Download Section 34–1 Elements of Behavior

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Class __________________
Date ______________
Chapter 34 Animal Behavior
Section 34–1 Elements of Behavior
(pages 871–876)
TEKS FOCUS: 3C Research and scientific thought; 7B Natural selection and behavior;
TEKS SUPPORT: 10B Interrelationships of organ systems
This section explains what produces behavior in animals. It also describes
innate behavior and the major types of learning.
Stimulus and Response
(pages 871–872)
1. How do biologists define behavior? Behavior is the way an organism reacts to changes in
its internal condition or external environment.
2. Behaviors are usually performed when an animal reacts to a(an)
stimulus
.
3. What is a response? A response is a single, specific reaction to a stimulus.
4. Circle the letter of each response.
a. alarm ringing
c. answering the phone
b. hunger pangs
d. swimming toward moving prey
5. Circle the letter of each stimulus.
a. light
b. sound
c. heat
d. odors
6. Is the following sentence true or false? All animals can detect all types of stimuli.
false
7. What body systems interact to produce a behavior in response to a stimulus?
The sense organs, nervous system, and muscles interact to produce the behavior.
respond to stimuli with more complicated and precise behaviors.
Behavior and Evolution
true
(page 872)
9. Is the following sentence true or false? Animal behaviors are not influenced by genes.
false
10. Explain how natural selection works in the evolution of behaviors in a population.
Organisms with an adaptive behavior will survive and reproduce better than organisms that lack the
behavior. After many generations, most individuals in the population will exhibit the adaptive
behavior.
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8. Is the following sentence true or false? Animals with more complex nervous systems can
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Innate Behavior
Class __________________
Date ______________
(page 873)
11. What is an innate behavior? It is a behavior that appears in fully functional form the first time
it is performed, even though the animal may have had no previous experience with the stimuli to
which it responds.
12. What two things interact to cause innate behaviors?
a. An animal’s genes
b. An animal’s environment
Learned Behavior
(pages 873–875)
13. What is learning? Learning is the changes in behavior that result from experience.
14. List the four major types of learning.
a. Habituation
c. Operant conditioning
b. Classical conditioning
d. Insight learning
15. The process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus
habituation
that neither rewards nor harms the animal is called
.
16. What is the advantage of habituation? Animals can spend their time and energy more
efficiently by ignoring unrewarding or nonthreatening stimuli.
17. Identify the type of learning illustrated below.
Bell ringing
What is the stimulus?
Classical conditioning
What is the reward or
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punishment that is associated with the stimulus? Food is the reward.
+
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18. What is operant conditioning? Operant conditioning occurs when an animal learns to behave
in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment.
19. How does a Skinner box work in operant conditioning? When an animal presses a
button, it receives food. After the animal has done it several times, it learns that it gets food
whenever it presses the button.
20. When does insight learning occur? It occurs when an animal applies something it has
already learned to a new situation.
21. Is the following sentence true or false? Insight learning is common among reptiles and
amphibians.
false
Instinct and Learning Combined
(page 876)
Imprinting
keeps young animals close to their mother,
22. What is the purpose of imprinting?
who protects them and leads them to food sources.
23. Is the following sentence true or false? Imprinting can be changed after it has occurred.
false
Reading Skill Practice
Students should make note of the main points on pages 871–876. Their notes should include enough
detail to be clear and informative.
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When you read a section, taking notes can help you organize and remember the
information. As you read or review Section 34–1, take notes by writing each
heading and listing the main points under each heading. Do your work on a
separate sheet of paper.
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Section 34–2 Patterns of Behavior
Date ______________
(pages 878–882)
TEKS FOCUS: 7B Natural selection and behavior
This section explains how environmental changes affect animal behavior. It
also tells how behavior patterns, such as courtship and social behavior,
increase an animal’s evolutionary fitness.
Behavioral Cycles
(page 878)
Match the behavioral cycle with its description.
Behavioral Cycle
Description
a
c
b
1. Dormancy
2. Migration
3. Circadian rhythms
Courtship
a. A sleeplike state that allows an animal to
survive periods when food or other resources
may not be available
b. Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns,
such as sleeping at night and attending school
during the day
c. The periodic movement from one place to
another and then back again to take advantage
of favorable environmental conditions
(page 879)
4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about courtship.
a. Courtship behavior helps animals identify healthy mates.
b. In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli to attract a member of the
opposite sex.
c. Fireflies have an elaborate dance to indicate their readiness to mate.
d. Courtship rituals always involve a single behavior.
Social Behavior
(page 880)
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5. Is the following sentence true or false? Courtship is an example of a social behavior.
true
6. A group of related animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate
with one another is called a(an)
society
.
7. What are the advantages of animal societies? Strength in numbers improves the animals’
ability to hunt, to protect their territory, to guard their young, and to fight rivals.
8. How does helping a relative survive improve an individual’s evolutionary fitness?
Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes. Helping a relative survive
increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to
the next generation of offspring.
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Competition and Aggression
(page 881)
9. What is a territory? It is a specific area that contains resources that are necessary for an
animal’s survival.
10. Circle the letter of each resource that animals need to survive and reproduce.
a. odors
b. mates
c. nesting sites
d. water
11. When does competition occur? It occurs when two or more animals try to claim one or more
limiting resources.
12. A threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another is
aggression
Communication
.
(pages 881–882)
13. What is communication? It is the passing of information from one organism to another.
14. Is the following sentence true or false? Animals with poor eyesight often use visual
signals involving movement and color.
15. Some animals communicate using
false
pheromones
, chemical
messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species.
16. Is the following sentence true or false? Some animals that use sound to communicate,
such as dolphins, might live in places where vision is not very useful.
true
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WordWise
Answer the questions by writing the correct vocabulary terms in the blanks.
Use the circled letter from each term to find the hidden word. Then write a
definition for the hidden word.
1. What is any kind of signal that carries information that can be detected?
s
t
i
m
u
l
u
s
2. What is a specific area that is occupied and protected by a group of animals?
t
e
r
r
i
t
o
r
y
3. What is the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external
environment?
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
4. What is the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again?
m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
5. What is the type of learning in which very young animals learn to recognize and follow
the first moving object that they see?
i
m
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g
6. In what type of behavior does an individual send out stimuli in order to attract a
member of the opposite sex?
c
o
u
r
t
s
h
i
p
7. What behavior appears in fully functional form the first time it is performed?
i
n
n
a
t
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
8. What is a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures
according to a set of rules?
l
a
n
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Hidden Word:
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
Definition: Learning is the changes in behavior of an animal as a result of experience.
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