance, to protect
them
 To counter the Delian League, Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
o Names after Peloponnesus (southern Greek peninsula where
Sparta was located)
 431 BC – Sparta and its allied fought against Athens and its allies
 The war lasted for 27 years
 Athens :
o A fine navy
o More wealth
o Geographic location was a great disadvantage
 Sparta:
o Geographic location was inland, could not be attacked by sea
o Had only to march north to attack Athens by land
o Sparta invaded Athens
o Pericles allowed the people from the surrounding countryside to move
inside the city walls
o Overcrowded conditions led to a plague
 Plague killed 1/3 of Athenians in the five years it lasted
 Pericles was one of the dead
 Struggle to take Pericles place undermined the city’s
government.
The Fall of Athens:
Athens never recovered from its losses during the plague.
Sparta allied itself to its formed common enemy (Persia) to have the
advantage of their navy
 405 BC – Spartans staged a blockade
 They surrounded and closed the harbor where Athens received food
shipments
 Starving and beaten, the Athenians surrendered in 404 BC
 Spartans, victorious:
o Knocked down the wall of Athens
o Destroyed its navy
o Decimated its empire
 Athens never again dominated the Greek world