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Chapter 6 Humans in the Biosphere
Section 6–1 A Changing Landscape
(pages 139–143)
TEKS FOCUS: 3C Impact of research on society and the environment; TEKS SUPPORT: 12D Longterm survival of species dependent on limited resource base
This section describes types of human activities that can affect the biosphere.
Earth as an Island
(page 139)
1. Increasing demands on what resources come with a growing human population?
There are increasing demands on Earth’s air, water, land, and living things.
Human Activities
(page 140)
2. Is the following sentence true or false? Human activity uses as much energy as all of
Earth’s other multicellular species combined.
true
3. What four human activities have transformed the biosphere?
a. Hunting and gathering
c. Industry
b. Agriculture
d. Urban development
Hunting and Gathering
(page 140)
4. How did prehistoric hunters and gatherers change the environment? They may have
caused major extinction of some animals.
5. Hunting that makes relatively few demands on the environment is called
subsistence hunting
.
Agriculture
(pages 141–142)
6. What is agriculture? It is the practice of farming.
It provided people with one of their most basic needs, a dependable supply of food.
8. What social changes came with the cultivation of both plants and animals?
Humans began to gather in large settlements, enabling the development of elements
of civilization.
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7. Why was the spread of agriculture an important event in human history?
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9. What changes in agriculture occurred in the 1800s as a result of advancements in
science and technology? Irrigation, new crop varieties, and the invention of farm machines for
plowing, planting, and harvesting helped farmers increase their yields tremendously.
10. What was the green revolution? It was the effort in the 1950s by governments and scientists
to increase food production through new, intensive farming practices that greatly increased yields
of rice, wheat, and other crops.
11. What is the farming method called monoculture? It calls for large fields to be cleared,
plowed, and planted with a single crop year after year.
12. Circle the letter of each benefit of the green revolution to human society.
a. It helped prevent food shortages.
b. China and India depleted water supplies.
c. It increased food production.
d. Global food production was cut in half.
Industrial Growth and Urban Development
(page 143)
13. What occurred during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s? It added machines and
factories to civilization.
14. From what resources do we obtain most of the energy to produce and power the
machines we use? We obtain most of it from fossil fuels, including coal, oil,
and natural gas.
15. The continued spread of suburban communities across the American landscape is referred
to as
suburban growth
.
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16. How does suburban growth place stress on plant and animal populations?
Growth consumes farmland and natural habitats.
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Section 6–2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
(pages 144–149)
TEKS FOCUS: 3C Impact of research on environment; 11C Importance of environmental
conditions on health
This section explains how environmental resources are classified. It also
describes what effect human activities have on natural resources.
Introduction
(page 144)
1. How was the commons in an old English village destroyed? People added more and
more cattle, and they would not remove cattle because they did not want to sacrifice profits. They
kept adding cattle until, eventually, the commons was destroyed by overgrazing.
2. What is meant by the phrase the “tragedy of the commons”? This phrase expresses the
idea that any resource that is open to everyone will eventually be destroyed because everyone can
use the resource but no one is responsible for preserving it.
Classifying Resources (page 144)
3. Complete the table about types of environmental resources.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
Type of Resource
Definition
Examples
Renewable resources
Resources that can regenerate and
are therefore replaceable
Trees, fresh water
Nonrenewable resources
Resources that cannot be replenished
by natural processes
Fossil fuels
Sustainable Development
(page 145)
depleting them.
5. How do human activities affect renewable resources? Human activities affect the supply
and quality of renewable resources, including resources such as land, forests, fisheries, air,
and water.
6. What are five characteristics of sustainable use?
a. Stability
c. Appropriate technology
b. Flexibility
d. Efficiency
e. Productivity
Land Resources
(page 145)
7. What is fertile soil? It is a mixture of humus, sand, clay, and rock particles.
topsoil
8. The uppermost layer of soil is called
.
9. What is soil erosion? It is the wearing away of surface soil by water and wind.
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4. What is sustainable development? It is a way of using natural resources without
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10. How does plowing the land increase the rate of soil erosion? It removes the roots of
plants that hold soil in place.
11. The conversion of a previously soil-rich, productive area into a desert is called
desertification
.
12. What can cause desertification? It can be caused by a combination of farming, overgrazing,
and drought.
Forest Resources
(page 146)
13. Why have forests been called the “lungs of the Earth”? They remove carbon dioxide and
produce oxygen.
14. Why are forests in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest called old-growth forests?
They have never been cut.
15. What is deforestation, and how does it affect soil? Deforestation is the loss of forests. It
can lead to severe erosion as soil is exposed to heavy rains.
Fishery Resources
(page 147)
16. For what resources are Earth’s oceans particularly valuable? They are particularly
valuable for the food resources they contain.
17. The practice of harvesting fish faster than they can reproduce is called
overfishing
.
18. What are some important species that have been overfished? Overfished species include
cod and haddock.
19. What is one approach to sustainable development of fisheries? One approach is to
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regulate the catch of fish populations stressed by overfishing.
20. What is aquaculture? It is the raising of aquatic animals for human consumption.
Air Resources
(page 148)
21. What is smog? It is a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the
atmosphere.
22. What is a pollutant? It is a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air,
or water.
23. How does the burning of fossil fuels affect air quality? The burning of fossil fuels can
release pollutants that cause smog and other problems in the atmosphere.
24. Microscopic particles of ash and dust in the air that can cause health problems are
called
particulates
.
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25. What does acid rain contain that kills plants and harms soil? It contains nitric and
sulfuric acids.
26. Complete the illustration by writing the names of the processes that lead to the
formation of acid rain.
Condensation
Chemical
transformation
Emissions to
atmosphere
Freshwater Resources
Dry fallout
Precipitation
(page 149)
27. Why are protecting water supplies from pollution and managing demand for water
major priorities? The total supply of fresh water is limited.
28. What is domestic sewage, and how does it threaten water supplies? It is wastewater from
sinks and toilets. It encourages the growth of algae and bacteria in aquatic habitats. It also
contains microorganisms that can spread disease among humans and animals.
29. How can protecting forests ensure sustainable use of water resources?
Forests help to purify water that seeps into the ground or runs off into rivers and lakes.
three quarters of all the water consumed in this country is used in agriculture.
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30. Why can conservation in agriculture save large amounts of water? More than
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Section 6–3 Biodiversity
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 150–156)
TEKS FOCUS: 12D Long-term survival of species dependent on limited resource base;
TEKS SUPPORT: 9D Flow of matter and energy; 12E Interactions in an ecosystem
This section describes the current threats to biodiversity. It also
explains the goal of conservation biology.
The Value of Biodiversity
(page 150)
It
is
the
sum
total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the
1. What is biodiversity?
biosphere.
2. Complete the table about diversity.
DIVERSITY IN THE BIOSPHERE
Type of Diversity
Definition
Ecosystem diversity
The variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living
world
Species diversity
The number of different species in the biosphere
Genetic diversity
The sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all
organisms living on Earth today
3. Why is biodiversity one of Earth’s greatest natural resources? Species of many kinds
have provided us with foods, industrial products, and medicines, including painkillers, antibiotics,
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heart drugs, antidepressants, and anticancer drugs.
Threats to Biodiversity
(page 151)
4. What are four ways that human activity can reduce biodiversity?
a. Altering habitats
b. Hunting species to extinction
c. Introducing toxic compounds into food webs
d. Introducing foreign species to new environments
5. When does extinction occur? It occurs when a species disappears from all or part of its
range.
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6. A species whose population size is declining in a way that places it in danger of
extinction is called a(an)
endangered species
.
7. Why does a declining population make a species more vulnerable to extinction?
As populations decline, there is less genetic diversity.
Habitat Alteration
(page 151)
8. The process of splitting a habitat into small pieces is called
habitat fragmentation
.
9. What is the relationship between biological “island” size and the number of species
that can live there? The smaller the “island,” the fewer species that can live there, the smaller
their populations can be, and the more vulnerable they are to further disturbance or climate
change.
Demand for Wildlife Products
(page 151)
Some
are
hunted
for meat, fur, or hides. Others are hunted because
10. Why are species hunted?
people think that the body parts have medical properties.
Pollution
(page 152)
11. What is DDT? It was one of the first widely used pesticides.
12. What two properties of DDT make it hazardous over the long term? First, it is
nonbiodegradeable. Second, when DDT is picked up by organisms, they do not eliminate it from
their bodies.
in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web.
Introduced Species
(page 153)
14. Plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native are called
invasive species
.
15. Why do invasive species reproduce rapidly and increase their populations?
Their new habitat lacks the parasites and predators that control their populations back home.
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13. What is biological magnification? It is the increase in concentration of a harmful substance
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Conserving Biodiversity
(pages 154–156)
16. What is conservation? It is the wise management of natural resources, including the
preservation of habitats and wildlife.
17. What is the purpose of conservation biology? It seeks to protect biodiversity.
18. What does protecting an ecosystem ensure? It ensures that the natural habitats and the
interactions of many different species are preserved at the same time.
19. What are some of the challenges that conservationists face? Protecting resources requires
people to change the way they earn their living. For example, restrictions on fishing impact fishers.
Reading Skill Practice
Writing a summary can help you remember the information you have read. When
you write a summary, write only the important points. Write a summary of the
information in Section 6–3. Your summary should be shorter than the text on which
it is based.
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Students’ summaries will vary, though all should include descriptions of biodiversity and the major
threats to biodiversity.
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Section 6–4 Charting a Course for the Future
Date ______________
(pages 157–160)
TEKS FOCUS: 1B Use, conservation, disposal, and recycling of materials; 3C Impact of research on
the environment
This section describes two types of global change that are of concern to
biologists.
Ozone Depletion
(pages 157–158)
1. What is ozone? It is a gas made up of molecules that consist of three oxygen atoms.
2. Where is ozone concentrated in the atmosphere? It is concentrated between 20 and 50
kilometers above Earth’s surface.
3. Over what continent has a “hole” in the ozone layer been growing larger and lasting
longer over the last 20 years?
Antarctica
4. What is causing the problem of ozone depletion? It is caused by compounds called
chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which were once widely used as propellants in aerosol cans, in the
production of plastic foams, and as coolants in refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners.
Global Climate Change
(page 159)
5. What is global warming? It is the increase in the average temperature of the biosphere.
6. What is the most widely accepted hypothesis about the cause of global warming?
Human activities have, at least in part, caused global warming by adding carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases such as methane to the atmosphere.
a. The burning of fossil fuels pulls carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
b. Some scientists think it is part of natural variations in climate.
c. The 1990s was the warmest decade ever recorded.
d. Cutting and burning forests adds carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.
8. If global warming continues at the current rate, how might sea level be affected?
Sea level could rise enough to flood some low-lying coastal areas.
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7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about global warming.
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The Value of a Healthy Biosphere
Date ______________
(page 160)
9. What goods and services do a healthy biosphere provide to us? Goods include the raw
materials for foods, medicines, and many other products. Services include temperature control,
water purification, and soil formation.
10. What is the first step in charting a course that will improve living conditions without
harming the environment? The first step is understanding that humans are part of the
ecosystems they inhabit.
WordWise
Complete the sentences using one of the scrambled terms below.
oouuertlcnm
eeernwbla eecruosr
diiioeytsrvb
1. The loss of forests is
lblgao mwgnira
deforestation
fortaestnoide
.
2. The increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is
global warming
.
3. A resource that can regenerate and therefore is replaceable is a(an)
renewable resource
.
4. The agricultural method in which large fields are planted with a single crop year after
year is
monoculture
.
5. The sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms of the biosphere is
.
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biodiversity
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