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Psychology I-Mrs. Norris Tues/Wed, Feb. 21st & 22nd Please get out: your textbook two writing implements of different colors Did you know?? Wilhelm Wundt’s laboratory was originally a small third floor room in a shabby building at the University of Leipzig. Wundt and two of his graduate students conducted the first experiment there in December 1879. The equipment they used was a chronoscope, a metal stand with an elevated arm, a telegrapher’s key, a battery, and a rheostat, which used resistance to regulate currents. The experiment measured the time lag between a subject hearing a ball hit a platform and the subject’s pressing of a telegraph key. Many psychologists consider that event the beginning of modern psychology. Chapter 1: What is Psychology? • The Big Idea: – Originating in ancient times, psychology is a science consisting of many different fields that study human behavior and mental processes. • Essential Question: – How have psychological theories and practices changed over time? • Objective: – Understand the historical background of the study of psychology through identifying the schools of thought, major theorists, and main principles of each. Agenda 1.Chapter 1, Section 3: A History of Psychologystart 2.To Prepare for class Thurs/Fri, Feb 23/24: – Nothing? Graphic Organizer for Ch 1, Sec 3 • What was one thing you learned about the history of psychology? • Which school of thought makes the most sense to you (which school of thought do you agree the most with)? Why? • Throughout the period make a graphic organizer (or add to your notes if you took them) that includes: – The name of each school of thought – Each school’s major theorist – Each school’s main principles How have psychological theories and practices changed over time? • Since ancient times, philosophers and scientists have studied behavior and mental processes. Psychologists throughout history have continued to refine and develop these studies. • Psychology is as old as human history, with its roots going back to ancient Egypt and Greece. • The scientific approach, which began in the 1500s, led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s. • Modern psychologists continually propose new theories focused on behavioral and cognitive research. • Contributions were made by modern psychologists such as William James, B.F. Skinner, and Sigmund Freud The Beginning • Do you think Socrates’ directive to “know thyself” is good advice? • How can knowing yourself help you understand the world and the people who inhabit it? Early Views and Beliefs • What does Peri Psyches mean? • How did the views of Hippocrates about mental confusion and madness differ from views held by many other ancient Greeks? • How might reactions to mental abnormalities been different if Greek thinking about the human mind had not been lost during the Middle Ages? Pioneers in Psychology • What did John Locke theorize about knowledge? • What led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800’s? • How might structuralists describe how a person can experience a car? • What is one way that functionalism contrasted from structuralism? • Do you think that individual consultations with patients is a better method of studying human behavior than laboratory research? Why, or why not? Psychoanalysis • What is the emphasis of psychoanalysis? • Psychology Video – Freud’s Legacy Somatoform Disorders Somatization: the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. People with somatoform disorders have psychological problems (such as depression) but experience inexplicable physical symptoms (such as paralysis). Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis • Patients experience a change in or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body for which there is no known medical explanation • Patients often show a lack of concern for their symptoms. • A person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts that he or she has a serious disease. • Patients may become absorbed by minor physical symptoms and sensations. Explaining Somatoform Disorders • Explanations are primarily psychological, however there is some evidence that biological or genetic factors may play a role. • Psychoanalytic theory suggests disorders occur when individuals repress emotions associated with forbidden urges and instead express them symbolically in physical symptoms. • Other psychologists have argued that people with conversion disorder “convert” psychological stress into actual medical problems. • Behavioral theorists have suggested that somatoform symptoms can serve as a reinforcer if they successfully allow a person to escape from anxiety. Watson and Behaviorism • Do you agree with Watson’s belief that it is absurd to place yourself in the mind of a rat? Why? • Describe an instance when you “knew” what a family pet, or a neighbor’s pet, was thinking? • Was this a scientific view or an emotional view? Modern Developments in Psychology • Who is the founder of the school of behaviorism? • Why do behaviorists believe it is unscientific to study consciousness? • Why are John B. Watson’s ideas important in psychology? Skinner and Reinforcement • Discuss your personal experiences in using reinforcement to train your pets. • How successful were you in eliciting the desired behavior? • Over the course of a school day, note the number of times your behavior is reinforced in a positive way by other people. – Example: A teacher may congratulate the student on a correct answer, or a friend may compliment the student on his or her choice of clothing. – Do you find such reinforcement an incentive to continue these behaviors? – Is reinforcement alone in a sufficient explanation of human behavior?