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BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch34 8/7/03 5:51 PM Page 506 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 34 Animal Behavior Section 34–1 Elements of Behavior (pages 871–876) TEKS FOCUS: 3C Research and scientific thought; 7B Natural selection and behavior; TEKS SUPPORT: 10B Interrelationships of organ systems This section explains what produces behavior in animals. It also describes innate behavior and the major types of learning. Stimulus and Response (pages 871–872) 1. How do biologists define behavior? Behavior is the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment. 2. Behaviors are usually performed when an animal reacts to a(an) stimulus . 3. What is a response? A response is a single, specific reaction to a stimulus. 4. Circle the letter of each response. a. alarm ringing c. answering the phone b. hunger pangs d. swimming toward moving prey 5. Circle the letter of each stimulus. a. light b. sound c. heat d. odors 6. Is the following sentence true or false? All animals can detect all types of stimuli. false 7. What body systems interact to produce a behavior in response to a stimulus? The sense organs, nervous system, and muscles interact to produce the behavior. respond to stimuli with more complicated and precise behaviors. Behavior and Evolution true (page 872) 9. Is the following sentence true or false? Animal behaviors are not influenced by genes. false 10. Explain how natural selection works in the evolution of behaviors in a population. Organisms with an adaptive behavior will survive and reproduce better than organisms that lack the behavior. After many generations, most individuals in the population will exhibit the adaptive behavior. 506 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 34 © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8. Is the following sentence true or false? Animals with more complex nervous systems can BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch34 8/7/03 5:51 PM Page 507 Name______________________________ Innate Behavior Class __________________ Date ______________ (page 873) 11. What is an innate behavior? It is a behavior that appears in fully functional form the first time it is performed, even though the animal may have had no previous experience with the stimuli to which it responds. 12. What two things interact to cause innate behaviors? a. An animal’s genes b. An animal’s environment Learned Behavior (pages 873–875) 13. What is learning? Learning is the changes in behavior that result from experience. 14. List the four major types of learning. a. Habituation c. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning d. Insight learning 15. The process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus habituation that neither rewards nor harms the animal is called . 16. What is the advantage of habituation? Animals can spend their time and energy more efficiently by ignoring unrewarding or nonthreatening stimuli. 17. Identify the type of learning illustrated below. Bell ringing What is the stimulus? Classical conditioning What is the reward or © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. punishment that is associated with the stimulus? Food is the reward. + Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 34 507 BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch34 8/7/03 5:51 PM Page 508 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ 18. What is operant conditioning? Operant conditioning occurs when an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment. 19. How does a Skinner box work in operant conditioning? When an animal presses a button, it receives food. After the animal has done it several times, it learns that it gets food whenever it presses the button. 20. When does insight learning occur? It occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation. 21. Is the following sentence true or false? Insight learning is common among reptiles and amphibians. false Instinct and Learning Combined (page 876) Imprinting keeps young animals close to their mother, 22. What is the purpose of imprinting? who protects them and leads them to food sources. 23. Is the following sentence true or false? Imprinting can be changed after it has occurred. false Reading Skill Practice Students should make note of the main points on pages 871–876. Their notes should include enough detail to be clear and informative. 508 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 34 © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. When you read a section, taking notes can help you organize and remember the information. As you read or review Section 34–1, take notes by writing each heading and listing the main points under each heading. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch34 8/7/03 5:51 PM Page 509 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Section 34–2 Patterns of Behavior Date ______________ (pages 878–882) TEKS FOCUS: 7B Natural selection and behavior This section explains how environmental changes affect animal behavior. It also tells how behavior patterns, such as courtship and social behavior, increase an animal’s evolutionary fitness. Behavioral Cycles (page 878) Match the behavioral cycle with its description. Behavioral Cycle Description a c b 1. Dormancy 2. Migration 3. Circadian rhythms Courtship a. A sleeplike state that allows an animal to survive periods when food or other resources may not be available b. Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns, such as sleeping at night and attending school during the day c. The periodic movement from one place to another and then back again to take advantage of favorable environmental conditions (page 879) 4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about courtship. a. Courtship behavior helps animals identify healthy mates. b. In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli to attract a member of the opposite sex. c. Fireflies have an elaborate dance to indicate their readiness to mate. d. Courtship rituals always involve a single behavior. Social Behavior (page 880) © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Courtship is an example of a social behavior. true 6. A group of related animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate with one another is called a(an) society . 7. What are the advantages of animal societies? Strength in numbers improves the animals’ ability to hunt, to protect their territory, to guard their young, and to fight rivals. 8. How does helping a relative survive improve an individual’s evolutionary fitness? Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes. Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to the next generation of offspring. Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 34 509 BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch34 8/7/03 5:51 PM Page 510 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Competition and Aggression (page 881) 9. What is a territory? It is a specific area that contains resources that are necessary for an animal’s survival. 10. Circle the letter of each resource that animals need to survive and reproduce. a. odors b. mates c. nesting sites d. water 11. When does competition occur? It occurs when two or more animals try to claim one or more limiting resources. 12. A threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another is aggression Communication . (pages 881–882) 13. What is communication? It is the passing of information from one organism to another. 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Animals with poor eyesight often use visual signals involving movement and color. 15. Some animals communicate using false pheromones , chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. 16. Is the following sentence true or false? Some animals that use sound to communicate, such as dolphins, might live in places where vision is not very useful. true © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 510 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 34 BIO_ALL IN1_StGd_tese_ch34 8/7/03 5:51 PM Page 511 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ WordWise Answer the questions by writing the correct vocabulary terms in the blanks. Use the circled letter from each term to find the hidden word. Then write a definition for the hidden word. 1. What is any kind of signal that carries information that can be detected? s t i m u l u s 2. What is a specific area that is occupied and protected by a group of animals? t e r r i t o r y 3. What is the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment? b e h a v i o r 4. What is the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again? m i g r a t i o n 5. What is the type of learning in which very young animals learn to recognize and follow the first moving object that they see? i m p r i n t i n g 6. In what type of behavior does an individual send out stimuli in order to attract a member of the opposite sex? c o u r t s h i p 7. What behavior appears in fully functional form the first time it is performed? i n n a t e b e h a v i o r 8. What is a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to a set of rules? l a n © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hidden Word: g u a g e l e a r n i n g Definition: Learning is the changes in behavior of an animal as a result of experience. Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 34 511