Download MODULE 2 LECTIO PRIMA (1) Topic: Verb. Categories of Verb

MODULE 2
LECTIO PRIMA (1)
Topic: Verb. Categories of Verb. Imperative Mood. Common Phrases Used in
Prescriptions.
Number of Hours: 2
Objectives: to get general notion of the verb as a part of speech; to differentiate
between four conjugations of verbs; to master the rules of the Imperative
Mood formation and its use in prescriptions; to learn common phrases used
in prescriptions.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. General categories of the verb.
2. Four conjugations of the verb.
3. Formation of Imperative Mood.
4. Dictionary form of the verb.
GENERAL NOTION ABOUT THE VERB
The verb is a part of speech that expresses an action (such as go), an event
(such as happen), or a state (such as exist). Besides, the verb is characterized by
several grammar categories. Latin verbs are widely used in professional sayings,
proverbs, aphorisms and prescriptions. The main categories of Latin verbs are:
1) Number: numerus singularis (sing.) – singular
numerus pluralis (plur.) – plural
2) Person: persona prima (ego, nos) – the first person singular and plural (I; we)
persona secunda (tu, vos) – the second person singular and plural (You)
persona tertia (pronouns do not exist) – the third person singular and
plural (He, she, it; they)
Nota bene: in Latin pronouns are not written together with the verbs. The person
is defined according to the form of the verb and its ending.
3) Tense: tempus praesens (corresponds to the English Present Indefinite)
tempus imperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Indefinite)
tempus perfectum (corresponds to the English Present Perfect)
tempus plusquamperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Perfect)
futurum I (corresponds to the English Future Indefinite)
futurm II (corresponds to the English Future Perfect)
Nota bene: medical students study only tempus praesens.
4) Voice: genus activum – active voice
genus passivum – passive voice
5) Mood : modus indicativus – the Indicative Mood
modus conjunctivus – the Subjunctive Mood
modus imperativus – the Imperative Mood
6) Infinitive – Infinitivus. (In Latin all the infinitives have inflexion –re following
the stem of the verb; eg.: dare (to give), miscere (to mix), dividere (to divide),
audire (to listen).
7) Conjugation: conjugation. There are four conjugations in Latin.
CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB
The conjugations are defined according to the final letter of the stem of the
verb. To define the stem of the verb it is necessary to cut –re from the Infinitives
of the 1, 2, 4 conjugations and –ere in the 3rd conjugation:
Infinitive
Stem
dare
da-
miscere
misce-
dividere
divid-
audire
audi-
Thus, the 1st conjugation includes the verbs with the final –a in their stem;
the 2nd conjugation includes the verbs with the final –e in their stem; the stem of
the verbs of the 3rd conjugation mostly ends in a consonant or –u, -i; the 4th
conjugation includes the verbs with the final –i in their stem. The stem of the verb
is a very important part of the word as it serves as the basis to build other forms of
the verbs including the Imperative Mood which is used in prescriptions.
FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
The Imperative Mood or Modus Imperativus exists in two forms: the second
person singular and the second person plural. The Imperative Mood expresses an
order or request to do something. To form the Imperative Mood in the second
person singular it is enough to drop the inflexion –re from the Infinitive in all the
four conjugations, it coincides with the stem. To form the Imperative Mood in the
second person plural it is necessary to add the ending –te to the stem of the verb in
the 1st, 2nd, 4th conjugations, and the ending –ite in the 3rd conjugation, because the
stem of the verbs in the 3rd conjugation contains final consonant. That’s why the
vowel –i is inserted for the sake of pronunciation.
Infinitive
Stem
2nd person sing.
2nd person plur.
Dare
da
Da
Date
Miscere
misce
Misce
Miscete
Dividere
divid
Divide
Dividite
Audire
audi
Audi
Audite
It should be noted that long vowels of the Infinitive inflexions in the 1 st, 2nd
and 3rd conjugations are preserved in the form of the Imperative Mood in the 2nd
person plural as well as a short one in the 3rd conjugation.
DICTIONARY FORM OF THE VERB
Verbs, like nouns and adjectives, have their own dictionary form. Medical
students use a shortened dictionary form of the verb which consists of the verb in
the 1st person singular, Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice (always with
the ending -o), and after coma inflexion of the Infinitive with the part of the stem.
Nota bene: the ending –o is the inflexion of the 1st person singular for all the verbs
in Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice. It is added to the stem of the
verbs. In the 1st conjugation the final letter of the stem –a is transformed into –o.
Thus, the dictionary form of the Latin verbs looks like the following:
1st conjugation – do, are
2nd conjugation – misceo, ere
3rd conjugation – divido, ere
4th conjugation – audio. ire
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Determine the stem and conjugation of the following verbs given in the
Infinitive form.
solvere, praeparare, sumere, signare, miscere, scire, repetere, videre, dare, habere,
formare, dignoscere, tussire, laborare, munire.
2. Define conjugation and stem of the following verbs on the basis of their
dictionary form.
addo, ere
coquo, ere
ausculto, are
dormio, ire
servio, ire
floreo, ere
bibo, ere
filtro, are
doceo, ere
valeo, ere
3. Form the Infinitive on the basis of the stem of the verbs, denote their
conjugation.
cred-
scrib-
adhibe-
infund-
fini-
lini-
defend-
ama-
veta-
stude-
4. Write down dictionary forms of the following verbs on the basis of their
stems:
noce-
perfora-
palpa-
ter-
repet-
sana-
sci-
senti-
vide-
disc-
5. Form the Imperative Mood singular and plural of the following verbs and
translate them:
spirare
dormire
adhibere
sanare
sentire
videre
legere
solvere
scribere
nutrire
signare
habere
VOCABULARY
1st conjugation
ausculto, are
-
to listen to
curo, are
-
to cure
do, are
-
to give
filtro, are
-
to filter
formo, are
-
to form
laboro, are
-
to work
palpo, are
-
to palpate
praeparo, are
-
to prepare
sano, are
-
to heal
signo, are
-
to sign
spiro, are
-
to breathe
2nd conjugation
adhibeo, ere
-
to use
doceo, ere
-
to teach
habeo, ere
-
to have
misceo, ere
-
to mix
studeo, ere
-
to study
video, ere
-
to see
3rd conjugation
defendo, ere
-
to defend
dignosco, ere
-
to diagnose
lego, ere
-
to read
scribo, ere
-
to write
solvo, ere
-
to solve
vivo, ere
-
to live
4th conjugation
audio, ire
-
to hear
dormio, ire
-
to sleep
finio, ire
-
to finish
munio, ire
-
to strengthen
nutrio, ire
-
to feed
sentio, ire
-
to feel
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Vivere est militare.
-
To live means to struggle.
Vivere est cogitare.
-
To live means to learn.
Carpe diem.
-
Catch the day (don’t waist your time).
Primum non nocere.
-
First of all, don’t do any harm.
Festina lente.
-
Be quick but slowly.
Perfice te.
-
Improve yourself.
Veto.
-
I forbid.
LECTIO SECUNDA (II)
Topic: Prescription. Abbreviations in Prescriptions.
Number of hours: 2
Objectives: to acquire practical skills of prescribing medicines.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. General information about the prescription and its structure.
2. Grammatical structure of compound pharmaceutical terms.
3. Abbreviations in prescriptions.
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRESCRIPTION
A prescription (in Latin “receptum”) is a written order of the physician to
the pharmacist to prepare and give certain medicines to the patient indicating the
way these medicines should be used.
A prescription is an important medical and legal document written according
to certain rules. In Ukraine these rules are stipulated by the Order No 117 of the
Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine date June 30, 1994. Prescriptions are written
out on a standard form, legibly, without any corrections in the Latin language. It is
a classical form of the prescription.
Traditionally a prescription consists of 9 parts:
I.
Inscriptio I (the first sign) – inscription including the name of a medical
establishment, its address, telephone, code.
II.
Inscriptio II (the second sign) – inscription containing the date of
prescribing.
III.
Nomen aegroti (patient’s name) – patient’s name and age are indicated
(especially when the patient is under 14 or over 60).
IV.
Nomen medici (physician’s name) – the name of a physician writing out
the prescription in a legible style.
Invocatio – the physician’s order to the pharmacist which is expressed by
V.
the Imperative Mood of the verb “recipere” (to take): Recipe: (Take:).
When the prescription is written in English it includes the symbol Rx.
VI.
Designatio materiarum – the list of medications or their ingredients and
their amount.
A prescription is simple (receptum simplex) if designatio materiarum contains
only one (main - basis) medication. A prescription is composite (receptum
compositum) if designatio materiarum contains two and more medical
preparations. There is a certain order of writing out medical preparations or their
ingredients in composite prescriptions. The main medical preparation – basis – is
the first, it has the most important therapeutic effect; then additional medications –
remedium adjuvans – are written which intensify or reduce the effect of the main
medicine; after that there may be a remedy which improves the taste or smell of the
preparation – remedium corrigens (it may be some juice or simply sugar); and at
last those substances which give the medication its final form are written –
remedium constituens – there may be distilled or purified water, some vegetable
oils or spirits.
While writing designatio materiarum the following rules must be kept:
- every new name of a medicinal preparation must be written with a new line
with a capital letter and in Genitive case (sing. or plur.). Nothing is written under
the word “Recipe:”;
- in the middle of the line only the names of plants, chemical elements and
medicines are written with a capital letter. The names of medicinal forms,
adjectives, oxides, anions of salts, general words are written with a small letter;
- with every medicinal preparation its single dose is indicated to the right.
The amount of solid or dry substances is indicated in grams, milligrams,
centigrams, decigrams with Arabic numbers – 10,0; 0,005; 0,02; 0,1, but the words
“gram, milligram, centigram, decigram” are not written. Liquid substances are
prescribed in millilitres – 1ml; 0,5 ml or in drops. The words “millilitre” (ml) and
“drop” (gutta) are written in the prescriptions. The amount of drops is written with
Roman numbers after the word “drop”. If one drop is taken “guttam I” must be
written, if two or more drops are taken “guttas III” is written instead (Acc. sing.
and plur. respectively). Some medicinal preparations (antibiotics, hormonal
preparations, vitamins) are measured in biological units of action – 100 000 UN. In
this case we write the first letters of the words in a language other than Latin, e.g.
English – UN. If two or more medicinal preparations are prescribed in the same
amount, this amount is indicated after the last name of the drug with the word
“ana” which means “ this amount of each”.
VII. Subscriptio (subscription) – it contains information for the pharmacist
how to prepare the medicine (Misce, ut fiat… - Mix to get…), what form it should
be (Misce, ut fiat unguentum – Mix to get some ointment), what amount should be
given to the patient (Da tales doses numero… - Give such doses in the amount
of…), and how to pack (Da tales doses numero…in charta cerata – Give such
doses in the amount of…in a waxed paper).
If a prescription is simple, this part contains only indication to give medicine
(Da. – Give.).
VIII.
Signatura (signature) – it contains indications for the patient
concerning a single dose of the given medicine (pro dosi), time and way to take it.
These indications are written in the language understandable for the patient. Only
the word “Signa” (Sign) is written in Latin.
IX.
Nomen medici et sigillum personale – signature and personal seal
of the physician writing out the prescription.
If medicines should be given very quickly, the physician must write the
word Cito! (quickly) in the upper part of the prescription, and in some urgent cases
– Citissime! (very quickly) or Statim! (immediately).
The prescription form may contain two prescriptions if medicines prescribed
do not have any narcotic or poisonous substances. In this case the prescriptions are
divided by the sign #.
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND PHARMACEUTICAL
TERMS
Compound pharmaceutical terms can consist of:
-
the noun and adjective in Nom. case;
-
two nouns, one of them in Nom. case, the other – in Gen. case;
-
two nouns and one adjective. The first noun is in Nom. case, the second noun
– in Gen. case, and the adjective may by either in Nom. or Gen. depending on the
noun it belongs to;
-
three nouns, the first of them – in Nom. case, the rest – in Gen. case (without
changing the word order).
Models of the Terms:
a) noun + adjective
etheric tincture – tinctura aetherea
simple powder – pulvis simplex
alcohol solution – solutio spirituosa
b) noun in Nom. + noun in Gen.
tincture of valerian – tinctura Valerianae
liniment of ammonium – linimentum Ammonii
c) noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + noun in Gen.
powder of the leaves of the foxglove – pulvis foliorum Digitalis
decoction of the oak bark – decoctum corticis Quercus
d) noun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + adjective in Nom. or Gen.
dry extract of the lily of the valley – extractum Convallariae siccum
oil solution of menthol – solutio Mentholi oleosa
tincture of peppermint – tinctura Menthae piperitae
While translating compound pharmaceutical terms into Latin one should
keep in mind that:
- the nouns indicating medicinal form are on the first place in Nom. case
(tincture, infusion, liniment, solution, powder, tablet, suppository, extract, etc.);
- the nouns indicating the name of the plant or chemical element, or
medicinal preparation are on the second place in Gen. case. The name of the part of
the plant (flower, root, bark, herb, etc.) precedes the name of the plant;
- the adjective (either in Nom. or Gen. case) is written at the end of the
phrase.
For example: coated tablets of laevomycine – tabulettae Laevomycetini
obductae; infusion of the leaves of the peppermint – infusum foliorum Menthae
piperitae.
Nota bene: all the medications in prescriptions are written in Genitive case
singular or plural, except those which are not changed according to the cases. For
example: Cacao, Ginseng, Dragee.
ABBREVIATIONS IN PRESCRIPTIONS
Prescriptions may be written in a full form or with abbreviations. It should
be noted that trivial names of plants, names of medications, chemical
nomenclature, most adjectives are never abbreviated. The table below presents the
most frequently used abbreviations in prescriptions.
Abbreviated form
Full form
Translation
aa
ana
this amount of each
Ac., Acid.
Acidum
acid
amp.
ampulla
ampule
aq.
aqua
water
aq. destill.
aqua destillata
distilled water
aq. purif.
aqua purificata
purified water
cort.
cortex
cortex, bark
D.
Da. Detur.
Give.
D. t. d. N
Da tales doses numero
Give such doses in the amount
Dentur tales doses numero
dec., dct.
decoctum
decoction
dr.
dragee
dragee
em., emuls.
emulsum
emulsion
empl.
emplastrum
plaster
extr.
extractum
extraction, extract
f.
fiat, fiant
let there be made
fl., flor.
flos, flores
flower(s)
fol.
folium, folia
leaf (-ves)
fr.
fructus
fruit
gel.
gelatinosus, a, um
gelatinous
gtt., gtts.
guttam, guttas
one drop, more drops
hb.
herba
herb
inf.
infusum
infusion
in amp.
in ampullis
in ampoules
in caps. gel.
in capsulis gelatinosis
in gelatinous capsules
in ch. cer.
in charta cerata
in waxed paper
in ch. paraff.
in charta paraffinata
in paraffin paper
in tab.
in tabulettis
in tablets
in tab. obd.
in tabulettis obductis
in coated tablets
linim.
linimentum
liniment
liq.
liquor
liquid, fluid
M.
Misce. Misceatur.
Mix.
M., (ut) f. …
Misce, (ut) fiat…
Mix, let there be made…
Misceatur, (ut) fiat…
m. pil.
massa pilularum
mass of pills
mucil.
mucilago
mucilage, mucus
N.
numerus
number, amount
ol.
oleum
oil
past.
pasta
paste
pulv.
pulvis
powder
pro inject.
pro injectionibus
for injections
q.s.
quantum satis
as much as it is required
r., rad.
radix
root
rhiz.
rhizome
rhizome, a huge root
Rp.:
Recipe:
Take (Rx)
sem.
semen
seed (s)
simpl.
simplex
simple
sir.
sirupus
syrup
sol.
solutio
solution
sp., spec.
species
tea (mixture of dried medicinal
plants)
spir.
spiritus
alcohol
supp.
suppositorium
suppository
subtil.
subtilis
fine (powder)
subtiliss.
subtilissimus
extremely fine
tinct., t-rae, tct.
tinctura
tincture
ung.
unguentum
ointment
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Read and translate into English, explain the structure of the compound
pharmaceutical terms.
1. Solutio Jodi spirituosa
6. Unguentum Hydrocortisoni
2. Herba Arnicae montanae
7. Flores Chamomillae
3. Gemmae Betulae
8. Tinctura amara
4. Linimentum Naphthalani
9. Oleum Eucalypti
5. Oleum Menthae piperitae
10. Sirupus fructuum Rosae
2. Translate into Latin, name their dictionary forms.
1. Tincture of the peppermint
6. Eye tetracycline ointment
2. Infusion of camomile flowers
7. Decoction of oak bark
3. Oil solution of camphor
8. Leaves of eucalyptus
4. Powder of the rhubarb root
9. Fruit of the sea-buckthorn
5. Dry extraction of valerian
10. Chloroform water
3. Read and translate the following prescriptions into English.
1. Recipe: Penicillini 200 000 UN pro injectionibus
Da tales doses numero 10.
Signa. 1 ml intramuscularly every 6 hours.
2. Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 20-30 drops 2-3 times a day.
3.Recipe: Solutionis Novocaini 1% 100 ml
Dimedroli 1,0
Euphyllini 0,5
Aquae purificatae 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 1 ml per one inhalation in case of pneumonia.
4. Recipe: Infusi foliorum Sennae 20,0: 200 ml
Da.
Signa. One spoonful twice a day.
5. Recipe: Unguenti Laevomycetini ophthalmici 1% 10,0
Da.
Signa. Apply on the eyelids 2-3 times a day.
6. Recipe: Nicotinamidi 0,025
Da tales doses numero 100 in tabulettis.
Signa. 2 tab. three times a day.
4. Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations.
1. Rp.: Thymoli 0,75
D. t. d. N 12 in caps.
S.
2. Rp.: Ol. Persicorum 50,0
D.
S.
3. Rp.: Promedoli 0.025
Thipheni 0,3
Sacchari 0,2
M., f. pulv.
D. t. d . N 10
S.
4. Rp.: Inf. fol. Urticae 15,0: 200 ml
D.
S.
5. Rp.: Citrali 2,0
Spir. aetylici 95% 25 ml
Glycerini 75,0
M. D.
S.
6. Rp.: Apilaci 0,01
Ol. Cacao q. s.
M., f. supp. rect.
D. t. d. N 10 in ch. cer.
S.
5. Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations.
1. Rx: Monomycin 0,5
Dimexide solution 30% 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
2. Rx: Sulphathiazolum 5,0
White clay 2,5
Glycerine as much as is required
Mix to get some paste.
Give.
Sign.
3. Rx: Iodoform 2,5
Vaseline about 25,0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Triturated camphor 0,1
Sugar 0,3
Mix to get some powder.
Give 10 such doses in waxed paper.
Sign.
5. Rx: Alcohol solution of iodine 10% 5 ml
Give.
Sign.
6. Rx: Iodine 0,1
Glycerine 10,0
Peppermint oil 3 drops
Mix. Give.
Sign.
VOCABULARY
English
Latin
alcohol
spiritus, us m
Apilac
Apilacum, i n
arnica
Arnica, ae f
birch (tree)
Betula, ae f
bitter
amarus, a, um
bud
gemma, ae f
camomile
Chamomilla, ae f
Camphor
Camphora, ae f
Chloroform
Chloroformium, i n
Citral
Citralum, i n
clay
bolus, i f
cocoa`
Cacao (not changed)
Dimexide
Dimexidum, i n
dog-rose
Rosa, ae f
dry
siccus, a, um
ethyl (adj.)
aethylicus, a, um
eucalyptus
Eucalyptus, i f
eye (adj.)
ophthalmicus, a, um
Glycerine
Glycerinum, i n
Hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisonum, i n
Iodine
Iodum, i n
Iodoform
Iodoformium, i n
Monomycin
Monomycinum, i n
mountain (adj.)
montanus, a , um
nettle
Urtica, ae f
Sulphathiazol
Norsulfazolum, i n
oak-tree
Quercus, us f
peach (fruit)
Persicum, i n
peppermint
Mentha piperita,
Menthae piperitae f
Promedol
Promedolum, i n
rhubarb
Rheum, i n
rectal
rectalis, e
raspberry
Rubus idaeus,
Rubi idaei, m
sea-buckthorn
Hippophae, es f
senna
Senna, ae f
sugar
Saccharum ,i n
Thiphen
Thiphenum, i n
Thymol
Thymolum, i n
triturated
tritus, a, um
valerian
Valeriana, ae f
Vaseline
Vaselinum, i n
white
albus, a, um
LECTIO TERTIA (III)
Topic: Chemical Nomenclature.
Number of Hours: 2
Objectives: to acquire the skills of chemical terminology formation.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. Latin names of chemical elements.
2. Latin names of oxides and bases.
3. Latin names of salts.
4. Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts.
5. Latin names of compound ethers.
6. Latin names of acids.
LATIN NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Latin names of chemical elements are the neuter nouns of the 2 nd declension,
that is, they have the inflexion –um in Nom. sing. and the inflexion –i in Gen. sing.
For example: Ferrum, i n – iron
Kalium, i n – potassium
There are only two words-exceptions:
Phosphorus, i m – phosphorus
Sulfur, uris n – sulphur
The names of chemical elements in prescriptions are written with a capital
letter and never abbreviated. Chemical symbols are not accepted in prescriptions.
The most important chemical elements
Latin names
English names
Symbols
Aluminium, i n
Aluminium
Al
Argentum, i n
Silver
Ag
Arsenicum, i n
Arsenic
As
Aurum, i n
Gold
Au
Barium, i n
Barium
Ba
Bismuthum, i n
Bismuth
Bs
Borum, i n
Boron
B
Bromum, i n
Bromine
Br
Calcium, i n
Calcium
Ca
Carboneum, i n
Carbon
C
Chlorum, i n
Chlorine
Cl
Cuprum, i n
Copper
Cu
Ferrum , i n
Iron
Fe
Hydrargyrum, i n
Mercury
Hg
Hydrogenium, i n
Hydrogen
H
Iodum , i n
Iodine
I
Kalium, i n
Potassium
K
Magnesium, i n
Magnesium
Mg
Natrium, i n
Sodium
Na
Nitrogenium, i n
Nitrogen
N
Oxygenium, i n
Oxygen
O
Phosphorus, i m
Phosphorus
Ph
Plumbum, i n
Lead
Pb
Sulfur, uris n
Sulphur
S
Zincum, i n
Zinc
Z
LATIN NAMES OF OXIDES AND BASES
According to the International Chemical Nomenclature Latin names of
oxides consist of two words: the first place is occupied by the name of a chemical
element with a capital letter in Gen. sing. (cation), the second place – by the group
name (anion) with a small letter in Nom. sing. The group names may be oxide
(oxydum, i n), peroxide (peroxydum, i n), hydroxide (hydroxydum, i n). In
prescriptions both names are written in Gen. sing.
For example: zinc oxide – Nom. sing.: Zinci oxydum
Gen. sing.: Zinci oxydi
The names of bases consist of two words: the name of a metal is written first
with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of hydroxide with a small letter in
Nom. sing. follows. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.:
For example: iron hydroxide – Nom. sing.: Ferri hydroxydum
Gen. sing.: Ferri hydroxydi
LATIN NAMES OF SALTS
Latin names of salts consist of two words: first the name of a chemical
element or medication (cation) is written with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the
name of anion is written in Nom. sing. with a small letter. In prescriptions both
words are written in Gen. sing.
For example: copper citrate – Nom. sing.: Cupri citras
Gen. sing.: Cupri citratis
morphine hydrochloride – Nom. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridum
Gen. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridi
There are certain rules to form the names of salts:
1. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ate, it corresponds to
Latin –as in Nom. sing. and –atis in Gen. sing.: nitrate – nitras, atis m.
2. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ite, it corresponds to
Latin –is in Nom. sing. and –itis in Gen. sing.: nitrite – nitris, itis m.
3. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ide, it corresponds to
the second declension neuter nouns with the suffix –id and the ending –um
in Nom. sing.: bromide – bromidum, i n.
4. The names of anions of hydracid salts with the organic base correspond to
the second declension of nouns formed by means of the prefix hydr-, the
suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: hydrochloride –
hydrochloridum, i n.
The most frequently used anions of salts
English names
Latin names
sulphate
sulfas, atis m
nitrate
nitras, atis m
phosphate
phosphas,atis m
acetate
acetas, atis m
benzoate
benzoas, atis m
salicylate
salicylas, atis m
sulphite
sulfis, itis m
nitrite
nitris, itis m
arsenite
arsenis, itis m
bromide
bromidum, i n
chloride
chloridum, i n
sulphide
sulfidum, i n
iodide
iodidum, i n
hydrochloride
hydrochloridum, i n
LATIN NAMES OF ORGANIC SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SALTS
The Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts consist of the name
of their base written with a capital letter in Nom. sing. and the words natrium,
kalium with a small letter in Nom. sing. These names are written with a hyphen. In
prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.:
For example: sulphathiazole sodium – Nom.sing.: Norsulfazolum-natrium
Gen.sing.: Norsuflazoli-natrii
benzylpenicillinu potassium – Nom.sing.: Benzylpenicillinum-natrium
Gen.sing.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii
LATIN NAMES OF COMPOUD ETHERS
The Latin names of compound ethers consist of two words (in English it is
one word): the name of a medication with a capital letter in Gen. sing. is the first,
the second is the name of anion with a small letter in Nom. sing. In prescriptions
all the words are written in Gen. sing.
For example: methylsalicylate – Nom. sing.: Methylii salicylas
Gen. sing.: Methylii salicylatis
amylnitrite – Nom. sing.: Amylii nitris
Gen. sing.: Amylii nitritis
LATIN NAMES OF ACIDS
The Latin names of acids are given in scientific literature according to the
International Nomenclature. The names of acids consist of two words: the first is
the word “acid” itself written with a capital letter – Acidum; then the name of acid,
which is an adjective of the 1st class, follows. Thus, the names of acids in Latin are
actually the “noun+adjective” combinations. To form the name of acids in Latin it
is enough to add the ending –um to the English name.
The most frequently used names of acids
English names
Latin names
arsenic acid
Acidum arsenicicum
arsenous acid
Acidum arsenicosum
ascorbinic acid
Acidum ascorbinicum
acetic acid
Acidum aceticum
acetylsalicylic acid
Acidum acetylsalicylicum
adipinic acid
Acidum adipinicum
barbituric acid
Acidum barbituricum
benzoic acid
Acidum benzoicum
chloric acid
Acidum chloricum
chlorous acid
Acidum chlorosum
capronic acid
Acidum capronicum
chromic acid
Acidum chromicum
citric acid
Acidum citricum
carbonic acid
Acidum carbonicum
folic acid
Acidum folicum
formic acid
Acidum formicicum
glutaminic acid
Acidum glutaminicum
hydroiodic acid
Acidum hydroiodicum
hydrocyanic acid
Acidum hydrocyanicum
hydrosulphuric acid
Acidum hydrosulfuricum
hydrochloric acid
Acidum hydrochloricum
lactic acid
Acidum lacticum
nitric acid
Acidum nitricum
nitrous acid
Acidum nitrosum
nicotinic acid
Acidum nicotinicum
nucleinic acid
Acidum nucleinicum
oxalic acid
Acdium oxalicum
phthalic acid
Acidum phthalicum
phosphoric acid
Acidum phosphoricum
phosphorous acid
Acidum phosphorosum
sulphuric acid
Acidum sulfuricum
sulphurous acid
Acidum sulfurosum
salicylic acid
Acidum salicylicum
tartaric acid
Acidum tartaricum
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Write down the names of the following chemical elements in Latin intheir
dictionary forms:
Sodium, potassium, lead, copper, iron, gold, silver, chlorine, boron, bromine,
mercury, manganese, silicon, antimonium.
2. Translate the names of oxides and bases into Latin, form their Gen. sing.
Hydrogen peroxide; magnesium peroxide; zinc oxide; aluminium hydroxide;
lead oxide; potassium superoxide; bromine oxide; arsenic trioxide; iron oxide;
calcium dioxide.
3. Translate the names of salts into Latin and form their Gen. sing.
Barium sulphate; lead acetate; sodium benzoate; cocaine hydrochloride;
ammonium bromide; potassium perchloride; copper subsulphate; mercury
cyanide; sodium nitrite; potassium arsenite.
4. Give Latin equivalents of the following sodium and potassium salts, form
their Gen. sing.
sulphacyl sodium
furagin potassium
oxacillin sodium
benzylpenicillin potassium
barbital sodium
thiopental potassium
sulphathiazole sodium
methicillin potassium
sulphapyridazin sodium
aethazole potassium
5. Translate the names of acids into Latin, form their Gen. sing.
aminocapronic acid
boric acid
dehydrochloric acid
etacrynic acid
lipoic acid
hydrofluoric acid
mephenamic acid
trichloacetic acid
telluric acid
hydrobromic acid
6. Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations .
1. Rx: Morphine hydrochloride
Cocaine hydrochloride both in amount of 0,1
Purified water 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
2. Rx: Dicaine 0,05
Solution of adrenaline hydrochloride 1: 1000 4 drops
Solution of zinc sulphate 0, 25% 10 ml
Boric acid
0,2
Mix. Give.
Sign.
3. Rx: Diluted hydrochloric acid 10 ml
Purified water 150 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Ephedrine hydrochloride 0,15
Dimedrolum 0,05
Novocaine
0,1
Solution of thiamine bromide 5% 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
5. Rx: Benzylpenicillin sodium 500 000 UN
Solution of sodium chloride 0, 9% 8 ml
Glycerine 3, 0
Mix. Give.
Sign.
6. Rx: Streptocide 2, 0
Bismuth subnitrate 0, 02
Zinc ointment about 10, 0
Mix. Give.
Sign.
7. Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations and translate
them.
1. Rp.: Hydrargyri dichloridi 0, 1
Resorcini 2, 0
Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml
M. D.
S.
2. Rp.: Riboflavini 0, 001
Ac. ascorbinici
Ac. nicotinici
Thiamini bromidi aa 0, 005
Glucosi 0, 3
Sol. Cupri citratis 0, 01% 10 ml
M. D.
S.
3. Rp.: Calcii glycerophosphatis 2, 0
Ac. citrici 0, 2
Sir. simpl. 100 ml
M. D.
S.
4. Rp.: Sol. Norsulfazoli-natrii 5% 10 ml
Mesatoni 0, 025
M. D.
S.
5. Rp.: Magnesii sulfatis 30, 0
Ac. citrici 40, 0
Natrii hydrocarbonatis 45, 0
Sacchari 85, 0
M. D.
S.
12 Rp.: Neomycini sulfatis 200 000 UN
Prednisoloni 0, 2
Ol. Vaselini 20, 0
M. D.
S.
VOCABULARY
English
Latin
Adrenaline
Adrenalinum, i n
Cocaine
Cocainum, i n
Dicaine
Dicainum, i n
diluted
dilutus, a, um
Dimedrol
Dimedrolum, i n
Ephedrine
Ephedrinum, i n
Glucose
Glucosum, i n
Mesaton
Mesatonum, i n
Morphine
Morphinum, i n
Neomycin
Neomycinum, i n
Novocaine
Novocainum, i n
Prednisolon
Prednisolonum, i n
Resorcine
Resorcinum, i n
Riboflavine
Riboflavinum, i n
Streptocide
Streptocidum, i n
Thiamine
Thiaminum, i n
LECTIO QUARTA (IV)
Topic: Structural Units in the Names of Medical Preparations.
Number of hours: 2
Objectives: acquire practical skills of correct writing the names of medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. Scientific and trivial names of medications.
2. Structural units in the names of medications.
SCIENTIFIC AND TRIVIAL NAMES OF MEDICATIONS
Most medical preparations have two names: scientific and trivial. Scientific
or systemic name indicates chemical composition of the drug, the location of
components in it which corresponds to the composition and structure of a
compound’s molecule. They may be very long and look like chemical formulas.
Trivial names do not show scientific or chemical structure, they have a short form,
simple phonetic and grammar structure. That’s why they are easy to operate with.
Latin trivial names of medications are the second declension neuter nouns with the
ending –um in Nom. sing. and the ending –i in Gen. sing. They are written with a
capital letter.
For example: novocaine – Novocainum, i n
oxytetracycline – Oxytetracyclinum, i n
Nota bene: many modern names of medications do not often have the ending
–um. However, they are considered to be the second declension neuter nouns and
in Gen. sing. they traditionally are written with the ending –i.
For example: Nom. sing. – Allergol
Gen. sing. – Allergoli
STRUCTURAL UNITS IN THE NAMES OF MEDICATIONS
Pharmaceutical structural units in the names of medications are wordbuilding elements, which are regularly used in the names of medicines and inform
about their pharmacological group, chemical composition, therapeutic action,
anatomical or physiological character. The knowledge of structural units in the
names of medications gives better understanding of the nature of numerous modern
medicines and ability to write them correctly.
The most frequently used names of structural units
Structural
Meaning
Example
unit
-aesth-
loss of feeling or perception; used in the Anaesthesolum, i n
-aesthes-
names of pain-killers
-aeth-
presence of ethyl group or ethyl radical
-eth-
Aethonium, ii n
Ethionamidum, i n
-alg-
denoting pain-relieving preparations
Analginum, i n
-allerg-
antiallergic means
Allergol
-amin-
presence of amino group
Aminocapron
-angi-
vasodilating, spasmolytic preparations
Anginal
-ap-
preparations made of substances produced Apilacum, i n
by bees or containing bee venom
-asthm-
antiasthmatic preparations
Asthmatolum, i n
-azid-
presence of azotogroup
Diazolinum, i n
-azin-
Aminazinum, i n
-azol-
Phthivazidum, i n
-barb-
denoting barbiturates (sedative, hypnotic)
Barbovalum, i n
-benz-
preparations containing benzol
Benzacinum, i n
-bil-
bile-expelling preparations
Bilicholum, i n
-chol-
Cholamidum, i n
-cain-
pain-killers used topically
Novocainum, i n
-camph-
presence of camphor
Camphonium, i n
-carb-
presence of carbon
Carbocholinum, i n
-cillin-
antibiotics of penicillin group
Ampicillinum, i n
-cor-
preparations for the heart
Corvalolum, i n
-card-
Cardiovalenum, i n
-cyan-
belonging to cyanogroup
Cyanocobalaminum, i n
-cycl(in)-
antibiotics of tetracycline group
Oxytetracyclinum, i n
-chlor-
presence of chlorine
Chloraconum, i n
-derm-
preparations for skin diseases
Dermatolum, i n
-dorm-
denoting sedative, hypnotic, antistress, Dormicum, i n
-hypn-
sleep-inducing preparations
Hypnofer
-sed-
Sedalginum, i n
-stress-
Anastress
-tranqu-
Tranquisan
-zepam-
Nitrazepamum, i n
-fung-
antifungal antibiotics
Nitrofungin
-myc-
Streptomycinum, i n
-mycin-gastr-
preparations for the stomach
-haem-
medicines made of blood or for the Haematogenum, i n
-haemat-
treatment of blood diseases
-hydr-
presence of water molecules or hydrogen
Hydrocortisonum, i n
-meth-
presence of methyl radical
Methacidum, i n
-morph-
narcotic pain-killer preparation
Morphinum, i n
-naphth-
presence
-phth-
derivatives of naphtha
-nephr-
denoting preparations for the treatment of Renostypticin
of
naphthalan
Gastropharm
nucleus, Naphthalanum, i n
Phthazinum, i n
-ren-
kidney diseases
-oxy-
presence of oxygen
-pancr-
denoting
Oxytocinum, i n
preparations
used
for
the Pancreatinum, i n
treatment of pancreatic diseases
-phen-
presence of phenol or its radical phenyl
Phenobolinum, i n
-phyll-
indicating the leaf (Greek origin)
Theophyllinum, i n
-phyt-
indicating the plant
Phytinum, i n
-phosph-
presence of phosphorus
Phosphacolum, i n
-py(o)-
denoting antiseptic preparation
Pyocidum, i n
-pyr-
denoting antipyretic preparations reducing Pyrogenalum, i n
fever
-sulf-
presence of sulphur
Sulfalenum, i n
-thyr-
denoting preparations for thyroid diseases
Thyreoidinum, i n
-theo-
cocoa derivatives
Theophedrinum, i n
-ur-
denoting preparations for the treatment of Urosulfanum, i n
urinary disorders
-vir-
antiviral preparations
Virosol
-vit-
indicating vitamins
Hexavitum, i n
-yl-
indicating any substance or remaining acid Methylenum, i n
radical
Nota bene: you should keep in mind that these are the most frequently used
structural units in the names of medications. Studying Chemistry, Biology,
Anatomy and other subjects you will find more of them.
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Find the structural units in the names of the following medications and
indicate their meaning.
a) Acephenum
Angiotensinum
b) Aethazolum
Baralginum
c)
Aevitum
Befunginum
Benzonalum
Bicillinum
Bromcamphora
Chloraconum
Cholecinum
Cordiaminum
Corglyconum
Cyclamidum
Dactinomycinum
Dexamethasonum
Diacarbum
Diazepamum
Dicainum
Doxycyclinum
Dipheninum
Erycyclinum
Ethosuximidum
Euphyllinum
Gentamycinum
Haemodesum
Hydrocortisonum
Isapheninum
Lidoflazinum
Naphthalanum
2. Distribute the following medications according to their pharmaceutical,
anatomical, therapeutic or chemical meaning on the basis of structural units
they contain.
Lincomycinum,
Indomethacinum,
Cordigitum,
Bencainum,
Nitrofungin,
Nitroglycerinum, Novocainamidum, Oxacillinum-natrium, Phenobarbitalum,
Platyphyllinum,
Pyrogenalum,
Sulfalenum,
Thiophosphamidum,
Thrombolytinum, Thyreotropinum, Undevitum, Urosulfanum, Vitaiodurolum,
Cholini chloridum, Haemostimulinum.
3. The names of medicines written below may contain structural units which
are not indicated in the table of this lesson. Try to find them and explain
their meaning.
Cerebrolysinum,Cholenzymum,Citralum, Corticotropinum, Cyclomethiazidum,
Cystenalum, Desoxycorticosteroni acetas, Diiodthyrosinum, Ergocalciferolum,
Erythromycini phosphas, Ferroceronum, Fibrinolysinum, Histaglobulinum,
Histamini
dihydrochloridum,
Hydrargyri
oxycyanidum,
Lactobacterin,
Kanamycini monosulfas, Methylandrostendiolum, Mycoseptin, Pertussinum,
Plasmolum, Vitohepatum.
4. Write the following prescriptions in a full form, explain the meaning of the
structural units in the names of medicines.
1. Rp.: Tannini 1, 5
Ac. salicylici 2, 0
Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml
M.D.
S.
2. Rp.: Inf. hb. Thermopsidis 0, 1: 100 ml
Natrii benzoatis 0, 6
Sir. Althaeae 20 ml
M. D.
S.
3. Rp.: Calcii oxydi 5, 0
Calcii chloridi
Natrii chloridi aa 2, 0
Natrii hydrocarbonatis 1, 5
Kalii chloridi 1, 3
M. D.
S.
4. Rp.: Amidopyrini 5, 0
Natrii bromidi 10, 0
T-rae Valerianae 10 ml
Aq. purif. ad 180 ml
M. D.
S.
5. Rp.: Barbitali-natrii 4, 5
Aq. purif. 90 ml
M. D.
S.
6. Rp.: Ac. lactici
Ac. salicylici aa 1, 0
Collodii 8, 0
M. D.
S.
5. Prescribe the following in Latin in full form and using abbreviations.
1. Rx: Potassium iodide 0, 3
Sodium hydrocarbonate 0, 2
Purified water 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
2. Rx: Aethylmorphine hydrochloride
Papaverin hydrochloride
Extract of Belladonna 0, 1 of each
Water of peppermint 10 ml
Mix. Give.
Sign.
3. Rx: Trioxymethylen o, 5
Thymol 0, 05
Zincum oxyde 5, 0
Solution of oil camphor as much as is required
Mix to form some paste.
Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Erythromycin 250 000 UN
Laevomycin 1, 5
Streptocide 2, 5
Mix to form some fine powder.
Give.
Sign.
5. Rx: Phenobarbital 0, 01
Trimethine 0, 05
Bromisoval 0, 2
Mix to get some powder.
Give such doses 6 in the amount.
Sign.
6. Rx: Butadion 0, 15
Paracetamol 0, 5
Cocoa oil as much as is required to form rectal suppositorium.
Give such doses 20 in the amount.
Sign.
VOCABULARY
English
Latin
Aethylmorphine
Aethylmorphinum, i n
marshmallow
Althaea, ae f
Amidopyrine
Amidopyrinum, i n
Barbitalum-natrium
Barbitalum-natrium, i n
belladonna (med. plant)
Belladonna, ae f
Bromisoval
Bromisovalum, i n
Butadion
Butadionum, i n
Collodium
Collodium, ii n
Erythromycin
Erythromycinum, i n
Laevomycin
Laevomycetinum, i n
Papaverine
Papaverinum, i n
Paracetamol
Paracetamolum, i n
Phenobarbital
Phenobarbitalum, i n
Tannine
Tanninum, i n
thermopsis (med. plant)
Thermopsis, idis f
Trimethine
Trimethinum, i n
Trioxymethylenum
Trioxymethylenum, i n
LECTIO QUINTA (V)
Topic: Solid Forms of Medications.
Number of hours: 4
Objectives: to acquire practical skills in prescribing solid forms of medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The main rules to prescribe powders.
2. The main rules to prescribe tablets.
3. The main rules to prescribe dragee.
4. The main rules to prescribe medicinal teas.
POWDERS (PULVERES)
Powder (pulvis, eris m) is a dry, evenly triturated or grinded solid medicinal
form which may be prescribed for internal (ad usum internum) and external (ad
usum externum) use. After dissolution in a certain solvent powders may be used for
injections (pro injectionibus).
According to the number of ingredients powders are divided into simple and
composite. Simple powders consist of one substance (pulveres simplices),
composite powders contain two and more substances (pulveres compositi).
According to the degree of grinding powders are divided into:
- coarse, with comparatively big particles (pulvis grossus); the word
“grossus” is omitted in the prescriptions;
- fine powders, with smaller particles (pulvis subtilis);
- the finest powders, with tiny particles (pulvis subtilissimus).
According to the dosage of administration there are divided powders
(pulveres divisi) and undivided powders (pulveres indivisi). Undivided powders are
prescribed from 5, 0 to 100, 0 grams and contain not very drastic substances which
do not require accurate dosage. Divided powders are indicated for one dose only
and are prescribed from 0, 1 to 1, 0 gram.
When simple divided powders are prescribed, after the word “Recipe:” the
name of the medicinal substance in Gen. sing. and its single dose are indicated, and
in Subscriptio the number of doses should be indicated – Da tales doses
numero…
For example: Recipe: Pancreatini o, 5
Da tales doses numero 6
Signa. 1 powder three times a day after meals.
When simple undivided powders are prescribed, after the word “Recipe:”
the name of medicinal substance is indicated in Gen. sing. as well as general
amount of the powder itself. In this case Subscriptio contains only the word “Da.”
For example: Recipe: Magnesii oxydi 50, 0
Da.
Signa. ½ of a teaspoonful in case of heartburn.
Sometimes when simple divided or undivided powders are prescribed the
name of the medicinal form is used in Gen. sing. – pulveris, and after that the name
of the medicine itself in Gen. sing. or with the preposition cum (with) – in Abl.
sing.
For example: Recipe: Pulveris Schizandrae chinensis 0, 5
Da tales doses numero 12
Signa. 1 powder twice a day.
Recipe: Pulveris cum Oxytetracyclino 30, 0
Da.
Signa. 1 teaspoonful three times a day.
When composite divided powders are prescribed after the word “Recipe” all
the names of substances are written in Gen. sing. with their weight. Subscriptio
contains the phrase indicating the way of preparing the powder – Misce, ut fiat
pulvis, and the amount of powders which should be prescribed for the patient – Da
tales doses numero…
For example: Recipe: Codeini phosphati 0, 015
Natrii hydrochloridi 0, 3
Misce, fiat pulvis.
Da tales doses numero 10
Signa. 1 powder three times a day.
When composite undivided powders are prescribed after the word “Recipe:”
all the names of substances in Gen. sing. are enumerated and their weight, and
Subscriptio contains the phrase indicating the way to prepare the medicine in the
form of a powder – Misce, ut fiat pulvis, followed by indication to give the
medicine – Da.
For example: Recipe: Acidi borici 1, 0
Talci ad 50, 0
Misce, fiat pulvis.
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
Simple and composite divided powders may be produced in capsules. They
are used to eliminate unpleasant smell or taste, or irritating action of the medicine.
Gelatinous capsules are mostly used for powders (capsulae gelatinosae). When the
powders in capsules are prescribed the following phrase is written in Subscriptio:
Da tales doses numero… in capsulis gelatinosis.
For example: Recipe: Bromcamphorae 0, 1
Chinidini sulfatis 0, 05
Misce, fiat pulvis.
Da tales doses numero 20 in capsulis gelatinosis.
Signa. 1 capsule twice a day.
If powders contain any hygroscopic substance or the powders are of
vegetable origin, they are produces in waxed paper (in charta cerata), which is
indicated in Subscriptio: Da tales doses numero… in charta cerata.
For example: Recipe: Camphorae tritae 0, 1
Sacchari 0, 3
Misce, fiat pulvis.
Da tales doses numero 12 in charta cerata.
Signa. 1 powder twice a day.
Tablets (tabulettae)
Tablet (tabuletta, ae f) is a solid dosage medicinal form which is produced
by means of compressing medicinal and additional auxiliary substances at
pharmaceutical plants on special machines. Tablets may be indicated for internal
(ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use or for injections (after
dissolving in a certain solvent). Sometimes tablets are coated (tabulettae
obductae). For this purpose wheat flour (farina Tritici), starch (Amylum), sugar
(Saccharum), cocoa (Cacao) may be used.
Tablets are prescribed with indication or without indication of all the
ingredients. If tablets contain only one medicinal substance, after the word
“Recipe:” its name is written in Gen. sing., a single dose is indicated, and
Subscriptio contains the information how many such tablets should be given to the
patient with the indication of the form of medicine – Da tales doses numero… in
tabulettis.
For example: Recipe: Reserpini 0, 0025
Da tales doses numero 50 in tabulettis.
Signa. 1 tab. twice a day.
Prescribing ready-made standard tablets containing one main ingredient after
the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal form is written in Acc. plur. –
tabulettas, and after that in Gen. sing. the name of medicine with its single dose
and the amount which should be given are indicated.
For example: Recipe: Tabulettas Aethazoli 0,5 numero 40
Da.
Signa. 1 tab. four times a day.
Combined tablets with a code name are prescribed in the following way:
after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal form is written in Acc. plur. –
tabulettas and after that its code name in Nom. sing. in inverted commas without
indication of a single dose and the amount of tablets are indicated.
For example: Recipe: Tabulettas “Citramonum” numero 10
Da.
Signa. 1 tab. three times a day.
When tablets contain several ingredients and do not have a code or standard
name, they are prescribed with a complete indication of all its constituents and
their single dose in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” , and Subscriptio indicates
the amount of tablets which should be given with the name of medicinal form – Da
tales doses numero… in tabulettis.
For example: Recipe: Phenobarbitali 0, 02
Coffeini 0, 03
Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis.
Signa. 1 tab. twice a day.
Dragee (Dragee)
Dragee (dragee) is a solid dosage form of medication indicated for internal
use (ad usum internum). Dragee are sugar-coaled pills or medicated confections.
Most vitamins are usually prescribed in the form of dragee.
As a rule, dragee are prescribed without indication of all the ingredients. The
word “dragee” itself is not changed. It may be written after the word “Recipe:” or
in Subscriptio – Da tales doses numero… in dragee. A single dose is indicated
after the name of medicine which is written in Gen. sing.
For example: Recipe: Dragee Diazolini 0, 05 numero 30
Da.
Signa. 1 dragge a day after meals.
Recipe: Aminazini 0, 025
Da tales doses numero 12 in dragee.
Signa. 2 dragee twice a day.
Some dragee consist of a combination of medicinal substances and have a
code name. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of
medication is written – dragee, and a code name is written in inverted commas in
Nom. sing. with the indication of the amount of dragee. A single dose is not
indicated.
For example: Recipe: Dragee “Hexavitum” numero 40
Da.
Signa. 1 dragee twice a day.
Suppositories (suppositoria)
Suppository (suppositorium, i n) – is a divided form of medication, solid at
room temperature, but melts at body temperature. Suppositories are indicated for
insertion into the body cavities: rectal (per rectum) and vaginal (per vaginam).
That’s why there are rectal suppositories (suppositoria rectalia) and vaginal ones
(suppositoria vaginalia).
Suppositories contain medicinal substances and base. Common bases for
suppositories are cocoa oil (oleum Cacao), butyrole (Butyrolum), gelatinous mass
(massa gelatinosa), mixtures of various fats, mixtures with wax etc.
Suppositories are prescribed in a full form with enumeration of all the
ingredients after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. sing. and their amount. Subscriptio
indicates the way of preparing the medication with one of the following phrases:
Misce, fiat suppositorium. Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale. Misce, fiat
suppositorium vaginale. The amount of suppositories which should be given is
also indicated – Da tales doses numero…
For example: Recipe: Euphyllini 0, 3
Olei Cacao 3, 0
Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale.
Da tales doses numero 12.
Signa. 1 suppository into the rectum 3 times a day.
The suppositories containing only one medicinal substance are prescribed in
a short form. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of
medication is written in Acc. plur. – suppositoria followed by the preposition cum
(with), after that the name of medication in Abl. sing. and a single dose. The
amount of suppositories is also indicated.
For example: Recipe: Suppositoria cum Ichthyolo 0, 2 numero 10
Da.
Signa. 1 suppository into the rectum twice a day.
Some combined suppositories have special code names. They are prescribed
without indication of medicinal substances and their doses. In this case after the
word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Acc. plur. –
suppositoria followed by the name of the suppositories in inverted commas in
Nom. sing. with the indication of their amount.
For example: Recipe: Suppositoria “Bethiolum” numero 10
Da.
Signa. Insert one suppository into the rectum at
bedtime.
Lately vaginal suppositories are produced in the form of globules –
(globulus, i m).
Nota bene: according to the previous State Pharmacopoeia suppositories
were considered semisolid form of medication.
Medicinal teas (species)
Medicinal teas (species, ei f) are a mixture of several dried medicinal plants
or their parts (leaves, herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, etc.), sometimes with addition of
salts, ether oils, etc.
Medicinal teas are indicated for internal use (ad usum internum) after being
poured with boiling water as infusions or decoctions. Sometimes medicinal teas are
indicated for external use (ad usum externum) for gargling, bathing wounds,
inhalations, smoking.
Usually medicinal teas are prescribed in a short form. These are officinal
teas prepared at the pharmaceutical plants. The name of the tea is written after the
word “Recipe:” in Gen. plur. and its general amount is indicated in grams.
For example: Recipe: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 100, 0
Da.
Signa. To smoke during bronchial asthma attack.
The magistral medicinal teas which are prepared in chemist’s shops
according to the physician’s prescription are prescribed with the indication of all
the ingredients after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. case sing. or plur. with the
amount of each in grams, and Subscriptio indicates the way to prepare this form of
medication – Misce, ut fiant species.
Nota bebe: you should keep in mind that the word “species” is written in
plural form in the prescriptions.
For example: Recipe: Corticis Quercus 10, 0
Foliorum Salviae 20, 0
Florum Chamomillae 30, 0
Misce, fiant species.
Da.
Signa. Pour 1 spoonful into a glass of boiling water,
infuse it and use for gargling the mouth.
Mind some kinds of medicinal teas:
species aromaticae – aromatic tea
species amarae – bitter tea
species antiasthmaticae – antiasthmatic tea
species cholagogae – bile-expelling tea
species diureticae – diuretic tea
species sedativae – sedative tea
species stomachicae (gastricae) – gastric tea
species laxantes – laxative tea
species pectorales – pectoral tea
species purgantes – purgative tea
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Translate into Latin.
1) Powder of the foxglove leaves. Powder of the rhubarb root. Powder of the
sandal wood bark. Powder with Oxytetracycline. A composite powder of
liquorice. A fine powder. A tiny (finest) powder. A divided powder. An
undivided powder. A simple powder.
2) Tablets of belladonna extraction. Tablets of valerian extraction. Tablets of
Aminalone (Rutinum, Phthalazolum, Proserine, Bromcamphor, Chinin
sulphate, Platyphyllin hydrotartrate, acetylsalicylic acid, Codein phosphate,
Potassium bromide, activated carbon).
3) Coated tablets of Raunatine. Coated tablets of “Allochol”. Coated tablets of
Methionine. Coated tablets of Aminalone.
4) Pectoral medicinal tea. Purgative medicinal tea. Antiasthmatic medicinal tea.
Bile-expelling medicinal tea.
5) A leaf of peppermint (nettle, senna, goose-grass). Leaves of eucalyptus
(wormwood, arnica, fennel, aloe).
6) The herb of horse-tail (fennel, lily of the valley, milfoil).
7) Flowers of camomile (violet, dandelion, lily of the valley, sage, primrose).
8) Root of valerian(marshmallow, rhubarb, ginseng).
9) Seeds of anise (flax, sunflower, fennel, almond).
10)Fruit of strawberry (sea-buckthorn, dog-rose, raspberry).
11) Suppository with glycerine. Suppository with Ichthyol. Suppository with
belladonna extraction. Suppository with sea-buckthorn oil. Suppositories with
Theobromine. Suppositories with Metronidazol. Suppositories with Nystatine.
12) Suppositories “Anaesthesol”. Suppositories “Apilac”. Suppositories
“Novurit”.
2. Translate into English.
1. Tabulettae Laevomycetini obductae
7. Suppositoria cum Dimedrolo
2. Calcii gluconas in tabulettis
8. Dragee Aminazini
3. Folia Salviae
9. Species stomachicae
4. Oleum Menthae piperitae
10. Radix Valerianae
5. Pulvis Xeroformii subtilissimus
11. Suppositoria «Anaesthe-
6. Cortex Quercus
solum »
12. Fructus Cerasi
3. Translate into English, form Gen. sing.
1. Camphora trita
7. Species amarae
2. Suppositoria rectalia
8. Amylum Tritici
3. Extractum Belladonnae siccum
9. Semina Oryzae
4. Folia et gemmae Betulae
10. Rhizoma cum radicibus
5. Streptocidum album
Valerianae
6. Fructus Amygdalae
11. Suppositorium vaginale
12. Herba Arnicae
4. Write down the following in a full form, translate into English.
pulv.
in amp.
M. f. supp.
Ac.
in tab.
subtil.
fol.
rad.
D. t. d. N…
supp. vagin.
rhiz.
M., f. sp.
hb.
supp.
in caps.
5. Read the following prescriptions and translate them into English.
1. Recipe: Olei Eucalypti 2, 5
Talci 5, 0
Amyli 32, 5
Misce, ut fiat pulvis.
Da.
Signa.
2. Recipe: Tabulettas Pyracetami 0, 2 obductas numero 60
Da.
Signa.
3. Recipe: Suppositoria cum Methyluracilo 0,5 numero 10
Da.
Signa.
4. Recipe: Specierum cholagogarum 50, 0
Da.
Signa.
6. Write the following prescriptions in a full form, read them and translate into
English.
1. Rp.: Streptocidi
Sulphadimezini
Sulphathiazoli aa 5,0
M. f. pulv.
D.
S.
2. Rp.:Ac. benzoici 0, 2
Camphorae 0, 1
M. f. pulv. subtil.
D.t.d. in caps.
S.
3. Rp.: Analgini
Dibazoli
Papaverini hydrochloridi
Phenobarbitali aa 0, 02
D.t. d. N 10 in tab.
S.
4. Rp.: Dr. “Festalum” N 50
D.
S.
5. Rp.: Anaesthesini 0, 5
Dermatoli 0, 3
Ol. Cacao q.s., ut f. supp. vagin.
D.t.d.N 10.
S.
6. Rp.: Fol. Menthae piperitae 20, 0
Fol. Urticae 15, 0
Fl. Chamomillae 25, 0
M.f. sp.
D.
S.
5. Prescribe the following in Latin in a full form and using abbreviations.
1. Rx: Ascorbic acid 0, 1
Thiamine bromide
Riboflavin in the amount of 0, 003 each
Mix to get some powder.
Give 30 such doses.
Sign.
2. Rx: Bromisovalum
Sodium bromide in the amount of 0, 3 each
Mix to get some fine powder.
Give 10 such doses in waxed paper.
Sign.
.
3. Rx: Coated tablets “Microiodine” in the number of 40
Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Dragee of Retinole acetate 0, 00114 in the number
of 50
Give.
Sign.
5. Rx: Suppositories “Cefecon” 6 in number
Give.
Sign.
6. Rx: Laxative medicinal tea 100, 0
Give.
Sign.
VOCABULARY
Latin
English
(Medicinal plants)
Absinthium, i n
wormwood
Aloe, es f
aloe
Amygdala, ae f
almond
Anisum, i n
anise
Cerasum, i n
cherry (berry)
Convallaria, ae f
lily of the valley
Digitalis, is f
foxglove
Equisetum, i n`
horse-tail
Foeniculum, i n
fennel
Fragaria, ae f
strawberry
Ginseng, n (not changed)
ginseng
Helianthus, i m
sunflower
Liquiritia, ae f
liqorice
Linum, i n
flax
Millefolium, ii n
milfoil
Opium, ii n
opium
Oryza, ae f
rice
Plantago, inis f
plantain, goose-grass
Primula, ae f
primrose
Rubus idaeus, i m
raspberry
Salvia, ae f
sage
Santalum, i n
sandal wood
Taraxacum, i n
dandelion
Triticum, i n
wheat
Viola, ae f
violet
(Names of medicines)
Aminalonum, i n
Aminalon
Aminazinum, i n
Aminazin
Amylum, i n
starch
Analginum, i n
Analgin
Bromcamphora, ae f
Bromcamphor
Cefeconum, i n
Cefecon
Codeinum, i n
Codein
Dimedrolum, i n
Dimedrol
Dibazolum, i n
Dibazol
Furacilinum, i n
Furaciline
Ichthyolum, i n
Ichthyol
Methioninum, i n
Methionine
Methyluracilum, i n
Methyluracil
Metronidazolum, i n
Metronidazol
Microiodum, i n
Microiodine
Novuritum, i n
Novurit
Nystatinum, i n
Nystatine
Oxytetracyclinum, i n
Oxytetracycline
Proserinum, i n
Proserine
Pyracetamum, i n
Pyracetam
Raunatinum, i n
Raunatine
Retinolum, i n
Retinol
Rutinum, i n
Rutine
Talcum, i n
talc
Xeroformium, ii n
Xeroform
LECTIO SEXTA (VI)
Topic: Semisolid Forms of Medications.
Number of Hours: 2
Objectives: to acquire practical skills of correct prescribing semisolid forms of
medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The main rules to prescribe ointments.
2. The main rules to prescribe pastes.
3. The main rules to prescribe plasters.
OINTMENTS (UNGUENTA)
Ointment (unguentum, i n) is a semisolid medication, usually undivided,
having a viscous consistency and prescribed for external use (ad usum externum).
The ointment is prepared by mixing medicinal substances (one or more) and a
special base. Vaseline (Vaselinum), lanolin (Lanolinum), depurated pork lard
(adeps suillus depuratus) are common bases for ointments.
There are simple and composite ointments. Simple ointments contain only
one medicinal substance (basis) and a base for the ointment (remedium
constituens). Ointments containing more than two ingredients are called composite.
There are two ways to prescribe ointments: a short or full form.
The ointments containing only one medicinal substance and a base are
prescribed in a short form: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of
medication is written in Gen. sing. – unguenti, the name of medicinal substance in
Gen. sing., its concentration and general amount of the ointment.
For example: Recipe: Unguenti Hydrocortisoni 2, 5% 30, 0
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
The ointments containing several ingredients are prescribed in a full form. In
this case after the word “Recipe:” all the names of medicinal substances are
written in Gen. sing., a base for the ointment, the amount of the constituents in
grams, and Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing – Misce, (ut) fiat
unguentum.
For example: Recipe: Sulphacyli-natrii 6, 0
Aquae purificatae
Olei Vaselini aa 2, 0
Lanolini 4, 0
Vaselini pro oculis 6, 0
Misce, fiat unguentum.
Da.
Signa. Apply to the eyelids twice a day.
LINIMENTS (LINIMENTA)
Liniment (linimentum, i n) is a liquid ointment (some authors consider
liniments as liquid forms of medication) prescribed for external use (ad usum
externum) which look like a thick liquid or jelly melting at body temperature.
Various vegetable oils are used a base for liniments (oleum Helianthi, oleum Lini,
oleum Ricini, oleum Olivarum, oleum Amygdalarum etc.). Liniments are an
undivided medicinal form. They are usually prescribed in a full form with the list
of all the ingredients in Gen. sing. and indication of their amount. Subscriptio
indicates the way of preparing: Misce, (ut) fiat linimentum.
For example: Recipe: Chloroformii
Olei Hyoscyami
Olei Terebinthinae aa 50 ml
Misce, fiat linimentum.
Da.
Signs. Rub into the skin of the lumbar region.
Liniments may be prescribed in a short form (analogically to ointments). In
this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication in Gen.
sing. is written, its concentration and general amount of the liniment.
For example: Recipe: Linimenti Synthomycini 5% 30 ml
Da.
Signa. Apply to the wound.
PASTES (PASTAE)
Paste (pasta, ae f) is a kind of a thick ointment of a paste-like consistency
containing from 25% to 65% of powder-like substances. Common bases for pastes
are the same as for ointments. If the amount of powder-like substances in pastes is
less than 25%, neutral powders are added: starch (Amylum), talc (Talcum), zinc
oxide (Zinci oxydum). Pastes are undivided medicinal forms prescribed for external
use (ad usum externum). Usually pastes are prescribed in a full form enumerating
all the ingredients in Gen. sing. and their amount in grams. Subscriptio indicates
the way of preparing and medicinal form – Misce, (ut) fiat pasta.
For example: Recipe: Acidi salicylici 1, 0
Talci 24, 0
Vaselini 25, 0
Misce, fiat pasta.
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
Sometimes pastes are prescribed in a short form: after the word “Recipe:”
the name of the form of medication is written in Gen. sing., its concentration and
general amount.
For example: Recipe: Pastae Anaesthesini 5% 50, 0
Da.
Signa. Apply to the injured skin.
PLASTERS (EMPLASTRA)
Plaster (emplastrum, i n) is an undivided semisolid form of medication
looking like a plastic mass which has the property to melt at body temperature and
stick to the skin. Plasters are prescribed for external use (ad usum externum).
Plasters are thick and liquid (skin varnish).
The property to melt and stick to the skin is ensured by the plaster base
which is made of paper, textile, resin alloy, paraffin, Indian rubber and some other
substances. The plasters are made at pharmaceutical plants. They are prescribed in
a short form. After the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is
written in Gen. sing. – emplastri, than the name of the plaster follows, its amount
(if it is not spread and give in a hard block) or size (if it is spread on the base), that
is its length and width.
For example: Recipe: Emplastri Plumbi simplicis 50, 0
Da.
Signa. Apply on the textile and than to the
injured area.
#
Recipe: Emplastri bactericidi adhaesivi 10 cm × 6 cm
Da.
Signa. Fix the margins of the wound.
Liquid plasters are skin varnishes which actually are voletile liquids. After
evaporation they remain some pellicle on the skin. Examples of such skin
varnishes are: collodion (Collodium), cleol (Cleolum), corn liquid (liquor ad
clavos). They are officinal and prescribed in a short form.
For example: Recipe: Cleoli 100 ml
Da.
Signa. To fix dressings on the wound after operation.
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Translate into English, explain grammar structure of the following
pharmaceutical terms.
1. Unguentum Tetracyclini Ophthalmicum
6. Pasta Zinci
2. Emplastrum Plumbi simplex
7. Linimentum Xeroformii
3. Unguentum Acidi borici
compositum
4. Linimentum Synthomycini
8. Oleum Helianthi
5. Oleum Ricini in capsulis gelatinosis
9. Unguentum Hydrargyri oxydi
flavi
2. Form combinations of the nouns and adjectives, write them down in Nom.
and Gen. sing.
1. Yellow ointment
6. Bactericidal plaster
2. Composite plaster
7. Boric acid
3. Depurated Vaseline
8. Precipitated sulphur
4. The finest white Streptocide
9. Volatile liniment
5. Pure Phenol
10. Ethyl alcohol
3. Translate the following phrases used in prescriptions into Latin, form their
Genitive case.
1. Ointment of Decamethoxin. Ointment of Nystatin. Ointment of Furacilin.
Ointment of Dermatol. Ointment of Erythromycin. Ointment of boric acid.
Ointment of copper citrate. Ointment of yellow mercury oxide.
2. Liniment of Nephthalan. Liniment of Streptomycin. Liniment of zinc oxide.
Liniment of turpentine oil. Composite liniment of Chloroform.
3. Cocoa oil. Sunflower oil. Sea-buckthorn oil. Castor-bean oil. Peach oil.
Almond oil. Olive oil. Flax oil. Peppermint oil. Dog-rose oil. Anise oil.
Peanut oil. Eucalyptus oil. Pine-tree oil.
4. Write down the following expressions in full, translate them into English.
ung.
past.
in caps. gel.
linim.
extr.
M. D. S.
in ch. cer.
Ac.
D. t. d. N
ol.
simpl.
empl.
M. f. ung.
aq. purif.
sol.
5. Prescribe the following in a full form and using abbreviations.
7. Rx: Salicylic acid
Anaesthesin 2,5 each
Vaseline about 50, 0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
8. Rx: Streptocide 0, 3
Solution of Adrenaline hydrochloride 0, 1% 10 drops
Menthol 0, 1
Lanolin 2, 0
Vaseline 8, 0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
9. Rx: Ointment of yellow mercury oxide 1% 10, 0
Give.
Sign.
4. Rx: Eye Tetracycline ointment 10, 0
Give.
Sign.
5. Rx: Precipitated sulphur
Beach tar 1, 0 each
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch 2, 5 each
Vaseline 20, 0
Mix to get some ointment.
Give.
Sign.
6. Rx: Sodium chloride 20, 0
Lanolin 30, 0
Cord liver oil 100, 0
Purified water 20 ml
Mix to get some liniment.
Give.
Sign.
7. Rx: Liniment of Synthomycin 10% 25 ml
Give.
Sign.
8. Rx: Beach tar
Xeroform 3, 0 each
Castor-bean oil about 100 ml
Mix to get some liniment.
Give.
Sign.
9. Rx: Precipitated sulphur 2, 0
Wood-tar 0, 3
Zinc paste 30, 0
Mix to form some paste.
Give.
Sign.
10. Rx: Calcium glycerophosphate 5, 65
Calcium hydroxide
Zinc oxide 1, 0 each
Vaseline oil
Glycerine in equal amounts as much as it is required
Mix to form some paste.
Give.
Sign.
11. Rx: Pepper plaster 12 cm x 18 cm
Give.
Sign.
12. Rx: Simple lead plaster 25, 0
Ichthyol 2, 5
Mix to get some plaster.
Give.
Sign.
LECTIO SEPTIMA (VII)
Topic: Liquid Forms of Medications.
Number of Hours: 4
Objectives: to acquire practical skill in prescribing liquid forms of medications.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The main rules to prescribe solutions.
2. The main rules to prescribe decoctions and infusions.
3. The main rules to prescribe tinctures.
4. The main rules to prescribe extracts.
5. The main rules to prescribe syrups.
6. The main rules to prescribe emulsions.
7. The main rules to prescribe mixtures.
8. The main rules to prescribe mucilages.
Solutions (solutiones)
Solution (solutio, onis f) is a liquid form of medication received by means
of a complete dissolving of a solid or liquid substance in a solvent. Solutions are
indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use or for
injections (pro injectionibus). Common solvents for solutions are: purified water
(aqua purificata), ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), various oils (olea). Due to the
solvent there are water solutions (solutiones aquosae), alcohol solutions
(solutiones spirituosae), oil solutions (solutiones oleosae).
According to their composition solutions are divided into simple (solutiones
simlices) and composite (solutiones compositae).
Solutions are prescribed in a full form or in a short form. If solutions are
prescribed in a full form, the names of all the ingredients are written in Gen. sing.
after the word “Recipe:” with the indication of their amount, in Subscriptio the
way of preparing the solution is indicated – Misce. – followed by the indication to
give the medicine – Da.
For example: Recipe: Acidi borici 0, 3
Spiritus aethylici 70% 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 8-10 drops into the ear.
In a short form the word “Recipe:” is followed by the names of the form of
medication and preparation itself in Gen. sing., concentration of the solution and its
general amount in milliliters. Subscriptio contains the phrases Da. Signa. If it is
the solution for injections the word Sterilisetur! may be written.
For example: Recipe: Papaverini hydrochloride 2% 10 ml
Sterilisetur!
Da.
Signa. 1ml subcutaneously.
If an alcohol or oils are used as solvents, the name of the solvent is indicated
after the name of medicinal substance. Water as a solvent is not indicated in the
prescriptions.
For example: Recipe: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 5% 10 ml
Da.
Signa. 4 drops twice a day into the afflicted ear.
#
Recipe: Solutionis Mentholi oleosae 1% 5 ml
Da.
Signa. 2 drops into each nostril.
#
Recipe : Solutionis Furacilini 0, 2% 200 ml
Da.
Signa. To wash the wounds.
Solutions for injections (pro injectionibus) are usually prescribed in a short
form. The names of the form of medication and medicinal substance (sometimes
with the indication of solvent) are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:”,
the concentration of the solution and the volume of one ampoule is indicated. The
number of ampoules which should be given to the patient is indicated in
Subscriptio – Da tales doses numero… in ampullis.
For example: Recipe: Solutionis Glucosae 40% 20 ml
Da tales doses numero 6 in ampullis.
Signa. For intravenous injections.
Nota bene: if the phrase pro injectionibus is written in the prescription, the
phrase in ampullis is omitted.
For example: Recipe: Solutionis Ephedrini hydrochloride 5% pro
injectionibus 1 ml
Da tales doses numero 10.
Signa. 1 ml for subcutaneous injections.
Infusions and Decoctions (infusa et decocta)
Infusion (infusum, i n) and decoction (decoctum, i n) are water extractions
from the plant medicinal raw material for internal or external use (compresses,
gargling, lotions etc.). Infusions are usually prepared from soft parts of the plants
(flowers, leaves, stems, herbs), and decoctions – from hard parts of the plants
(roots, rhizome, bark, fruit). Besides, infusions and decoctions differ by the way of
extraction. Infusions are heated during 15 minutes and than are cooled during 45
minutes; decoctions are heated for 30 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes.
Both infusions and decoctions are prescribed only in a short form.
Designatio materiarum begins with the name of the form of medication in Gen.
sing. – infusi, decocti – than the part of the plant and the name of the plant in Gen.
sing. are written with the proportion of its amount and the amount of infusion or
decoction in general. For instance, 10 grams of a medicinal raw material per
200 ml of water will be written as follows: 10, 0 : 200 ml.
For example: Recipe: Infusi foliorum Menthae piperitae ex 5, 0 : 200 ml
Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful every 3 hour.
#
Recipe: Decocti corticis Quercus ex 20, 0 : 200 ml
Da.
Signa. Half a glass for gargling of the oral cavity
three times a day.
Tinctures (tincturae)
Tincture (tinctura, ae f) is a liquid form of medication in the form of
alcohol (tinctura spirituosa), alcohol-water (tinctura) or alcohol-ether (tinctura
aetherea) extraction from the plant medicinal raw material for internal or external
use. Tinctures are prepared without heating. They are transparent, more or less
coloured liquids with the taste and smell of the original plants.
Tinctures are officinal forms, and the way of their preparation and
concentration are defined by the Pharmacopoeia and industrial technology.
Tinctures are prescribed in a short way. The names of the form of medication and
medicinal plant are written in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” and general
amount is indicated in millilitres.
For example: Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae 30 ml
Da.
Signa. 20 drops three times a day.
Composite tinctures containing several simple tinctures are prescribed in a
full form. After “Recipe:” all the ingredients are enumerated in Gen. sing.
For example: Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa.
Extracts (extracta)
Extract (extractum, i n) is a liquid form of medication, a concentrated
extraction from the plant medicinal raw material for internal (ad usum internum)
and external (ad usum externum) use.
According to their concentration the extracts are divided into:
- fluid extracts (extracta fluida);
- thick extracts (extracta spissa);
- dry extracts (extracta sicca).
Fluid extracts are officinal dosage form of medication for internal use. They
are prescribed in a short form analogically to tinctures. The concentration of the
extract is always indicated – extractum fluidum. Composite extracts are prescribed
with the indication of each simple extract in their content. Fluid extracts are
prescribed in millilitres.
For example: Recipe: Extracti Urticae fluidi 30 ml
Da.
Signa. 30 drops three times a day.
#
Recipe: Extracti Urticae fluidi
Extracti Millefolii Fluidi ana 25 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 25-30 drops three times a day before meals.
Thick extracts are signed with the word spissum; concentration of dry
extracts is indicated if this word is included in the name of medication – siccum.
These extracts are prescribed in a short form in grams.
For example: Recipe: Extracti Valerianae spissi 0, 02
Da tales doses numero 50 in tabulettis obductis.
Signa. 1-2 tablets twice a day.
#
Recipe: Extracti radicum Rhei sicci 0, 2
Da tales doses numero 30.
Signa. 1-2 powders at a bedtime.
Syrups (sirupi)
Syrup (sirupus, i m) is a thick transparent fluid with the taste and smell of
original raw material for internal use (ad usum internum). Syrups are prepared by
means of dissolving refined sugar (60-65%) in water (sirupus simplex) or in fruit
juice, infusions, solutions of salts with the following preservation by alcohol (5%).
Syrups are flavouring and medicinal. Flavouring syrups are added to liquid
forms of medications (for example, mixtures) to improve their taste, smell and
colour. These are: sugar (simple) syrup – Sirupus simplex or Sirupus Sacchari,
raspberry syrup – Sirupus Rubi idaei, cherry syrup – Sirupus Cerasi etc.
Pharmacologically active syrups (expectorant, laxative etc.) are medicinal.
They are: marshmallow syrup – Sirupus Althaeae, liquorice syrup – Sirupus
Liquiritiae, syrup of dog-rose fruit – Sirupus fructuum Rosae etc.
All the syrups are officinal. They are prescribed in Gen. sing. with the
indication of the form of medication, the name of substance and general amount in
millilitres.
For example: Recipe: Sirupi Rhei 30 ml
Da.
Signa. 1 teaspoonful twice a day.
Emulsions (emulsa)
Emulsion (emulsum, i n) is a liquid form of medication which presents the
suspension of tiny insoluble particles in water: oils, resins, balsams etc. Emulsions
are indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use and
for injections (pro injectionibus).
Emulsions are prepared from the seeds of some plants rich in vegetable oils
and from pure oils. According to the content emulsions are divided into seminal –
emulsa seminalia – and oil – emulsa oleosa.
Emulsions are prescribed in a short and full form. When emulsions are
prescribed in a full form the names of all ingredients are written in Gen. sing. and
their weight is indicated. In Subscriptio the way of preparing the emulsion is
indicated – Misce, fiat emulsum.
For example: Recipe: Seminum Amygdali dulcis 20, 0
Aquae purificatae ad 200 ml
Misce, fiat emulsum.
Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day.
Mixtures (mixturae)
Mixture (mixture, ae f) is a liquid form of medication prepared by means of
mixing various liquid and solid medicinal substances for internal (ad usum
internum), external (ad usum externum) use. Mixtures contain various kinds of
water, decoctions, infusions, tinctures, syrups, extracts, powders etc.
Mixtures are prescribed in a full form with enumeration of all the ingredients
and their amount in Designatio materiarum. In Subscriptio the phrases Misce. Da.
are used.
For example: Recipe: Chlorali hydratis
Natrii bromidi ana 3, 0
Kalii bromidi 1, 2
Tincturae Valerianae 6 ml
Aquae purificatae ad 120 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day after meals.
Mucilages (mucilagines)
Mucilage (mucilago, inis f) is a thick, viscous, liquid form of medication
which is prepared by means of water processing of certain plant raw materials
containing viscid substances (for example, seeds, gums etc.). Starch mucilage is
most commonly used – Mucilago Amyli.
All the mucilages are officinal, their concentration is known and that’s why
it is not indicated in prescriptions. After the word “Recipe:” the name of the form
of medication is written in Gen. sing. and its amount in milliliters.
For example: Recipe: Mucilaginis seminum Lini 300 ml
Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful three times a day.
Mucilages are usually added to mixtures and enemas to eliminate their
irritating action. In this case a full form of prescription is used.
For example: Recipe: Chlorali hydratis 12, 0
Mucilaginis Amyli 60 ml
Aquae purificatae ad 180 ml
Misce. Da.
Signa. 1 spoonful at bedtime.
Mucilages may be taken through the mouth (per os) or rectum (per rectum).
Abbreviated form
Full form
Translation
aa
ana
this amount of each
Ac., Acid.
Acidum
acid
amp.
ampulla
ampule
aq.
aqua
water
aq. destill.
aqua destillata
distilled water
aq. purif.
aqua purificata
purified water
cort.
cortex
cortex, bark
D.
Da.
Give.
D. t. d. N
Da tales doses numero…
Give such doses in the amount
dec., dct.
decoctum
decoction
dr.
dragee
dragee
em., emuls.
emulsum
emulsion
empl.
emplastrum
plaster
extr.
extractum
extraction, extract
f.
fiat, fiant
let there be made
fl., flor.
flos, flores
flower(s)
fol.
folium, folia
leaf (-ves)
fr.
fructus
fruit
gel.
gelatinosus, a, um
gelatinous
gtt., gtts.
guttam, guttas
one drop, more drops
hb.
herba
herb
inf.
infusum
infusion
in amp.
in ampullis
in ampoules
in caps. gel.
in capsules gelatinosis
in gelatinous capsules
in ch. cer.
in charta cerata
in waxed paper
in ch. paraff.
in charta paraffinata
in paraffin paper
in tab.
in tabulettis
in tablets
in tab. obd.
in tabulettis obductis
in coated tablets
linim.
linimentum
liniment
liq.
liquor
liquid, fluid
M.,
Misce.
Mix.
M., (ut) f. …
Misce, (ut) fiat…
Mix, let there be made…
m. pil.
massa pilularum
mass of pills
mucil.
mucilago
mucilage, mucus
N.
numerus
number, amount
ol.
oleum
oil
past.
pasta
paste
pulv.
pulvis
powder
pro inject.
pro injectionibus
for injections
q.s.
quantum satis
as much as it is required
r., rad.
radix
root
rhiz.
rhizome
rhizome, a huge root
Rp.:
Recipe:
Take (Rx)
sem.
semen
seed (s)
simpl.
simplex
simple
sir.
sirupus
syrup
sol.
solutio
solution
sp., spec.
species
tea
(collection
medicinal plants)
spir.
spiritus
alcohol
supp.
suppositorium
suppository
subtil.
subtilis
fine (powder)
subtiliss.
subtilissimus
extremely fine
tinct., t-rae, tct.
tinctura
tincture
ung.
unguentum
ointment
of
dried