Download Connective and Muscle Tissues

150 Human Anatomy & Physiology
Connective & Muscle Tissues, Ch. 4
Tissues
Groups of cells similar in structure and function
The four types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective:
A main focus of this lecture
Muscle:
A main focus of this lecture
Nerve
Functions of Connective Tissue
Binding and support
__________________
Insulation
Transportation
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Found throughout the body; most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues
Connective tissues have:
Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
Varying degrees of vascularity
Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and ____________
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
Fibers - collagen, elastic, or reticular
Cells - fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells
Ground Substance
Interstitial (tissue) fluid
Adhesion proteins - fibronectin and laminin
Proteoglycans - glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Function: A molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
Connective Tissue
Major Types of Connective Tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
___________
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Major Cell Types of C.T.
_____________ - connective tissue proper
Chondroblasts - cartilage
Osteoblasts - bone
Hematopoietic stem cells - ___________
White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells
Fibers
Collagen - tough; provides high tensile strength
Elastic - long, thin fibers that allow for stretch
Reticular - branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks
Embryonic
Mesenchyme - embryonic connective tissue
Gel-like ground substance found in the embryo with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
Gives rise to all other connective tissues
Connective Tissue Proper: Loose
Areolar connective tissue
Description: Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers
-
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
Function: Wraps and _______________ organs
Location: ___________ distributed throughout the body
Adipose connective tissue
Description: Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes
Function: Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects
Location: Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts
Reticular connective tissue
Description: Loose ground substance with ___________ fibers
-
Reticular cells lie in a fiber network
Function: Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types
Location: Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen
Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular
Dense Regular connective tissue
Description: Parallel collagen fibers with a few __________ fibers
Major cell type: Fibroblasts
Function: Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone
Location: Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular
Dense Irregular connective tissue
Description:
Irregularly arranged ____________ fibers with some elastic fibers
Major cell type: Fibroblasts
Function:
Withstands tension in _________ directions providing structural strength
Location:
Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules
Connective Tissue: Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Description:
Amorphous, firm matrix w/ imperceptible network of collagen fibers (costal cart.)
Major Cell Type: Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
Function:
Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression
Location:
Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
Elastic Cartilage
Description:
Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers; Maintains shape and
structure while allowing flexibility (Similar to hyaline cart.; more elastic fibers)
Function:
Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
Location:
Supports external ______ (pinna) and the epiglottis
Fibrocartilage Cartilage
Description:
Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers
Function:
Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
Location:
Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of ________ joint
Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Description:
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone
-
Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis
Major Cell Type: Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized
Function:
Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action (
-
Stores calcium, minerals, and fat
Connective Tissue: Blood
Description:
Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Function:
Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
Location:
Contained within blood vessels
Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous:
Skin (Stratified epitheliel on top of C.T.)
Mucous
Lines body cavities open to the exterior (e.g., digestive and respiratory tracts)
Serous
Moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity
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Muscle Tissue: General
Function:
Movement
Description:
Well vascularized, inervated cells that can contract (shorten) due to specialized
actin/myosin filaments combinations called myofilaments
Three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
Smooth Muscle
Description:
Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations;
____________
Function:
Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis)
Location:
Found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g. stomach, urinary bladder, and
respiratory passages)
Cardiac Muscle
Description:
Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalated discs;
_____________
Function:
Propels blood into the circulation
Location:
Found in the walls of the heart
Skeletal
Description:
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations (banded appearance);
________________!
Function:
Initiates and controls voluntary movement
Location:
Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin
Tissue Trauma
Causes inflammation, characterized by: Dilation of blood vessels, Increase in vessel permeability
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Tissue Repair
Organization and restored blood supply
The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue
Regeneration and fibrosis
Surface epithelium regenerates and the scab detaches
Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
Nervous Tissue
Description:
Branched neurons with long cellular processes and support cells
Function:
Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
Location:
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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