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Name ______________________________________________ Date _____________________ Period _____ Evolution & Natural Selection Notes REVIEW List the six characteristics all living things have in common: 1. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 5. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ 6. ______________________________ NEW STUFF Fill in the missing information by using the page numbers listed in the light green Cells and Heredity textbook. Define the following terms: o Evolution (pg 199) - _______________________________________________________ o Natural selection (pg 201) - _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Natural selection is sometimes referred to as “survival of the fittest” Who was responsible for creating the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (pg 138)? ___________________________________________________________________________ What is an adaptation (pg 198)? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ o Give an example of an adaptation that helps an organism with the following (pg 141): Obtaining food: ________________________________________________ Avoiding being eaten: ___________________________________________ Reproducing: __________________________________________________ There are 4 major parts to the idea of how natural selection works (pgs 143 – 144). o __________________ - more organisms are born than can survive Resources that there are not enough of for all the organisms in an area are called limiting factors. o __________________ - individual members of a species have slightly different traits o __________________ - organisms fight to get the limited resources o __________________ - the organisms with the best traits to get the resources in their environment live longer and reproduce more Darwin was not able to explain where the variations came from or what caused them. Where do we now know they come from (pg 145)? ________________________________________ How does natural selection say that new species form (pg 152)? _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ o The process of a new species forming from an old species is called speciation. o Branching trees are diagrams that show how scientists think ____________________ ______________________________________________________________. (pg 152) Branching trees are also called phylogenies, phylogenic trees, or cladograms. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection can be summed up like this o There’s not enough stuff for everything to live o Organisms fight to get the stuff they need o The bigger, stronger, smarter, faster organisms get the stuff they need o The organisms that get the stuff they need live longer and make more babies o Those babies inherit (passed down genetically) those good traits from their parents o Since the good traits get passed on and the bad traits get weeded out, living things change over time (evolve) Since Evolution by Natural Selection is a theory, there is a lot of evidence to support it. o What is a fossil (pg 199)? ________________________________________________ How do fossils support evolution (pg 149)? _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________ o How do similarities in early development support evolution (pg 149)? ______________ ______________________________________________________________________ o What is a homologous structure (pg 200)? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ How do homologous structures support evolution (pg 150)? ________________ ________________________________________________________________ o A body part that no longer serves a purpose in an organism is called a vestigial organ. Vestigial organs support evolution because they served a purpose in the common ancestor, but the needs of the organism have changed over time. o How do similarities in DNA and protein structure support evolution (pg 151)? ________ ______________________________________________________________________ Since Evolution by Natural Selection is a theory, some questions still remain unanswered. o What is the fossil record (pg 199)? ________________________________________ o What is gradualism (pg 200)? _____________________________________________ What should the fossil record show if gradualism is correct (pg 163)? _________ ________________________________________________________________ What does the fossil record actually show (pg 163)? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________ Fossils that show a combination of traits of an older species and a newer species on the same organism are called transitional fossils. Transitional fossils show speciation and evolution happening. o What is punctuated equilibria (pg 202)? ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ o What is a mass extinction (pg 162)? _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ There is another theory called the Cell Theory that also raises questions about the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. o List the 3 statements that make up the Cell Theory (pg 10). ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Since the Cell Theory says all cells come from other cells, and the idea of speciation says that new species evolve from old species, this leaves us with another unanswered question… Where did the first cell in the first species come from? (we’ll attempt to answer this later) Symbols and Events on Evolution Diagrams (branching trees, phylogenies, phylogenic trees, cladograms) Understanding a phylogeny is a lot like reading a family tree. The root of the tree represents the ancestral (older) lineage, and the tips of the branches represent the descendants (newer) of that ancestor. As you move from the root to the tips, you are moving forward in time (closer to present day). When a lineage splits (speciation), it is represented as branching on a phylogeny. When a speciation event occurs, a single ancestral lineage gives rise to two or more daughter lineages. Phylogenies trace patterns of shared ancestry between lineages. Each lineage has a part of its history that is unique to it alone and parts that are shared with other lineages. Similarly, each lineage has ancestors that are unique to that lineage and ancestors that are shared with other lineages (common ancestors). Common ancestors are organisms that existed in the past that two or more modern organisms can trace their evolutionary history back to.