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MODULE 2 LECTIO PRIMA (1) Topic: Verb. Categories of Verb. Imperative Mood. Common Phrases Used in Prescriptions. Number of Hours: 2 Objectives: to get general notion of the verb as a part of speech; to differentiate between four conjugations of verbs; to master the rules of the Imperative Mood formation and its use in prescriptions; to learn common phrases used in prescriptions. TOPIC CONTENT 1. General categories of the verb. 2. Four conjugations of the verb. 3. Formation of Imperative Mood. 4. Dictionary form of the verb. GENERAL NOTION ABOUT THE VERB The verb is a part of speech that expresses an action (such as go), an event (such as happen), or a state (such as exist). Besides, the verb is characterized by several grammar categories. Latin verbs are widely used in professional sayings, proverbs, aphorisms and prescriptions. The main categories of Latin verbs are: 1) Number: numerus singularis (sing.) – singular numerus pluralis (plur.) – plural 2) Person: persona prima (ego, nos) – the first person singular and plural (I; we) persona secunda (tu, vos) – the second person singular and plural (You) persona tertia (pronouns do not exist) – the third person singular and plural (He, she, it; they) Nota bene: in Latin pronouns are not written together with the verbs. The person is defined according to the form of the verb and its ending. 3) Tense: tempus praesens (corresponds to the English Present Indefinite) tempus imperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Indefinite) tempus perfectum (corresponds to the English Present Perfect) tempus plusquamperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Perfect) futurum I (corresponds to the English Future Indefinite) futurm II (corresponds to the English Future Perfect) Nota bene: medical students study only tempus praesens. 4) Voice: genus activum – active voice genus passivum – passive voice 5) Mood : modus indicativus – the Indicative Mood modus conjunctivus – the Subjunctive Mood modus imperativus – the Imperative Mood 6) Infinitive – Infinitivus. (In Latin all the infinitives have inflexion –re following the stem of the verb; eg.: dare (to give), miscere (to mix), dividere (to divide), audire (to listen). 7) Conjugation: conjugation. There are four conjugations in Latin. CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB The conjugations are defined according to the final letter of the stem of the verb. To define the stem of the verb it is necessary to cut –re from the Infinitives of the 1, 2, 4 conjugations and –ere in the 3rd conjugation: Infinitive Stem dare da- miscere misce- dividere divid- audire audi- Thus, the 1st conjugation includes the verbs with the final –a in their stem; the 2nd conjugation includes the verbs with the final –e in their stem; the stem of the verbs of the 3rd conjugation mostly ends in a consonant or –u, -i; the 4th conjugation includes the verbs with the final –i in their stem. The stem of the verb is a very important part of the word as it serves as the basis to build other forms of the verbs including the Imperative Mood which is used in prescriptions. FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD The Imperative Mood or Modus Imperativus exists in two forms: the second person singular and the second person plural. The Imperative Mood expresses an order or request to do something. To form the Imperative Mood in the second person singular it is enough to drop the inflexion –re from the Infinitive in all the four conjugations, it coincides with the stem. To form the Imperative Mood in the second person plural it is necessary to add the ending –te to the stem of the verb in the 1st, 2nd, 4th conjugations, and the ending –ite in the 3rd conjugation, because the stem of the verbs in the 3rd conjugation contains final consonant. That’s why the vowel –i is inserted for the sake of pronunciation. Infinitive Stem 2nd person sing. 2nd person plur. Dare da Da Date Miscere misce Misce Miscete Dividere divid Divide Dividite Audire audi Audi Audite It should be noted that long vowels of the Infinitive inflexions in the 1 st, 2nd and 3rd conjugations are preserved in the form of the Imperative Mood in the 2nd person plural as well as a short one in the 3rd conjugation. DICTIONARY FORM OF THE VERB Verbs, like nouns and adjectives, have their own dictionary form. Medical students use a shortened dictionary form of the verb which consists of the verb in the 1st person singular, Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice (always with the ending -o), and after coma inflexion of the Infinitive with the part of the stem. Nota bene: the ending –o is the inflexion of the 1st person singular for all the verbs in Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice. It is added to the stem of the verbs. In the 1st conjugation the final letter of the stem –a is transformed into –o. Thus, the dictionary form of the Latin verbs looks like the following: 1st conjugation – do, are 2nd conjugation – misceo, ere 3rd conjugation – divido, ere 4th conjugation – audio. ire THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Determine the stem and conjugation of the following verbs given in the Infinitive form. solvere, praeparare, sumere, signare, miscere, scire, repetere, videre, dare, habere, formare, dignoscere, tussire, laborare, munire. 2. Define conjugation and stem of the following verbs on the basis of their dictionary form. addo, ere coquo, ere ausculto, are dormio, ire servio, ire floreo, ere bibo, ere filtro, are doceo, ere valeo, ere 3. Form the Infinitive on the basis of the stem of the verbs, denote their conjugation. cred- scrib- adhibe- infund- fini- lini- defend- ama- veta- stude- 4. Write down dictionary forms of the following verbs on the basis of their stems: noce- perfora- palpa- ter- repet- sana- sci- senti- vide- disc- 5. Form the Imperative Mood singular and plural of the following verbs and translate them: spirare dormire adhibere sanare sentire videre legere solvere scribere nutrire signare habere VOCABULARY 1st conjugation ausculto, are - to listen to curo, are - to cure do, are - to give filtro, are - to filter formo, are - to form laboro, are - to work palpo, are - to palpate praeparo, are - to prepare sano, are - to heal signo, are - to sign spiro, are - to breathe 2nd conjugation adhibeo, ere - to use doceo, ere - to teach habeo, ere - to have misceo, ere - to mix studeo, ere - to study video, ere - to see 3rd conjugation defendo, ere - to defend dignosco, ere - to diagnose lego, ere - to read scribo, ere - to write solvo, ere - to solve vivo, ere - to live 4th conjugation audio, ire - to hear dormio, ire - to sleep finio, ire - to finish munio, ire - to strengthen nutrio, ire - to feed sentio, ire - to feel LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS Vivere est militare. - To live means to struggle. Vivere est cogitare. - To live means to learn. Carpe diem. - Catch the day (don’t waist your time). Primum non nocere. - First of all, don’t do any harm. Festina lente. - Be quick but slowly. Perfice te. - Improve yourself. Veto. - I forbid. LECTIO SECUNDA (II) Topic: Prescription. Abbreviations in Prescriptions. Number of hours: 2 Objectives: to acquire practical skills of prescribing medicines. TOPIC CONTENT 1. General information about the prescription and its structure. 2. Grammatical structure of compound pharmaceutical terms. 3. Abbreviations in prescriptions. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRESCRIPTION A prescription (in Latin “receptum”) is a written order of the physician to the pharmacist to prepare and give certain medicines to the patient indicating the way these medicines should be used. A prescription is an important medical and legal document written according to certain rules. In Ukraine these rules are stipulated by the Order No 117 of the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine date June 30, 1994. Prescriptions are written out on a standard form, legibly, without any corrections in the Latin language. It is a classical form of the prescription. Traditionally a prescription consists of 9 parts: I. Inscriptio I (the first sign) – inscription including the name of a medical establishment, its address, telephone, code. II. Inscriptio II (the second sign) – inscription containing the date of prescribing. III. Nomen aegroti (patient’s name) – patient’s name and age are indicated (especially when the patient is under 14 or over 60). IV. Nomen medici (physician’s name) – the name of a physician writing out the prescription in a legible style. Invocatio – the physician’s order to the pharmacist which is expressed by V. the Imperative Mood of the verb “recipere” (to take): Recipe: (Take:). When the prescription is written in English it includes the symbol Rx. VI. Designatio materiarum – the list of medications or their ingredients and their amount. A prescription is simple (receptum simplex) if designatio materiarum contains only one (main - basis) medication. A prescription is composite (receptum compositum) if designatio materiarum contains two and more medical preparations. There is a certain order of writing out medical preparations or their ingredients in composite prescriptions. The main medical preparation – basis – is the first, it has the most important therapeutic effect; then additional medications – remedium adjuvans – are written which intensify or reduce the effect of the main medicine; after that there may be a remedy which improves the taste or smell of the preparation – remedium corrigens (it may be some juice or simply sugar); and at last those substances which give the medication its final form are written – remedium constituens – there may be distilled or purified water, some vegetable oils or spirits. While writing designatio materiarum the following rules must be kept: - every new name of a medicinal preparation must be written with a new line with a capital letter and in Genitive case (sing. or plur.). Nothing is written under the word “Recipe:”; - in the middle of the line only the names of plants, chemical elements and medicines are written with a capital letter. The names of medicinal forms, adjectives, oxides, anions of salts, general words are written with a small letter; - with every medicinal preparation its single dose is indicated to the right. The amount of solid or dry substances is indicated in grams, milligrams, centigrams, decigrams with Arabic numbers – 10,0; 0,005; 0,02; 0,1, but the words “gram, milligram, centigram, decigram” are not written. Liquid substances are prescribed in millilitres – 1ml; 0,5 ml or in drops. The words “millilitre” (ml) and “drop” (gutta) are written in the prescriptions. The amount of drops is written with Roman numbers after the word “drop”. If one drop is taken “guttam I” must be written, if two or more drops are taken “guttas III” is written instead (Acc. sing. and plur. respectively). Some medicinal preparations (antibiotics, hormonal preparations, vitamins) are measured in biological units of action – 100 000 UN. In this case we write the first letters of the words in a language other than Latin, e.g. English – UN. If two or more medicinal preparations are prescribed in the same amount, this amount is indicated after the last name of the drug with the word “ana” which means “ this amount of each”. VII. Subscriptio (subscription) – it contains information for the pharmacist how to prepare the medicine (Misce, ut fiat… - Mix to get…), what form it should be (Misce, ut fiat unguentum – Mix to get some ointment), what amount should be given to the patient (Da tales doses numero… - Give such doses in the amount of…), and how to pack (Da tales doses numero…in charta cerata – Give such doses in the amount of…in a waxed paper). If a prescription is simple, this part contains only indication to give medicine (Da. – Give.). VIII. Signatura (signature) – it contains indications for the patient concerning a single dose of the given medicine (pro dosi), time and way to take it. These indications are written in the language understandable for the patient. Only the word “Signa” (Sign) is written in Latin. IX. Nomen medici et sigillum personale – signature and personal seal of the physician writing out the prescription. If medicines should be given very quickly, the physician must write the word Cito! (quickly) in the upper part of the prescription, and in some urgent cases – Citissime! (very quickly) or Statim! (immediately). The prescription form may contain two prescriptions if medicines prescribed do not have any narcotic or poisonous substances. In this case the prescriptions are divided by the sign #. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS Compound pharmaceutical terms can consist of: - the noun and adjective in Nom. case; - two nouns, one of them in Nom. case, the other – in Gen. case; - two nouns and one adjective. The first noun is in Nom. case, the second noun – in Gen. case, and the adjective may by either in Nom. or Gen. depending on the noun it belongs to; - three nouns, the first of them – in Nom. case, the rest – in Gen. case (without changing the word order). Models of the Terms: a) noun + adjective etheric tincture – tinctura aetherea simple powder – pulvis simplex alcohol solution – solutio spirituosa b) noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. tincture of valerian – tinctura Valerianae liniment of ammonium – linimentum Ammonii c) noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + noun in Gen. powder of the leaves of the foxglove – pulvis foliorum Digitalis decoction of the oak bark – decoctum corticis Quercus d) noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + adjective in Nom. or Gen. dry extract of the lily of the valley – extractum Convallariae siccum oil solution of menthol – solutio Mentholi oleosa tincture of peppermint – tinctura Menthae piperitae While translating compound pharmaceutical terms into Latin one should keep in mind that: - the nouns indicating medicinal form are on the first place in Nom. case (tincture, infusion, liniment, solution, powder, tablet, suppository, extract, etc.); - the nouns indicating the name of the plant or chemical element, or medicinal preparation are on the second place in Gen. case. The name of the part of the plant (flower, root, bark, herb, etc.) precedes the name of the plant; - the adjective (either in Nom. or Gen. case) is written at the end of the phrase. For example: coated tablets of laevomycine – tabulettae Laevomycetini obductae; infusion of the leaves of the peppermint – infusum foliorum Menthae piperitae. Nota bene: all the medications in prescriptions are written in Genitive case singular or plural, except those which are not changed according to the cases. For example: Cacao, Ginseng, Dragee. ABBREVIATIONS IN PRESCRIPTIONS Prescriptions may be written in a full form or with abbreviations. It should be noted that trivial names of plants, names of medications, chemical nomenclature, most adjectives are never abbreviated. The table below presents the most frequently used abbreviations in prescriptions. Abbreviated form Full form Translation aa ana this amount of each Ac., Acid. Acidum acid amp. ampulla ampule aq. aqua water aq. destill. aqua destillata distilled water aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water cort. cortex cortex, bark D. Da. Detur. Give. D. t. d. N Da tales doses numero Give such doses in the amount Dentur tales doses numero dec., dct. decoctum decoction dr. dragee dragee em., emuls. emulsum emulsion empl. emplastrum plaster extr. extractum extraction, extract f. fiat, fiant let there be made fl., flor. flos, flores flower(s) fol. folium, folia leaf (-ves) fr. fructus fruit gel. gelatinosus, a, um gelatinous gtt., gtts. guttam, guttas one drop, more drops hb. herba herb inf. infusum infusion in amp. in ampullis in ampoules in caps. gel. in capsulis gelatinosis in gelatinous capsules in ch. cer. in charta cerata in waxed paper in ch. paraff. in charta paraffinata in paraffin paper in tab. in tabulettis in tablets in tab. obd. in tabulettis obductis in coated tablets linim. linimentum liniment liq. liquor liquid, fluid M. Misce. Misceatur. Mix. M., (ut) f. … Misce, (ut) fiat… Mix, let there be made… Misceatur, (ut) fiat… m. pil. massa pilularum mass of pills mucil. mucilago mucilage, mucus N. numerus number, amount ol. oleum oil past. pasta paste pulv. pulvis powder pro inject. pro injectionibus for injections q.s. quantum satis as much as it is required r., rad. radix root rhiz. rhizome rhizome, a huge root Rp.: Recipe: Take (Rx) sem. semen seed (s) simpl. simplex simple sir. sirupus syrup sol. solutio solution sp., spec. species tea (mixture of dried medicinal plants) spir. spiritus alcohol supp. suppositorium suppository subtil. subtilis fine (powder) subtiliss. subtilissimus extremely fine tinct., t-rae, tct. tinctura tincture ung. unguentum ointment EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Read and translate into English, explain the structure of the compound pharmaceutical terms. 1. Solutio Jodi spirituosa 6. Unguentum Hydrocortisoni 2. Herba Arnicae montanae 7. Flores Chamomillae 3. Gemmae Betulae 8. Tinctura amara 4. Linimentum Naphthalani 9. Oleum Eucalypti 5. Oleum Menthae piperitae 10. Sirupus fructuum Rosae 2. Translate into Latin, name their dictionary forms. 1. Tincture of the peppermint 6. Eye tetracycline ointment 2. Infusion of camomile flowers 7. Decoction of oak bark 3. Oil solution of camphor 8. Leaves of eucalyptus 4. Powder of the rhubarb root 9. Fruit of the sea-buckthorn 5. Dry extraction of valerian 10. Chloroform water 3. Read and translate the following prescriptions into English. 1. Recipe: Penicillini 200 000 UN pro injectionibus Da tales doses numero 10. Signa. 1 ml intramuscularly every 6 hours. 2. Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 20-30 drops 2-3 times a day. 3.Recipe: Solutionis Novocaini 1% 100 ml Dimedroli 1,0 Euphyllini 0,5 Aquae purificatae 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 1 ml per one inhalation in case of pneumonia. 4. Recipe: Infusi foliorum Sennae 20,0: 200 ml Da. Signa. One spoonful twice a day. 5. Recipe: Unguenti Laevomycetini ophthalmici 1% 10,0 Da. Signa. Apply on the eyelids 2-3 times a day. 6. Recipe: Nicotinamidi 0,025 Da tales doses numero 100 in tabulettis. Signa. 2 tab. three times a day. 4. Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations. 1. Rp.: Thymoli 0,75 D. t. d. N 12 in caps. S. 2. Rp.: Ol. Persicorum 50,0 D. S. 3. Rp.: Promedoli 0.025 Thipheni 0,3 Sacchari 0,2 M., f. pulv. D. t. d . N 10 S. 4. Rp.: Inf. fol. Urticae 15,0: 200 ml D. S. 5. Rp.: Citrali 2,0 Spir. aetylici 95% 25 ml Glycerini 75,0 M. D. S. 6. Rp.: Apilaci 0,01 Ol. Cacao q. s. M., f. supp. rect. D. t. d. N 10 in ch. cer. S. 5. Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations. 1. Rx: Monomycin 0,5 Dimexide solution 30% 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 2. Rx: Sulphathiazolum 5,0 White clay 2,5 Glycerine as much as is required Mix to get some paste. Give. Sign. 3. Rx: Iodoform 2,5 Vaseline about 25,0 Mix to get some ointment. Give. Sign. 4. Rx: Triturated camphor 0,1 Sugar 0,3 Mix to get some powder. Give 10 such doses in waxed paper. Sign. 5. Rx: Alcohol solution of iodine 10% 5 ml Give. Sign. 6. Rx: Iodine 0,1 Glycerine 10,0 Peppermint oil 3 drops Mix. Give. Sign. VOCABULARY English Latin alcohol spiritus, us m Apilac Apilacum, i n arnica Arnica, ae f birch (tree) Betula, ae f bitter amarus, a, um bud gemma, ae f camomile Chamomilla, ae f Camphor Camphora, ae f Chloroform Chloroformium, i n Citral Citralum, i n clay bolus, i f cocoa` Cacao (not changed) Dimexide Dimexidum, i n dog-rose Rosa, ae f dry siccus, a, um ethyl (adj.) aethylicus, a, um eucalyptus Eucalyptus, i f eye (adj.) ophthalmicus, a, um Glycerine Glycerinum, i n Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisonum, i n Iodine Iodum, i n Iodoform Iodoformium, i n Monomycin Monomycinum, i n mountain (adj.) montanus, a , um nettle Urtica, ae f Sulphathiazol Norsulfazolum, i n oak-tree Quercus, us f peach (fruit) Persicum, i n peppermint Mentha piperita, Menthae piperitae f Promedol Promedolum, i n rhubarb Rheum, i n rectal rectalis, e raspberry Rubus idaeus, Rubi idaei, m sea-buckthorn Hippophae, es f senna Senna, ae f sugar Saccharum ,i n Thiphen Thiphenum, i n Thymol Thymolum, i n triturated tritus, a, um valerian Valeriana, ae f Vaseline Vaselinum, i n white albus, a, um LECTIO TERTIA (III) Topic: Chemical Nomenclature. Number of Hours: 2 Objectives: to acquire the skills of chemical terminology formation. TOPIC CONTENT 1. Latin names of chemical elements. 2. Latin names of oxides and bases. 3. Latin names of salts. 4. Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts. 5. Latin names of compound ethers. 6. Latin names of acids. LATIN NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS Latin names of chemical elements are the neuter nouns of the 2 nd declension, that is, they have the inflexion –um in Nom. sing. and the inflexion –i in Gen. sing. For example: Ferrum, i n – iron Kalium, i n – potassium There are only two words-exceptions: Phosphorus, i m – phosphorus Sulfur, uris n – sulphur The names of chemical elements in prescriptions are written with a capital letter and never abbreviated. Chemical symbols are not accepted in prescriptions. The most important chemical elements Latin names English names Symbols Aluminium, i n Aluminium Al Argentum, i n Silver Ag Arsenicum, i n Arsenic As Aurum, i n Gold Au Barium, i n Barium Ba Bismuthum, i n Bismuth Bs Borum, i n Boron B Bromum, i n Bromine Br Calcium, i n Calcium Ca Carboneum, i n Carbon C Chlorum, i n Chlorine Cl Cuprum, i n Copper Cu Ferrum , i n Iron Fe Hydrargyrum, i n Mercury Hg Hydrogenium, i n Hydrogen H Iodum , i n Iodine I Kalium, i n Potassium K Magnesium, i n Magnesium Mg Natrium, i n Sodium Na Nitrogenium, i n Nitrogen N Oxygenium, i n Oxygen O Phosphorus, i m Phosphorus Ph Plumbum, i n Lead Pb Sulfur, uris n Sulphur S Zincum, i n Zinc Z LATIN NAMES OF OXIDES AND BASES According to the International Chemical Nomenclature Latin names of oxides consist of two words: the first place is occupied by the name of a chemical element with a capital letter in Gen. sing. (cation), the second place – by the group name (anion) with a small letter in Nom. sing. The group names may be oxide (oxydum, i n), peroxide (peroxydum, i n), hydroxide (hydroxydum, i n). In prescriptions both names are written in Gen. sing. For example: zinc oxide – Nom. sing.: Zinci oxydum Gen. sing.: Zinci oxydi The names of bases consist of two words: the name of a metal is written first with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of hydroxide with a small letter in Nom. sing. follows. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.: For example: iron hydroxide – Nom. sing.: Ferri hydroxydum Gen. sing.: Ferri hydroxydi LATIN NAMES OF SALTS Latin names of salts consist of two words: first the name of a chemical element or medication (cation) is written with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of anion is written in Nom. sing. with a small letter. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing. For example: copper citrate – Nom. sing.: Cupri citras Gen. sing.: Cupri citratis morphine hydrochloride – Nom. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridum Gen. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridi There are certain rules to form the names of salts: 1. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ate, it corresponds to Latin –as in Nom. sing. and –atis in Gen. sing.: nitrate – nitras, atis m. 2. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ite, it corresponds to Latin –is in Nom. sing. and –itis in Gen. sing.: nitrite – nitris, itis m. 3. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ide, it corresponds to the second declension neuter nouns with the suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: bromide – bromidum, i n. 4. The names of anions of hydracid salts with the organic base correspond to the second declension of nouns formed by means of the prefix hydr-, the suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: hydrochloride – hydrochloridum, i n. The most frequently used anions of salts English names Latin names sulphate sulfas, atis m nitrate nitras, atis m phosphate phosphas,atis m acetate acetas, atis m benzoate benzoas, atis m salicylate salicylas, atis m sulphite sulfis, itis m nitrite nitris, itis m arsenite arsenis, itis m bromide bromidum, i n chloride chloridum, i n sulphide sulfidum, i n iodide iodidum, i n hydrochloride hydrochloridum, i n LATIN NAMES OF ORGANIC SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SALTS The Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts consist of the name of their base written with a capital letter in Nom. sing. and the words natrium, kalium with a small letter in Nom. sing. These names are written with a hyphen. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.: For example: sulphathiazole sodium – Nom.sing.: Norsulfazolum-natrium Gen.sing.: Norsuflazoli-natrii benzylpenicillinu potassium – Nom.sing.: Benzylpenicillinum-natrium Gen.sing.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii LATIN NAMES OF COMPOUD ETHERS The Latin names of compound ethers consist of two words (in English it is one word): the name of a medication with a capital letter in Gen. sing. is the first, the second is the name of anion with a small letter in Nom. sing. In prescriptions all the words are written in Gen. sing. For example: methylsalicylate – Nom. sing.: Methylii salicylas Gen. sing.: Methylii salicylatis amylnitrite – Nom. sing.: Amylii nitris Gen. sing.: Amylii nitritis LATIN NAMES OF ACIDS The Latin names of acids are given in scientific literature according to the International Nomenclature. The names of acids consist of two words: the first is the word “acid” itself written with a capital letter – Acidum; then the name of acid, which is an adjective of the 1st class, follows. Thus, the names of acids in Latin are actually the “noun+adjective” combinations. To form the name of acids in Latin it is enough to add the ending –um to the English name. The most frequently used names of acids English names Latin names arsenic acid Acidum arsenicicum arsenous acid Acidum arsenicosum ascorbinic acid Acidum ascorbinicum acetic acid Acidum aceticum acetylsalicylic acid Acidum acetylsalicylicum adipinic acid Acidum adipinicum barbituric acid Acidum barbituricum benzoic acid Acidum benzoicum chloric acid Acidum chloricum chlorous acid Acidum chlorosum capronic acid Acidum capronicum chromic acid Acidum chromicum citric acid Acidum citricum carbonic acid Acidum carbonicum folic acid Acidum folicum formic acid Acidum formicicum glutaminic acid Acidum glutaminicum hydroiodic acid Acidum hydroiodicum hydrocyanic acid Acidum hydrocyanicum hydrosulphuric acid Acidum hydrosulfuricum hydrochloric acid Acidum hydrochloricum lactic acid Acidum lacticum nitric acid Acidum nitricum nitrous acid Acidum nitrosum nicotinic acid Acidum nicotinicum nucleinic acid Acidum nucleinicum oxalic acid Acdium oxalicum phthalic acid Acidum phthalicum phosphoric acid Acidum phosphoricum phosphorous acid Acidum phosphorosum sulphuric acid Acidum sulfuricum sulphurous acid Acidum sulfurosum salicylic acid Acidum salicylicum tartaric acid Acidum tartaricum EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Write down the names of the following chemical elements in Latin intheir dictionary forms: Sodium, potassium, lead, copper, iron, gold, silver, chlorine, boron, bromine, mercury, manganese, silicon, antimonium. 2. Translate the names of oxides and bases into Latin, form their Gen. sing. Hydrogen peroxide; magnesium peroxide; zinc oxide; aluminium hydroxide; lead oxide; potassium superoxide; bromine oxide; arsenic trioxide; iron oxide; calcium dioxide. 3. Translate the names of salts into Latin and form their Gen. sing. Barium sulphate; lead acetate; sodium benzoate; cocaine hydrochloride; ammonium bromide; potassium perchloride; copper subsulphate; mercury cyanide; sodium nitrite; potassium arsenite. 4. Give Latin equivalents of the following sodium and potassium salts, form their Gen. sing. sulphacyl sodium furagin potassium oxacillin sodium benzylpenicillin potassium barbital sodium thiopental potassium sulphathiazole sodium methicillin potassium sulphapyridazin sodium aethazole potassium 5. Translate the names of acids into Latin, form their Gen. sing. aminocapronic acid boric acid dehydrochloric acid etacrynic acid lipoic acid hydrofluoric acid mephenamic acid trichloacetic acid telluric acid hydrobromic acid 6. Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations . 1. Rx: Morphine hydrochloride Cocaine hydrochloride both in amount of 0,1 Purified water 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 2. Rx: Dicaine 0,05 Solution of adrenaline hydrochloride 1: 1000 4 drops Solution of zinc sulphate 0, 25% 10 ml Boric acid 0,2 Mix. Give. Sign. 3. Rx: Diluted hydrochloric acid 10 ml Purified water 150 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 4. Rx: Ephedrine hydrochloride 0,15 Dimedrolum 0,05 Novocaine 0,1 Solution of thiamine bromide 5% 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 5. Rx: Benzylpenicillin sodium 500 000 UN Solution of sodium chloride 0, 9% 8 ml Glycerine 3, 0 Mix. Give. Sign. 6. Rx: Streptocide 2, 0 Bismuth subnitrate 0, 02 Zinc ointment about 10, 0 Mix. Give. Sign. 7. Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations and translate them. 1. Rp.: Hydrargyri dichloridi 0, 1 Resorcini 2, 0 Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml M. D. S. 2. Rp.: Riboflavini 0, 001 Ac. ascorbinici Ac. nicotinici Thiamini bromidi aa 0, 005 Glucosi 0, 3 Sol. Cupri citratis 0, 01% 10 ml M. D. S. 3. Rp.: Calcii glycerophosphatis 2, 0 Ac. citrici 0, 2 Sir. simpl. 100 ml M. D. S. 4. Rp.: Sol. Norsulfazoli-natrii 5% 10 ml Mesatoni 0, 025 M. D. S. 5. Rp.: Magnesii sulfatis 30, 0 Ac. citrici 40, 0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis 45, 0 Sacchari 85, 0 M. D. S. 12 Rp.: Neomycini sulfatis 200 000 UN Prednisoloni 0, 2 Ol. Vaselini 20, 0 M. D. S. VOCABULARY English Latin Adrenaline Adrenalinum, i n Cocaine Cocainum, i n Dicaine Dicainum, i n diluted dilutus, a, um Dimedrol Dimedrolum, i n Ephedrine Ephedrinum, i n Glucose Glucosum, i n Mesaton Mesatonum, i n Morphine Morphinum, i n Neomycin Neomycinum, i n Novocaine Novocainum, i n Prednisolon Prednisolonum, i n Resorcine Resorcinum, i n Riboflavine Riboflavinum, i n Streptocide Streptocidum, i n Thiamine Thiaminum, i n LECTIO QUARTA (IV) Topic: Structural Units in the Names of Medical Preparations. Number of hours: 2 Objectives: acquire practical skills of correct writing the names of medications. TOPIC CONTENT 1. Scientific and trivial names of medications. 2. Structural units in the names of medications. SCIENTIFIC AND TRIVIAL NAMES OF MEDICATIONS Most medical preparations have two names: scientific and trivial. Scientific or systemic name indicates chemical composition of the drug, the location of components in it which corresponds to the composition and structure of a compound’s molecule. They may be very long and look like chemical formulas. Trivial names do not show scientific or chemical structure, they have a short form, simple phonetic and grammar structure. That’s why they are easy to operate with. Latin trivial names of medications are the second declension neuter nouns with the ending –um in Nom. sing. and the ending –i in Gen. sing. They are written with a capital letter. For example: novocaine – Novocainum, i n oxytetracycline – Oxytetracyclinum, i n Nota bene: many modern names of medications do not often have the ending –um. However, they are considered to be the second declension neuter nouns and in Gen. sing. they traditionally are written with the ending –i. For example: Nom. sing. – Allergol Gen. sing. – Allergoli STRUCTURAL UNITS IN THE NAMES OF MEDICATIONS Pharmaceutical structural units in the names of medications are wordbuilding elements, which are regularly used in the names of medicines and inform about their pharmacological group, chemical composition, therapeutic action, anatomical or physiological character. The knowledge of structural units in the names of medications gives better understanding of the nature of numerous modern medicines and ability to write them correctly. The most frequently used names of structural units Structural Meaning Example unit -aesth- loss of feeling or perception; used in the Anaesthesolum, i n -aesthes- names of pain-killers -aeth- presence of ethyl group or ethyl radical -eth- Aethonium, ii n Ethionamidum, i n -alg- denoting pain-relieving preparations Analginum, i n -allerg- antiallergic means Allergol -amin- presence of amino group Aminocapron -angi- vasodilating, spasmolytic preparations Anginal -ap- preparations made of substances produced Apilacum, i n by bees or containing bee venom -asthm- antiasthmatic preparations Asthmatolum, i n -azid- presence of azotogroup Diazolinum, i n -azin- Aminazinum, i n -azol- Phthivazidum, i n -barb- denoting barbiturates (sedative, hypnotic) Barbovalum, i n -benz- preparations containing benzol Benzacinum, i n -bil- bile-expelling preparations Bilicholum, i n -chol- Cholamidum, i n -cain- pain-killers used topically Novocainum, i n -camph- presence of camphor Camphonium, i n -carb- presence of carbon Carbocholinum, i n -cillin- antibiotics of penicillin group Ampicillinum, i n -cor- preparations for the heart Corvalolum, i n -card- Cardiovalenum, i n -cyan- belonging to cyanogroup Cyanocobalaminum, i n -cycl(in)- antibiotics of tetracycline group Oxytetracyclinum, i n -chlor- presence of chlorine Chloraconum, i n -derm- preparations for skin diseases Dermatolum, i n -dorm- denoting sedative, hypnotic, antistress, Dormicum, i n -hypn- sleep-inducing preparations Hypnofer -sed- Sedalginum, i n -stress- Anastress -tranqu- Tranquisan -zepam- Nitrazepamum, i n -fung- antifungal antibiotics Nitrofungin -myc- Streptomycinum, i n -mycin-gastr- preparations for the stomach -haem- medicines made of blood or for the Haematogenum, i n -haemat- treatment of blood diseases -hydr- presence of water molecules or hydrogen Hydrocortisonum, i n -meth- presence of methyl radical Methacidum, i n -morph- narcotic pain-killer preparation Morphinum, i n -naphth- presence -phth- derivatives of naphtha -nephr- denoting preparations for the treatment of Renostypticin of naphthalan Gastropharm nucleus, Naphthalanum, i n Phthazinum, i n -ren- kidney diseases -oxy- presence of oxygen -pancr- denoting Oxytocinum, i n preparations used for the Pancreatinum, i n treatment of pancreatic diseases -phen- presence of phenol or its radical phenyl Phenobolinum, i n -phyll- indicating the leaf (Greek origin) Theophyllinum, i n -phyt- indicating the plant Phytinum, i n -phosph- presence of phosphorus Phosphacolum, i n -py(o)- denoting antiseptic preparation Pyocidum, i n -pyr- denoting antipyretic preparations reducing Pyrogenalum, i n fever -sulf- presence of sulphur Sulfalenum, i n -thyr- denoting preparations for thyroid diseases Thyreoidinum, i n -theo- cocoa derivatives Theophedrinum, i n -ur- denoting preparations for the treatment of Urosulfanum, i n urinary disorders -vir- antiviral preparations Virosol -vit- indicating vitamins Hexavitum, i n -yl- indicating any substance or remaining acid Methylenum, i n radical Nota bene: you should keep in mind that these are the most frequently used structural units in the names of medications. Studying Chemistry, Biology, Anatomy and other subjects you will find more of them. THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Find the structural units in the names of the following medications and indicate their meaning. a) Acephenum Angiotensinum b) Aethazolum Baralginum c) Aevitum Befunginum Benzonalum Bicillinum Bromcamphora Chloraconum Cholecinum Cordiaminum Corglyconum Cyclamidum Dactinomycinum Dexamethasonum Diacarbum Diazepamum Dicainum Doxycyclinum Dipheninum Erycyclinum Ethosuximidum Euphyllinum Gentamycinum Haemodesum Hydrocortisonum Isapheninum Lidoflazinum Naphthalanum 2. Distribute the following medications according to their pharmaceutical, anatomical, therapeutic or chemical meaning on the basis of structural units they contain. Lincomycinum, Indomethacinum, Cordigitum, Bencainum, Nitrofungin, Nitroglycerinum, Novocainamidum, Oxacillinum-natrium, Phenobarbitalum, Platyphyllinum, Pyrogenalum, Sulfalenum, Thiophosphamidum, Thrombolytinum, Thyreotropinum, Undevitum, Urosulfanum, Vitaiodurolum, Cholini chloridum, Haemostimulinum. 3. The names of medicines written below may contain structural units which are not indicated in the table of this lesson. Try to find them and explain their meaning. Cerebrolysinum,Cholenzymum,Citralum, Corticotropinum, Cyclomethiazidum, Cystenalum, Desoxycorticosteroni acetas, Diiodthyrosinum, Ergocalciferolum, Erythromycini phosphas, Ferroceronum, Fibrinolysinum, Histaglobulinum, Histamini dihydrochloridum, Hydrargyri oxycyanidum, Lactobacterin, Kanamycini monosulfas, Methylandrostendiolum, Mycoseptin, Pertussinum, Plasmolum, Vitohepatum. 4. Write the following prescriptions in a full form, explain the meaning of the structural units in the names of medicines. 1. Rp.: Tannini 1, 5 Ac. salicylici 2, 0 Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml M.D. S. 2. Rp.: Inf. hb. Thermopsidis 0, 1: 100 ml Natrii benzoatis 0, 6 Sir. Althaeae 20 ml M. D. S. 3. Rp.: Calcii oxydi 5, 0 Calcii chloridi Natrii chloridi aa 2, 0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis 1, 5 Kalii chloridi 1, 3 M. D. S. 4. Rp.: Amidopyrini 5, 0 Natrii bromidi 10, 0 T-rae Valerianae 10 ml Aq. purif. ad 180 ml M. D. S. 5. Rp.: Barbitali-natrii 4, 5 Aq. purif. 90 ml M. D. S. 6. Rp.: Ac. lactici Ac. salicylici aa 1, 0 Collodii 8, 0 M. D. S. 5. Prescribe the following in Latin in full form and using abbreviations. 1. Rx: Potassium iodide 0, 3 Sodium hydrocarbonate 0, 2 Purified water 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 2. Rx: Aethylmorphine hydrochloride Papaverin hydrochloride Extract of Belladonna 0, 1 of each Water of peppermint 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 3. Rx: Trioxymethylen o, 5 Thymol 0, 05 Zincum oxyde 5, 0 Solution of oil camphor as much as is required Mix to form some paste. Give. Sign. 4. Rx: Erythromycin 250 000 UN Laevomycin 1, 5 Streptocide 2, 5 Mix to form some fine powder. Give. Sign. 5. Rx: Phenobarbital 0, 01 Trimethine 0, 05 Bromisoval 0, 2 Mix to get some powder. Give such doses 6 in the amount. Sign. 6. Rx: Butadion 0, 15 Paracetamol 0, 5 Cocoa oil as much as is required to form rectal suppositorium. Give such doses 20 in the amount. Sign. VOCABULARY English Latin Aethylmorphine Aethylmorphinum, i n marshmallow Althaea, ae f Amidopyrine Amidopyrinum, i n Barbitalum-natrium Barbitalum-natrium, i n belladonna (med. plant) Belladonna, ae f Bromisoval Bromisovalum, i n Butadion Butadionum, i n Collodium Collodium, ii n Erythromycin Erythromycinum, i n Laevomycin Laevomycetinum, i n Papaverine Papaverinum, i n Paracetamol Paracetamolum, i n Phenobarbital Phenobarbitalum, i n Tannine Tanninum, i n thermopsis (med. plant) Thermopsis, idis f Trimethine Trimethinum, i n Trioxymethylenum Trioxymethylenum, i n LECTIO QUINTA (V) Topic: Solid Forms of Medications. Number of hours: 4 Objectives: to acquire practical skills in prescribing solid forms of medications. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The main rules to prescribe powders. 2. The main rules to prescribe tablets. 3. The main rules to prescribe dragee. 4. The main rules to prescribe medicinal teas. POWDERS (PULVERES) Powder (pulvis, eris m) is a dry, evenly triturated or grinded solid medicinal form which may be prescribed for internal (ad usum internum) and external (ad usum externum) use. After dissolution in a certain solvent powders may be used for injections (pro injectionibus). According to the number of ingredients powders are divided into simple and composite. Simple powders consist of one substance (pulveres simplices), composite powders contain two and more substances (pulveres compositi). According to the degree of grinding powders are divided into: - coarse, with comparatively big particles (pulvis grossus); the word “grossus” is omitted in the prescriptions; - fine powders, with smaller particles (pulvis subtilis); - the finest powders, with tiny particles (pulvis subtilissimus). According to the dosage of administration there are divided powders (pulveres divisi) and undivided powders (pulveres indivisi). Undivided powders are prescribed from 5, 0 to 100, 0 grams and contain not very drastic substances which do not require accurate dosage. Divided powders are indicated for one dose only and are prescribed from 0, 1 to 1, 0 gram. When simple divided powders are prescribed, after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal substance in Gen. sing. and its single dose are indicated, and in Subscriptio the number of doses should be indicated – Da tales doses numero… For example: Recipe: Pancreatini o, 5 Da tales doses numero 6 Signa. 1 powder three times a day after meals. When simple undivided powders are prescribed, after the word “Recipe:” the name of medicinal substance is indicated in Gen. sing. as well as general amount of the powder itself. In this case Subscriptio contains only the word “Da.” For example: Recipe: Magnesii oxydi 50, 0 Da. Signa. ½ of a teaspoonful in case of heartburn. Sometimes when simple divided or undivided powders are prescribed the name of the medicinal form is used in Gen. sing. – pulveris, and after that the name of the medicine itself in Gen. sing. or with the preposition cum (with) – in Abl. sing. For example: Recipe: Pulveris Schizandrae chinensis 0, 5 Da tales doses numero 12 Signa. 1 powder twice a day. Recipe: Pulveris cum Oxytetracyclino 30, 0 Da. Signa. 1 teaspoonful three times a day. When composite divided powders are prescribed after the word “Recipe” all the names of substances are written in Gen. sing. with their weight. Subscriptio contains the phrase indicating the way of preparing the powder – Misce, ut fiat pulvis, and the amount of powders which should be prescribed for the patient – Da tales doses numero… For example: Recipe: Codeini phosphati 0, 015 Natrii hydrochloridi 0, 3 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da tales doses numero 10 Signa. 1 powder three times a day. When composite undivided powders are prescribed after the word “Recipe:” all the names of substances in Gen. sing. are enumerated and their weight, and Subscriptio contains the phrase indicating the way to prepare the medicine in the form of a powder – Misce, ut fiat pulvis, followed by indication to give the medicine – Da. For example: Recipe: Acidi borici 1, 0 Talci ad 50, 0 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da. Signa. Apply to the injured skin. Simple and composite divided powders may be produced in capsules. They are used to eliminate unpleasant smell or taste, or irritating action of the medicine. Gelatinous capsules are mostly used for powders (capsulae gelatinosae). When the powders in capsules are prescribed the following phrase is written in Subscriptio: Da tales doses numero… in capsulis gelatinosis. For example: Recipe: Bromcamphorae 0, 1 Chinidini sulfatis 0, 05 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da tales doses numero 20 in capsulis gelatinosis. Signa. 1 capsule twice a day. If powders contain any hygroscopic substance or the powders are of vegetable origin, they are produces in waxed paper (in charta cerata), which is indicated in Subscriptio: Da tales doses numero… in charta cerata. For example: Recipe: Camphorae tritae 0, 1 Sacchari 0, 3 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da tales doses numero 12 in charta cerata. Signa. 1 powder twice a day. Tablets (tabulettae) Tablet (tabuletta, ae f) is a solid dosage medicinal form which is produced by means of compressing medicinal and additional auxiliary substances at pharmaceutical plants on special machines. Tablets may be indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use or for injections (after dissolving in a certain solvent). Sometimes tablets are coated (tabulettae obductae). For this purpose wheat flour (farina Tritici), starch (Amylum), sugar (Saccharum), cocoa (Cacao) may be used. Tablets are prescribed with indication or without indication of all the ingredients. If tablets contain only one medicinal substance, after the word “Recipe:” its name is written in Gen. sing., a single dose is indicated, and Subscriptio contains the information how many such tablets should be given to the patient with the indication of the form of medicine – Da tales doses numero… in tabulettis. For example: Recipe: Reserpini 0, 0025 Da tales doses numero 50 in tabulettis. Signa. 1 tab. twice a day. Prescribing ready-made standard tablets containing one main ingredient after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal form is written in Acc. plur. – tabulettas, and after that in Gen. sing. the name of medicine with its single dose and the amount which should be given are indicated. For example: Recipe: Tabulettas Aethazoli 0,5 numero 40 Da. Signa. 1 tab. four times a day. Combined tablets with a code name are prescribed in the following way: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal form is written in Acc. plur. – tabulettas and after that its code name in Nom. sing. in inverted commas without indication of a single dose and the amount of tablets are indicated. For example: Recipe: Tabulettas “Citramonum” numero 10 Da. Signa. 1 tab. three times a day. When tablets contain several ingredients and do not have a code or standard name, they are prescribed with a complete indication of all its constituents and their single dose in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” , and Subscriptio indicates the amount of tablets which should be given with the name of medicinal form – Da tales doses numero… in tabulettis. For example: Recipe: Phenobarbitali 0, 02 Coffeini 0, 03 Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis. Signa. 1 tab. twice a day. Dragee (Dragee) Dragee (dragee) is a solid dosage form of medication indicated for internal use (ad usum internum). Dragee are sugar-coaled pills or medicated confections. Most vitamins are usually prescribed in the form of dragee. As a rule, dragee are prescribed without indication of all the ingredients. The word “dragee” itself is not changed. It may be written after the word “Recipe:” or in Subscriptio – Da tales doses numero… in dragee. A single dose is indicated after the name of medicine which is written in Gen. sing. For example: Recipe: Dragee Diazolini 0, 05 numero 30 Da. Signa. 1 dragge a day after meals. Recipe: Aminazini 0, 025 Da tales doses numero 12 in dragee. Signa. 2 dragee twice a day. Some dragee consist of a combination of medicinal substances and have a code name. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written – dragee, and a code name is written in inverted commas in Nom. sing. with the indication of the amount of dragee. A single dose is not indicated. For example: Recipe: Dragee “Hexavitum” numero 40 Da. Signa. 1 dragee twice a day. Suppositories (suppositoria) Suppository (suppositorium, i n) – is a divided form of medication, solid at room temperature, but melts at body temperature. Suppositories are indicated for insertion into the body cavities: rectal (per rectum) and vaginal (per vaginam). That’s why there are rectal suppositories (suppositoria rectalia) and vaginal ones (suppositoria vaginalia). Suppositories contain medicinal substances and base. Common bases for suppositories are cocoa oil (oleum Cacao), butyrole (Butyrolum), gelatinous mass (massa gelatinosa), mixtures of various fats, mixtures with wax etc. Suppositories are prescribed in a full form with enumeration of all the ingredients after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. sing. and their amount. Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing the medication with one of the following phrases: Misce, fiat suppositorium. Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale. Misce, fiat suppositorium vaginale. The amount of suppositories which should be given is also indicated – Da tales doses numero… For example: Recipe: Euphyllini 0, 3 Olei Cacao 3, 0 Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale. Da tales doses numero 12. Signa. 1 suppository into the rectum 3 times a day. The suppositories containing only one medicinal substance are prescribed in a short form. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Acc. plur. – suppositoria followed by the preposition cum (with), after that the name of medication in Abl. sing. and a single dose. The amount of suppositories is also indicated. For example: Recipe: Suppositoria cum Ichthyolo 0, 2 numero 10 Da. Signa. 1 suppository into the rectum twice a day. Some combined suppositories have special code names. They are prescribed without indication of medicinal substances and their doses. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Acc. plur. – suppositoria followed by the name of the suppositories in inverted commas in Nom. sing. with the indication of their amount. For example: Recipe: Suppositoria “Bethiolum” numero 10 Da. Signa. Insert one suppository into the rectum at bedtime. Lately vaginal suppositories are produced in the form of globules – (globulus, i m). Nota bene: according to the previous State Pharmacopoeia suppositories were considered semisolid form of medication. Medicinal teas (species) Medicinal teas (species, ei f) are a mixture of several dried medicinal plants or their parts (leaves, herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, etc.), sometimes with addition of salts, ether oils, etc. Medicinal teas are indicated for internal use (ad usum internum) after being poured with boiling water as infusions or decoctions. Sometimes medicinal teas are indicated for external use (ad usum externum) for gargling, bathing wounds, inhalations, smoking. Usually medicinal teas are prescribed in a short form. These are officinal teas prepared at the pharmaceutical plants. The name of the tea is written after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. plur. and its general amount is indicated in grams. For example: Recipe: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 100, 0 Da. Signa. To smoke during bronchial asthma attack. The magistral medicinal teas which are prepared in chemist’s shops according to the physician’s prescription are prescribed with the indication of all the ingredients after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. case sing. or plur. with the amount of each in grams, and Subscriptio indicates the way to prepare this form of medication – Misce, ut fiant species. Nota bebe: you should keep in mind that the word “species” is written in plural form in the prescriptions. For example: Recipe: Corticis Quercus 10, 0 Foliorum Salviae 20, 0 Florum Chamomillae 30, 0 Misce, fiant species. Da. Signa. Pour 1 spoonful into a glass of boiling water, infuse it and use for gargling the mouth. Mind some kinds of medicinal teas: species aromaticae – aromatic tea species amarae – bitter tea species antiasthmaticae – antiasthmatic tea species cholagogae – bile-expelling tea species diureticae – diuretic tea species sedativae – sedative tea species stomachicae (gastricae) – gastric tea species laxantes – laxative tea species pectorales – pectoral tea species purgantes – purgative tea EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Translate into Latin. 1) Powder of the foxglove leaves. Powder of the rhubarb root. Powder of the sandal wood bark. Powder with Oxytetracycline. A composite powder of liquorice. A fine powder. A tiny (finest) powder. A divided powder. An undivided powder. A simple powder. 2) Tablets of belladonna extraction. Tablets of valerian extraction. Tablets of Aminalone (Rutinum, Phthalazolum, Proserine, Bromcamphor, Chinin sulphate, Platyphyllin hydrotartrate, acetylsalicylic acid, Codein phosphate, Potassium bromide, activated carbon). 3) Coated tablets of Raunatine. Coated tablets of “Allochol”. Coated tablets of Methionine. Coated tablets of Aminalone. 4) Pectoral medicinal tea. Purgative medicinal tea. Antiasthmatic medicinal tea. Bile-expelling medicinal tea. 5) A leaf of peppermint (nettle, senna, goose-grass). Leaves of eucalyptus (wormwood, arnica, fennel, aloe). 6) The herb of horse-tail (fennel, lily of the valley, milfoil). 7) Flowers of camomile (violet, dandelion, lily of the valley, sage, primrose). 8) Root of valerian(marshmallow, rhubarb, ginseng). 9) Seeds of anise (flax, sunflower, fennel, almond). 10)Fruit of strawberry (sea-buckthorn, dog-rose, raspberry). 11) Suppository with glycerine. Suppository with Ichthyol. Suppository with belladonna extraction. Suppository with sea-buckthorn oil. Suppositories with Theobromine. Suppositories with Metronidazol. Suppositories with Nystatine. 12) Suppositories “Anaesthesol”. Suppositories “Apilac”. Suppositories “Novurit”. 2. Translate into English. 1. Tabulettae Laevomycetini obductae 7. Suppositoria cum Dimedrolo 2. Calcii gluconas in tabulettis 8. Dragee Aminazini 3. Folia Salviae 9. Species stomachicae 4. Oleum Menthae piperitae 10. Radix Valerianae 5. Pulvis Xeroformii subtilissimus 11. Suppositoria «Anaesthe- 6. Cortex Quercus solum » 12. Fructus Cerasi 3. Translate into English, form Gen. sing. 1. Camphora trita 7. Species amarae 2. Suppositoria rectalia 8. Amylum Tritici 3. Extractum Belladonnae siccum 9. Semina Oryzae 4. Folia et gemmae Betulae 10. Rhizoma cum radicibus 5. Streptocidum album Valerianae 6. Fructus Amygdalae 11. Suppositorium vaginale 12. Herba Arnicae 4. Write down the following in a full form, translate into English. pulv. in amp. M. f. supp. Ac. in tab. subtil. fol. rad. D. t. d. N… supp. vagin. rhiz. M., f. sp. hb. supp. in caps. 5. Read the following prescriptions and translate them into English. 1. Recipe: Olei Eucalypti 2, 5 Talci 5, 0 Amyli 32, 5 Misce, ut fiat pulvis. Da. Signa. 2. Recipe: Tabulettas Pyracetami 0, 2 obductas numero 60 Da. Signa. 3. Recipe: Suppositoria cum Methyluracilo 0,5 numero 10 Da. Signa. 4. Recipe: Specierum cholagogarum 50, 0 Da. Signa. 6. Write the following prescriptions in a full form, read them and translate into English. 1. Rp.: Streptocidi Sulphadimezini Sulphathiazoli aa 5,0 M. f. pulv. D. S. 2. Rp.:Ac. benzoici 0, 2 Camphorae 0, 1 M. f. pulv. subtil. D.t.d. in caps. S. 3. Rp.: Analgini Dibazoli Papaverini hydrochloridi Phenobarbitali aa 0, 02 D.t. d. N 10 in tab. S. 4. Rp.: Dr. “Festalum” N 50 D. S. 5. Rp.: Anaesthesini 0, 5 Dermatoli 0, 3 Ol. Cacao q.s., ut f. supp. vagin. D.t.d.N 10. S. 6. Rp.: Fol. Menthae piperitae 20, 0 Fol. Urticae 15, 0 Fl. Chamomillae 25, 0 M.f. sp. D. S. 5. Prescribe the following in Latin in a full form and using abbreviations. 1. Rx: Ascorbic acid 0, 1 Thiamine bromide Riboflavin in the amount of 0, 003 each Mix to get some powder. Give 30 such doses. Sign. 2. Rx: Bromisovalum Sodium bromide in the amount of 0, 3 each Mix to get some fine powder. Give 10 such doses in waxed paper. Sign. . 3. Rx: Coated tablets “Microiodine” in the number of 40 Give. Sign. 4. Rx: Dragee of Retinole acetate 0, 00114 in the number of 50 Give. Sign. 5. Rx: Suppositories “Cefecon” 6 in number Give. Sign. 6. Rx: Laxative medicinal tea 100, 0 Give. Sign. VOCABULARY Latin English (Medicinal plants) Absinthium, i n wormwood Aloe, es f aloe Amygdala, ae f almond Anisum, i n anise Cerasum, i n cherry (berry) Convallaria, ae f lily of the valley Digitalis, is f foxglove Equisetum, i n` horse-tail Foeniculum, i n fennel Fragaria, ae f strawberry Ginseng, n (not changed) ginseng Helianthus, i m sunflower Liquiritia, ae f liqorice Linum, i n flax Millefolium, ii n milfoil Opium, ii n opium Oryza, ae f rice Plantago, inis f plantain, goose-grass Primula, ae f primrose Rubus idaeus, i m raspberry Salvia, ae f sage Santalum, i n sandal wood Taraxacum, i n dandelion Triticum, i n wheat Viola, ae f violet (Names of medicines) Aminalonum, i n Aminalon Aminazinum, i n Aminazin Amylum, i n starch Analginum, i n Analgin Bromcamphora, ae f Bromcamphor Cefeconum, i n Cefecon Codeinum, i n Codein Dimedrolum, i n Dimedrol Dibazolum, i n Dibazol Furacilinum, i n Furaciline Ichthyolum, i n Ichthyol Methioninum, i n Methionine Methyluracilum, i n Methyluracil Metronidazolum, i n Metronidazol Microiodum, i n Microiodine Novuritum, i n Novurit Nystatinum, i n Nystatine Oxytetracyclinum, i n Oxytetracycline Proserinum, i n Proserine Pyracetamum, i n Pyracetam Raunatinum, i n Raunatine Retinolum, i n Retinol Rutinum, i n Rutine Talcum, i n talc Xeroformium, ii n Xeroform LECTIO SEXTA (VI) Topic: Semisolid Forms of Medications. Number of Hours: 2 Objectives: to acquire practical skills of correct prescribing semisolid forms of medications. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The main rules to prescribe ointments. 2. The main rules to prescribe pastes. 3. The main rules to prescribe plasters. OINTMENTS (UNGUENTA) Ointment (unguentum, i n) is a semisolid medication, usually undivided, having a viscous consistency and prescribed for external use (ad usum externum). The ointment is prepared by mixing medicinal substances (one or more) and a special base. Vaseline (Vaselinum), lanolin (Lanolinum), depurated pork lard (adeps suillus depuratus) are common bases for ointments. There are simple and composite ointments. Simple ointments contain only one medicinal substance (basis) and a base for the ointment (remedium constituens). Ointments containing more than two ingredients are called composite. There are two ways to prescribe ointments: a short or full form. The ointments containing only one medicinal substance and a base are prescribed in a short form: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing. – unguenti, the name of medicinal substance in Gen. sing., its concentration and general amount of the ointment. For example: Recipe: Unguenti Hydrocortisoni 2, 5% 30, 0 Da. Signa. Apply to the injured skin. The ointments containing several ingredients are prescribed in a full form. In this case after the word “Recipe:” all the names of medicinal substances are written in Gen. sing., a base for the ointment, the amount of the constituents in grams, and Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing – Misce, (ut) fiat unguentum. For example: Recipe: Sulphacyli-natrii 6, 0 Aquae purificatae Olei Vaselini aa 2, 0 Lanolini 4, 0 Vaselini pro oculis 6, 0 Misce, fiat unguentum. Da. Signa. Apply to the eyelids twice a day. LINIMENTS (LINIMENTA) Liniment (linimentum, i n) is a liquid ointment (some authors consider liniments as liquid forms of medication) prescribed for external use (ad usum externum) which look like a thick liquid or jelly melting at body temperature. Various vegetable oils are used a base for liniments (oleum Helianthi, oleum Lini, oleum Ricini, oleum Olivarum, oleum Amygdalarum etc.). Liniments are an undivided medicinal form. They are usually prescribed in a full form with the list of all the ingredients in Gen. sing. and indication of their amount. Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing: Misce, (ut) fiat linimentum. For example: Recipe: Chloroformii Olei Hyoscyami Olei Terebinthinae aa 50 ml Misce, fiat linimentum. Da. Signs. Rub into the skin of the lumbar region. Liniments may be prescribed in a short form (analogically to ointments). In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication in Gen. sing. is written, its concentration and general amount of the liniment. For example: Recipe: Linimenti Synthomycini 5% 30 ml Da. Signa. Apply to the wound. PASTES (PASTAE) Paste (pasta, ae f) is a kind of a thick ointment of a paste-like consistency containing from 25% to 65% of powder-like substances. Common bases for pastes are the same as for ointments. If the amount of powder-like substances in pastes is less than 25%, neutral powders are added: starch (Amylum), talc (Talcum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum). Pastes are undivided medicinal forms prescribed for external use (ad usum externum). Usually pastes are prescribed in a full form enumerating all the ingredients in Gen. sing. and their amount in grams. Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing and medicinal form – Misce, (ut) fiat pasta. For example: Recipe: Acidi salicylici 1, 0 Talci 24, 0 Vaselini 25, 0 Misce, fiat pasta. Da. Signa. Apply to the injured skin. Sometimes pastes are prescribed in a short form: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing., its concentration and general amount. For example: Recipe: Pastae Anaesthesini 5% 50, 0 Da. Signa. Apply to the injured skin. PLASTERS (EMPLASTRA) Plaster (emplastrum, i n) is an undivided semisolid form of medication looking like a plastic mass which has the property to melt at body temperature and stick to the skin. Plasters are prescribed for external use (ad usum externum). Plasters are thick and liquid (skin varnish). The property to melt and stick to the skin is ensured by the plaster base which is made of paper, textile, resin alloy, paraffin, Indian rubber and some other substances. The plasters are made at pharmaceutical plants. They are prescribed in a short form. After the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing. – emplastri, than the name of the plaster follows, its amount (if it is not spread and give in a hard block) or size (if it is spread on the base), that is its length and width. For example: Recipe: Emplastri Plumbi simplicis 50, 0 Da. Signa. Apply on the textile and than to the injured area. # Recipe: Emplastri bactericidi adhaesivi 10 cm × 6 cm Da. Signa. Fix the margins of the wound. Liquid plasters are skin varnishes which actually are voletile liquids. After evaporation they remain some pellicle on the skin. Examples of such skin varnishes are: collodion (Collodium), cleol (Cleolum), corn liquid (liquor ad clavos). They are officinal and prescribed in a short form. For example: Recipe: Cleoli 100 ml Da. Signa. To fix dressings on the wound after operation. EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Translate into English, explain grammar structure of the following pharmaceutical terms. 1. Unguentum Tetracyclini Ophthalmicum 6. Pasta Zinci 2. Emplastrum Plumbi simplex 7. Linimentum Xeroformii 3. Unguentum Acidi borici compositum 4. Linimentum Synthomycini 8. Oleum Helianthi 5. Oleum Ricini in capsulis gelatinosis 9. Unguentum Hydrargyri oxydi flavi 2. Form combinations of the nouns and adjectives, write them down in Nom. and Gen. sing. 1. Yellow ointment 6. Bactericidal plaster 2. Composite plaster 7. Boric acid 3. Depurated Vaseline 8. Precipitated sulphur 4. The finest white Streptocide 9. Volatile liniment 5. Pure Phenol 10. Ethyl alcohol 3. Translate the following phrases used in prescriptions into Latin, form their Genitive case. 1. Ointment of Decamethoxin. Ointment of Nystatin. Ointment of Furacilin. Ointment of Dermatol. Ointment of Erythromycin. Ointment of boric acid. Ointment of copper citrate. Ointment of yellow mercury oxide. 2. Liniment of Nephthalan. Liniment of Streptomycin. Liniment of zinc oxide. Liniment of turpentine oil. Composite liniment of Chloroform. 3. Cocoa oil. Sunflower oil. Sea-buckthorn oil. Castor-bean oil. Peach oil. Almond oil. Olive oil. Flax oil. Peppermint oil. Dog-rose oil. Anise oil. Peanut oil. Eucalyptus oil. Pine-tree oil. 4. Write down the following expressions in full, translate them into English. ung. past. in caps. gel. linim. extr. M. D. S. in ch. cer. Ac. D. t. d. N ol. simpl. empl. M. f. ung. aq. purif. sol. 5. Prescribe the following in a full form and using abbreviations. 7. Rx: Salicylic acid Anaesthesin 2,5 each Vaseline about 50, 0 Mix to get some ointment. Give. Sign. 8. Rx: Streptocide 0, 3 Solution of Adrenaline hydrochloride 0, 1% 10 drops Menthol 0, 1 Lanolin 2, 0 Vaseline 8, 0 Mix to get some ointment. Give. Sign. 9. Rx: Ointment of yellow mercury oxide 1% 10, 0 Give. Sign. 4. Rx: Eye Tetracycline ointment 10, 0 Give. Sign. 5. Rx: Precipitated sulphur Beach tar 1, 0 each Zinc oxide Wheat starch 2, 5 each Vaseline 20, 0 Mix to get some ointment. Give. Sign. 6. Rx: Sodium chloride 20, 0 Lanolin 30, 0 Cord liver oil 100, 0 Purified water 20 ml Mix to get some liniment. Give. Sign. 7. Rx: Liniment of Synthomycin 10% 25 ml Give. Sign. 8. Rx: Beach tar Xeroform 3, 0 each Castor-bean oil about 100 ml Mix to get some liniment. Give. Sign. 9. Rx: Precipitated sulphur 2, 0 Wood-tar 0, 3 Zinc paste 30, 0 Mix to form some paste. Give. Sign. 10. Rx: Calcium glycerophosphate 5, 65 Calcium hydroxide Zinc oxide 1, 0 each Vaseline oil Glycerine in equal amounts as much as it is required Mix to form some paste. Give. Sign. 11. Rx: Pepper plaster 12 cm x 18 cm Give. Sign. 12. Rx: Simple lead plaster 25, 0 Ichthyol 2, 5 Mix to get some plaster. Give. Sign. LECTIO SEPTIMA (VII) Topic: Liquid Forms of Medications. Number of Hours: 4 Objectives: to acquire practical skill in prescribing liquid forms of medications. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The main rules to prescribe solutions. 2. The main rules to prescribe decoctions and infusions. 3. The main rules to prescribe tinctures. 4. The main rules to prescribe extracts. 5. The main rules to prescribe syrups. 6. The main rules to prescribe emulsions. 7. The main rules to prescribe mixtures. 8. The main rules to prescribe mucilages. Solutions (solutiones) Solution (solutio, onis f) is a liquid form of medication received by means of a complete dissolving of a solid or liquid substance in a solvent. Solutions are indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use or for injections (pro injectionibus). Common solvents for solutions are: purified water (aqua purificata), ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), various oils (olea). Due to the solvent there are water solutions (solutiones aquosae), alcohol solutions (solutiones spirituosae), oil solutions (solutiones oleosae). According to their composition solutions are divided into simple (solutiones simlices) and composite (solutiones compositae). Solutions are prescribed in a full form or in a short form. If solutions are prescribed in a full form, the names of all the ingredients are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” with the indication of their amount, in Subscriptio the way of preparing the solution is indicated – Misce. – followed by the indication to give the medicine – Da. For example: Recipe: Acidi borici 0, 3 Spiritus aethylici 70% 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 8-10 drops into the ear. In a short form the word “Recipe:” is followed by the names of the form of medication and preparation itself in Gen. sing., concentration of the solution and its general amount in milliliters. Subscriptio contains the phrases Da. Signa. If it is the solution for injections the word Sterilisetur! may be written. For example: Recipe: Papaverini hydrochloride 2% 10 ml Sterilisetur! Da. Signa. 1ml subcutaneously. If an alcohol or oils are used as solvents, the name of the solvent is indicated after the name of medicinal substance. Water as a solvent is not indicated in the prescriptions. For example: Recipe: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 5% 10 ml Da. Signa. 4 drops twice a day into the afflicted ear. # Recipe: Solutionis Mentholi oleosae 1% 5 ml Da. Signa. 2 drops into each nostril. # Recipe : Solutionis Furacilini 0, 2% 200 ml Da. Signa. To wash the wounds. Solutions for injections (pro injectionibus) are usually prescribed in a short form. The names of the form of medication and medicinal substance (sometimes with the indication of solvent) are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:”, the concentration of the solution and the volume of one ampoule is indicated. The number of ampoules which should be given to the patient is indicated in Subscriptio – Da tales doses numero… in ampullis. For example: Recipe: Solutionis Glucosae 40% 20 ml Da tales doses numero 6 in ampullis. Signa. For intravenous injections. Nota bene: if the phrase pro injectionibus is written in the prescription, the phrase in ampullis is omitted. For example: Recipe: Solutionis Ephedrini hydrochloride 5% pro injectionibus 1 ml Da tales doses numero 10. Signa. 1 ml for subcutaneous injections. Infusions and Decoctions (infusa et decocta) Infusion (infusum, i n) and decoction (decoctum, i n) are water extractions from the plant medicinal raw material for internal or external use (compresses, gargling, lotions etc.). Infusions are usually prepared from soft parts of the plants (flowers, leaves, stems, herbs), and decoctions – from hard parts of the plants (roots, rhizome, bark, fruit). Besides, infusions and decoctions differ by the way of extraction. Infusions are heated during 15 minutes and than are cooled during 45 minutes; decoctions are heated for 30 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes. Both infusions and decoctions are prescribed only in a short form. Designatio materiarum begins with the name of the form of medication in Gen. sing. – infusi, decocti – than the part of the plant and the name of the plant in Gen. sing. are written with the proportion of its amount and the amount of infusion or decoction in general. For instance, 10 grams of a medicinal raw material per 200 ml of water will be written as follows: 10, 0 : 200 ml. For example: Recipe: Infusi foliorum Menthae piperitae ex 5, 0 : 200 ml Da. Signa. 1 spoonful every 3 hour. # Recipe: Decocti corticis Quercus ex 20, 0 : 200 ml Da. Signa. Half a glass for gargling of the oral cavity three times a day. Tinctures (tincturae) Tincture (tinctura, ae f) is a liquid form of medication in the form of alcohol (tinctura spirituosa), alcohol-water (tinctura) or alcohol-ether (tinctura aetherea) extraction from the plant medicinal raw material for internal or external use. Tinctures are prepared without heating. They are transparent, more or less coloured liquids with the taste and smell of the original plants. Tinctures are officinal forms, and the way of their preparation and concentration are defined by the Pharmacopoeia and industrial technology. Tinctures are prescribed in a short way. The names of the form of medication and medicinal plant are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” and general amount is indicated in millilitres. For example: Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae 30 ml Da. Signa. 20 drops three times a day. Composite tinctures containing several simple tinctures are prescribed in a full form. After “Recipe:” all the ingredients are enumerated in Gen. sing. For example: Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. Extracts (extracta) Extract (extractum, i n) is a liquid form of medication, a concentrated extraction from the plant medicinal raw material for internal (ad usum internum) and external (ad usum externum) use. According to their concentration the extracts are divided into: - fluid extracts (extracta fluida); - thick extracts (extracta spissa); - dry extracts (extracta sicca). Fluid extracts are officinal dosage form of medication for internal use. They are prescribed in a short form analogically to tinctures. The concentration of the extract is always indicated – extractum fluidum. Composite extracts are prescribed with the indication of each simple extract in their content. Fluid extracts are prescribed in millilitres. For example: Recipe: Extracti Urticae fluidi 30 ml Da. Signa. 30 drops three times a day. # Recipe: Extracti Urticae fluidi Extracti Millefolii Fluidi ana 25 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 25-30 drops three times a day before meals. Thick extracts are signed with the word spissum; concentration of dry extracts is indicated if this word is included in the name of medication – siccum. These extracts are prescribed in a short form in grams. For example: Recipe: Extracti Valerianae spissi 0, 02 Da tales doses numero 50 in tabulettis obductis. Signa. 1-2 tablets twice a day. # Recipe: Extracti radicum Rhei sicci 0, 2 Da tales doses numero 30. Signa. 1-2 powders at a bedtime. Syrups (sirupi) Syrup (sirupus, i m) is a thick transparent fluid with the taste and smell of original raw material for internal use (ad usum internum). Syrups are prepared by means of dissolving refined sugar (60-65%) in water (sirupus simplex) or in fruit juice, infusions, solutions of salts with the following preservation by alcohol (5%). Syrups are flavouring and medicinal. Flavouring syrups are added to liquid forms of medications (for example, mixtures) to improve their taste, smell and colour. These are: sugar (simple) syrup – Sirupus simplex or Sirupus Sacchari, raspberry syrup – Sirupus Rubi idaei, cherry syrup – Sirupus Cerasi etc. Pharmacologically active syrups (expectorant, laxative etc.) are medicinal. They are: marshmallow syrup – Sirupus Althaeae, liquorice syrup – Sirupus Liquiritiae, syrup of dog-rose fruit – Sirupus fructuum Rosae etc. All the syrups are officinal. They are prescribed in Gen. sing. with the indication of the form of medication, the name of substance and general amount in millilitres. For example: Recipe: Sirupi Rhei 30 ml Da. Signa. 1 teaspoonful twice a day. Emulsions (emulsa) Emulsion (emulsum, i n) is a liquid form of medication which presents the suspension of tiny insoluble particles in water: oils, resins, balsams etc. Emulsions are indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use and for injections (pro injectionibus). Emulsions are prepared from the seeds of some plants rich in vegetable oils and from pure oils. According to the content emulsions are divided into seminal – emulsa seminalia – and oil – emulsa oleosa. Emulsions are prescribed in a short and full form. When emulsions are prescribed in a full form the names of all ingredients are written in Gen. sing. and their weight is indicated. In Subscriptio the way of preparing the emulsion is indicated – Misce, fiat emulsum. For example: Recipe: Seminum Amygdali dulcis 20, 0 Aquae purificatae ad 200 ml Misce, fiat emulsum. Da. Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day. Mixtures (mixturae) Mixture (mixture, ae f) is a liquid form of medication prepared by means of mixing various liquid and solid medicinal substances for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use. Mixtures contain various kinds of water, decoctions, infusions, tinctures, syrups, extracts, powders etc. Mixtures are prescribed in a full form with enumeration of all the ingredients and their amount in Designatio materiarum. In Subscriptio the phrases Misce. Da. are used. For example: Recipe: Chlorali hydratis Natrii bromidi ana 3, 0 Kalii bromidi 1, 2 Tincturae Valerianae 6 ml Aquae purificatae ad 120 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day after meals. Mucilages (mucilagines) Mucilage (mucilago, inis f) is a thick, viscous, liquid form of medication which is prepared by means of water processing of certain plant raw materials containing viscid substances (for example, seeds, gums etc.). Starch mucilage is most commonly used – Mucilago Amyli. All the mucilages are officinal, their concentration is known and that’s why it is not indicated in prescriptions. After the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing. and its amount in milliliters. For example: Recipe: Mucilaginis seminum Lini 300 ml Da. Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day. Mucilages are usually added to mixtures and enemas to eliminate their irritating action. In this case a full form of prescription is used. For example: Recipe: Chlorali hydratis 12, 0 Mucilaginis Amyli 60 ml Aquae purificatae ad 180 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 1 spoonful at bedtime. Mucilages may be taken through the mouth (per os) or rectum (per rectum). Abbreviated form Full form Translation aa ana this amount of each Ac., Acid. Acidum acid amp. ampulla ampule aq. aqua water aq. destill. aqua destillata distilled water aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water cort. cortex cortex, bark D. Da. Give. D. t. d. N Da tales doses numero… Give such doses in the amount dec., dct. decoctum decoction dr. dragee dragee em., emuls. emulsum emulsion empl. emplastrum plaster extr. extractum extraction, extract f. fiat, fiant let there be made fl., flor. flos, flores flower(s) fol. folium, folia leaf (-ves) fr. fructus fruit gel. gelatinosus, a, um gelatinous gtt., gtts. guttam, guttas one drop, more drops hb. herba herb inf. infusum infusion in amp. in ampullis in ampoules in caps. gel. in capsules gelatinosis in gelatinous capsules in ch. cer. in charta cerata in waxed paper in ch. paraff. in charta paraffinata in paraffin paper in tab. in tabulettis in tablets in tab. obd. in tabulettis obductis in coated tablets linim. linimentum liniment liq. liquor liquid, fluid M., Misce. Mix. M., (ut) f. … Misce, (ut) fiat… Mix, let there be made… m. pil. massa pilularum mass of pills mucil. mucilago mucilage, mucus N. numerus number, amount ol. oleum oil past. pasta paste pulv. pulvis powder pro inject. pro injectionibus for injections q.s. quantum satis as much as it is required r., rad. radix root rhiz. rhizome rhizome, a huge root Rp.: Recipe: Take (Rx) sem. semen seed (s) simpl. simplex simple sir. sirupus syrup sol. solutio solution sp., spec. species tea (collection medicinal plants) spir. spiritus alcohol supp. suppositorium suppository subtil. subtilis fine (powder) subtiliss. subtilissimus extremely fine tinct., t-rae, tct. tinctura tincture ung. unguentum ointment of dried