Download Southeast Asia and Korea

Southeast Asia and Korea
Around the orbit of China
Chapter 12:5
Southeast Asia
• Labeling the map
– Label each of the empires we discuss on your map as we
go through the notes.
• Geography and Trade
• Influence of India and China
– Hinduism and Buddhism
• Khmer Empire
• Saliendra and Srivijaya Dynasties
– Importance of the Straits of Malacca
• Vietnam
• Korea – The Koryu Dynasty
Places discussed in class
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Khmer Empire
Koryu Dynasty
India
China
Mongolia
Philippines
Saliendra and
Srivijaya Dynasties
•
•
•
•
•
Thailand/Siam
Burma/Myanmar
Vietnam
Malaysia
Sumatra and Java
Women in SE Asia
• More Freedom – expected to manage family
businesses, run household, and participate in
trade
– Additionally, heavily involved in rice cultivation,
handicraft production, and marketing as well as
bearing children
– Daughters valued higher than in other parts of Asia!
• Bilateral Kinship
– Male or female lineage
– Marriage: Monogamous; money and property
transferred to wife’s family (reverse in European and
other Asian cultures!)
– Bride Price versus Dowry
• Who is paying for the privilege of marriage?
Women in SE Asia, continued
• Dutch observations: Women in SE Asia were “constant when
married, but very loose when single,” and it was “thought to be an
obstacle and an impediment to marriage for a girl to be a virgin.”
• Chinese: “In Cambodia it is the women who take charge of trade”
• Chinese: “It is the [Siamese] custom that all affairs are managed by
wives… all trading transactions great and small.”
• British: “The women of Siam are the only merchants in buying goods,
and some of them trade very considerably.”
• British: “Women in the Birman country… manage the more important
mercantile concerns of their husbands.”
• Chinese: “In [Vietnam] every man is a soldier. The commercial
operations are performed by women.”
Mainland – the Khmer
• Monsoon trades
– Indian influence: Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Sanskrit to SE Asia
– Theravada vs Mahayana
• Theravada – “Elders” – more conservative; textual and
personal
• Mahayana – E and SE Asian practice; universal salvation
Khmer Empire
• Present-day Cambodia
– Funan expansion 800-1200 CE (peak influence) laid the
groundwork for the Khmer Empire.
• Rice Crops
– Could feed large populations
– Three-to-four cultivations a year due to Khmer irrigation
and agricultural policy – the purpose of government!
• Angkor Wat – one square mile of city-temple
– Built for Vishnu, “The Preserver”
– Also served as an observatory
– Has been a Buddhist temple (Wat) since the 15th Century
Hinduism
• During the Gupta Empire, Hinduism became
more monotheistic.
• Emphasis of Brahma – representing unity of all
things
– Brahma: The Creator
– Vishnu: The Preserver/Savior/Protector
– Shiva: The Destroyer
– Other gods remain, but take a lesser role
Angkor Wat
One Square Mile
Mount Meru, celestial mountain
Celestial Mountains
Island Traders
• Present-day Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia
– Malay-speaking peoples, but all trade came through the
area and they were very diverse (cultural diffusion…)
• Wealth gained by taxing trade
• Saliendra
– Java (SE of Sumatra)
– Buddhist Borobudur temple complex built c 800 CE
• Nine Terraced levels
• Srivijaya conquest 7th-13th century
– Capital Palembang, on Sumatra
– Center of Buddhist learning
Borobodur: 9th Century
Mahayana Buddhist Shrine and
Pilgrimage site
Three Levels:
Desire, Forms, Formlessness
Vietnam
• Least influenced by India, but constant dealing
with China
• 100 BCE-900 CE Chinese domination (Han
conquest, T’ang retreat)
• Independent kingdom in 939 CE
– Buddhism prominent
– Women more freedom and influence than
Chinese
• Ly Dynasty (1009-1225 CE)
– Capital at Hanoi
– Mongol attempts to conquer Vietnam all failed
(1257, 1285, and 1287)
Korea
• Peninsula bordered by mountains and sea
• Han conquest: 108 BCE
– Centralized government, writing, Confucianism
and Buddhism prominently acquired by Koreans
– Forced withdrawal of Chinese with factionalizing
peninsula
• Silla conquest of competitors mid-600s CE
– Phonetic writing based on Chinese characters
Koryu Dynasty (935-1392 CE)
• Est. by Wang Kon, rebel officer
– Confucian civil service exams, universities,
– Society divided between aristocrats and all others, led
to rebellions in 1100s
– 1231 Mongol invasion
• Tribute of 20,000 horses, clothing for 1 million soldiers, slaves
– Mongol empire collapsed 1350s, Koryu overthrown
1392 CE
• Artwork
– Celadon Pottery
– Block printing of entire Buddhist Canon (Tripitaka
Koreana)
• First time all Buddhist Scriptures written down in one set!
• Duplicates in the 13th century, since originals were destroyed
by Mongols
Block Printing