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Chapter 7 Drugs
In U.S. ________% of evidence examined in forensic laboratories is considered drug related,
either the ____________ themselves or evidence from _____________________ crimes.
A drug: natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject ______________
or _______________________..
“Controlled substances:” drugs that are _____________________________
Controlled Substances Act: ________________________________________; it lists
illegal (or illicit) drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.
Categories of Controlled Drugs:
Hallucinogens are mostly naturally occurring substances that can change _____________
____________________processes, perceptions, and moods marijuana, LSD, PCP,
Stimulants act on the _________________________ to make the user feel better and
increase his or her __________________ alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue
caffeine, cocaine
Narcotics are analgesics, that is, substances affecting the central nervous system to
_____________________________. Mild analgesics are found in many over-the-counter
(OTC) drugs such as aspirin, Tylenol, and Motrin. These are the opiates: __________,
morphine, codeine
Depressants: Slow central nervous system ____________________ is a common
depressant—alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes
Controlled Substances Act Drug Classification:
Schedule I—______________________________for abuse; no currently acceptable
medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision
heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)
Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently __________________________ use
with ___________________________; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical
dependence: cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin
Schedule III—______________________________ for abuse than drugs in I or II;
currently accepted medical use in US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or
high psychological dependence: intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids,
ketamine
Schedule IV—________________________________ relative to drugs in III; a
currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or
psychological _____________ relative to drugs in III
other stimulants & depressants:Valium, Xanan, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon
Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use
in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs
in IV: codeine in low doses in cough medicines, and in painkillers such as Percocet, vicoden
False/positive results
Amphetamines - Includes: _______________, decongestants, medication for Parkinson’s
Cocaine: _____________ can cross react with the following immunoassays : cocaine EIA
but not cocaine FPIA
Marijuana: Sustiva can cross react with THC EIA Immunoassays can’t distinguish between
smoked marijuana and Marinol
Opiates: can cross react with_______________________, levofloxacin and ofloxacin
can yield false positive results for: imipramine, papaverine, rifampin
Benzodiazepines (Librium) “Benzo’s” can cross react with oxaprozin (daypro)
diphenhydramine, can cross react with sertaline (zoloft)
Barbituates: primidone (mysoline) metabolized __________________________to
phenylethylmalonamide and phenobasrbital which are excreted in the urine
Identification of Drugs
 PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference
 Field Tests—presumptive tests
 Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests
The _______________________________ (PDR) info on prescription/OTC drugs,
updated annually - identifies manufactured pills, tablets and capsules, identifier of legally
made drugs found at crime scene – with picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription,
over the counter, or a controlled substance; and detailed information about the drug.
Human Components Used for Drug Analysis
Blood
Urine
Hair
Gastric Contents
Bile
Liver tissue
Brain tissue
Kidney tissue
Spleen tissue
Vitreous Humor of the
Eye
Drug Identification: Screening or presumptive tests
Spot or color tests
Microcrystalline test: reagent added producing a crystalline precipitate unique for a certain drug.
Chromatography
Confirmatory tests:
Spectrophotometry
Ultraviolet (UV)
Infrared (IR)
Visible
Mass spectrometry
Presumptive Color Tests
Marquis—turns ____________in the presence of most opium
Dillie-Koppanyi—turns ____________________in the presence of barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine—turns a _______________ color in the presence of marijuana
Van Urk—turns a _______________________ in the presence of LSD
Scott test—color test for cocaine, ________________
Chromatography: technique for ________________________ into their components
Includes two phases—a ________________that flows past a_______________________.
The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates.
Types of Chromatography
Paper
Thin Layer (TLC)
Gas (GC)
Column
Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)
Liquid (LC)
High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)
Paper Chromatography
Stationary phase—paper
Mobile phase—a liquid solvent
Thin Layer Chromatography
Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of
plastic or glass
Mobile phase—a liquid solvent
Retention Factor (Rf) number that represents _______________________________
in a particular solvent. Determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and
dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.
Gas Chromatography: Phases
Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column
Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium
Analysis: Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present
Uses retention time instead of Rf for the qualitative analysis
Spectroscopy—the interaction of _____________________________________ with
matter.
Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure and record the ________________
________________________ of a chemical substance.
_____________________________________
Drug Wasps: antennae are as sensitive to __________________.__________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
, enabling him to identify 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental isotopes.
Drug wasps: antennae are as sensitive to smells as the wet nose of a drug-sniffing police
dog. A contraption called the Wasp Hound: a canister the size of a medium-size soda cup
filled with insects trained to detect smells. The insects are taught to associate a
particular odor with food. When the wasps in the canister catch a whiff of that odor—
such as a chemical linked to a drug, bomb, toxin, or corpse—they cluster around the
source; a minicamera inside the Wasp Hound monitors the insects' movements and
transmits the results to a nearby laptop.
Chapter 7 Drugs
In the United States, as much as 75 percent of the evidence being examined in forensic
laboratories is considered drug related, either the drugs themselves or evidence from drugrelated crimes.
A drug: a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or
physiologically.
“Controlled substances:” drugs that are restricted by law
Controlled Substances Act: a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their
category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.
Categories of Controlled Drugs:
Hallucinogens are mostly naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought
processes, perceptions, and moods marijuana, LSD, PCP,
Stimulants act on the central nervous system to make the user feel better and increase
his or her energy alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue caffeine, cocaine
Narcotics are analgesics, that is, substances affecting the central nervous system to
relieve pain. Mild analgesics are found in many over-the-counter (OTC) drugs such as
aspirin, Tylenol, and Motrin. These are the opiates: heroin, morphine, codeine
Depressants: Ethyl alcohol is a common depressant—alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes
Controlled Substances Act Drug Classification:
Schedule I—high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack
of accepted safety for use under medical supervision
heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)
Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe
restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin
Schedule III—lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted
medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high
psychological dependence
intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine
Schedule IV—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted
medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence
relative to drugs in III
other stimulants and depressants including Valium, Xanan, Librium,
phenobarbital, Darvon
Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical
use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to
drugs in IV
codeine found in low doses in cough medicines, and in painkillers such as
Percocet, vicoden
Amphetamines - Includes:
diet agents
decongestants
medication for parkinsons
Cocaine:Quinine can cross react with the following immunoassays : cocaine EIA but not
cocaine FPIA
Marijuana: Sustiva can cross react with THC EIA
Immunoassays can’t distinguish between smoked marijuana and Marinol
Opiates: can cross react with antibiotics, levofloxacin and ofloxacin
can yield false positive results for: imipramine, papaverine, rifampin
Benzodiazepines (Librium) “Benzo’s”
� can cross react with oxaprozin (daypro)
� can cross react with diphenhydramine
� can cross react with sertaline (zoloft)
False/positive results
Barbituates
primidone (mysoline) metabolized in the liver to phenylethylmalonamide and phenobasrbital
which are excreted in the urine
Identification of Drugs
 PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference
 Field Tests—presumptive tests
 Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests
The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) info on prescription/OTC drugs, updated annually.
it is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets and capsules.
quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene.
gives a picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription, over the counter, or a
controlled substance; as well as more detailed information about the drug.
Human Components Used for Drug Analysis
Blood
Bile
Spleen tissue
Urine
Liver tissue
Vitreous Humor of the
Hair
Brain tissue
Eye
Gastric Contents
Kidney tissue
The vitreous humor or body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the
retina of the eyeball.
Urine Testing General Precautions: should be taken to ensure that a urine sample cannot
be altered or diluted during the collection or procedure and that the information on the
urine bottle and the documentation can identify the individual from whom the sample was
collected.
Drug Identification
Screening or presumptive tests
Spot or color tests
Microcrystalline test—a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which is
unique for a certain drug.
Chromatography
Confirmatory tests
Spectrophotometry
Ultraviolet (UV)
Infrared (IR)
Visible
Mass spectrometry
Presumptive Color Tests
Marquis—turns purple in the presence of most opium
Dillie-Koppanyi—turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine—turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana
Van Urk—turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD
Scott test—color test for cocaine, blue
Chromatography: technique for separating mixtures into their components
Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one.
The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates.
Types of Chromatography
Paper
Liquid (LC)
Thin Layer (TLC)
High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)
Gas (GC)
Column
Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)
Paper Chromatography
Stationary phase—paper
Mobile phase—a liquid solvent
Thin Layer Chromatography
Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or
glass
Mobile phase—
a liquid solvent
Retention Factor (Rf)
This is a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent
It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the
distance the solvent traveled.
If the Rf value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known
compound, the two compounds are likely similar or identical (a match).
Gas Chromatography
Phases
Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column
Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium
Analysis
Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present
Uses retention time instead of Rf for the qualitative analysis
Uses of Gas Chromatography - Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance
Used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)
Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no
real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or
innocence).
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy—the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a
chemical substance.
Spectrophotometry
Components
A radiation source
A frequency selector
A sample holder
A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal
A recorder to produce a record of the signal
Types
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Infrared Spectometry
Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Compares the IR light beam before and after passing through a transparent sample.
Result—an absorption or transmittance spectrum
Gives a unique view of the substance; like a fingerprint
Mass Spectrometry
Gas chromatography has one major drawback, it does not give a specific identification.
Mass spectrometry cannot separate mixtures. By combining the two (GCMS), constituents of
mixtures can be specifically identified.
Mass Spectrometry
In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is directed at sample molecules in a vacuum
chamber. The electrons break apart the sample molecules into many positive charged
fragments. These are sorted and collected according to their mass-to-charge ratio by an
oscillating electric or a magnetic field.
Mass Spectra
Each molecular species has its own unique mass spectrum.
IR Spectrophotometry and Mass Spectrometry work well in identifying pure substances.
Mixtures are difficult to identify in both techniques
Both are compared to a catalog of knowns
People of Historical Significance
Arthur Jeffrey Dempster: in 1918, developed the 1st modern mass spectrometer still used
100 times more powerful than the previous.
Francis William Aston: won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the invention
of the mass spectrograph. He used a method of electromagnetic focusing to separate
substances, enabling him to identify 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental isotopes.
Drug wasps: antennae are as sensitive to smells as the wet nose of a drug-sniffing police dog.
A contraption called the Wasp Hound: a canister the size of a medium-size soda cup filled
with insects trained to detect smells. The insects are taught to associate a particular odor
with food. When the wasps in the canister catch a whiff of that odor—such as a chemical
linked to a drug, bomb, toxin, or corpse—they cluster around the source; a minicamera inside
the Wasp Hound monitors the insects' movements and transmits the results to a nearby
laptop.