Download World History - PI - Chapter 10 - Outline File

Chapter 10 – The Muslim World
Section I – Rise of Islam –
A – Physical Setting – Arabian Peninsula –
1 – Arabian Peninsula a – wedge of land – c.1 million square miles –
b – location – between ………………………………………………………….. –
c – southwest Arabian Peninsula – well-watered valleys between mountains –
d – most of peninsula – ……………………………………………………… e – ………………………. – permanent water source –
B – Lives of Bedouins – (Arab – “Badawin” – “………………………………………………”) –
1 – nomads – herds – …………………………………………………………. –
2 – lived in tribes – clans made up of related families – provided ………………………………………
3 – Bedouin ideals – courage and family loyalty – became part of Islamic life –
4 – tribal leadership –
a – Sheik – “…………………….” – (Arabic – “……………………” – “……………………”) –
1 – appointed by heads of families – ruled so long as tribe consented –
b – sheik advised by ……………………………………… c – warfare – common – to protect honor and possessions –
1 – raids – object – …………………………………………………………….. –
C – growth of towns –
1 – by 500 A.D. (text states 600 A.D.) – many tribes settled around oases/fertile valleys – pursued
farming and trade
2 – merchants founded prosperous market towns – (local/regional/long distance trade) –
3 – Mecca (Makka) - located – west central Arabian Peninsula – 50 miles inland from Red Sea –
a – center for trade – major caravan center –
1 – export – animal products –
2 – import – ………………………………………………………………………………….. –
b – ……………………….. – holiest shrine on Arabian Peninsula –
1 – contained statues of ……………………………… (360) –
2 – thousands of pilgrims visited each year – made ………………………. wealthy –
D – signs of change –
1 – business ties replaced tribal ties in towns –
a – tribal rules …………………………. – new rules required –
2 – religious ideas (also) changing –
a – monotheistic ideas introduced by ………………………………………………………. –
1 – both ………………………………………………. –
b – dissatisfied polytheists searched for new religion –
c – religious leaders – “…………………………………” – denounced worship of idols –
1 – believed in one god –
2 – rejected Judaism and Christianity – preferred uniquely Arab monotheism –
d – Islam emerged – “………………………………………………… (God)” –
E – Muhammad – Prophet of Islam –
1 – orphaned – age 6 – raised by grandfather –
2 – teen years – caravan leader – reputation – …………………………………………… 3 – age 25 – became trader/business manager for Khadija (age 40 – wealthy widow) –
a – married – good marriage/business partnership –
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4 – troubled by
a – …………………….. – Mecca’s wealthy citizens –
b – ………………… worship –
c – mistreatment of poor –
5 – revelation – (approx. age 40) – meditating in cave –
a – heard voice – ……………………….. (Muslim belief) – calling him to be prophet of Allah –
6 – 613 A.D. – began preaching in Mecca –
a – Khadija and family – first Muslims – “……………………………………………………” –
b – many converts – poor – attracted by call for ………………………………. –
7 – opposition to Islam – wealthy merchants and religious leaders –
a – upset by Muhammad’s attack on images at Ka’aba –
b – feared monotheism – bring end to ……………………………….. –
c – fear – monotheism – ruin economy of Mecca – merchants – feared loss of prestige and wealth –
8 – 622 A.D. – Muhammad left Mecca –
a – sent 60 Muslim families to Yathrib –
b – Muhammad followed in secret –
c – Muhammad’s “flight” from Mecca to Yathrib called “……………….” (………………..) –
1 – Yathrib later renamed …………………………. –
9 – 630 A.D. – Muhammad and 10,000 followers marched to Mecca – Mecca surrendered –
a – Muhammad destroyed images in Ka’aba –
b – Meccans pledged loyalty to Muhammad – became “………………….” – Muslin religious
community –
10 – by 631 A.D. – Muslims expanded throughout entire Arabian Peninsula –
a – spiritual capital – ………………………… b – political capital – …………………….. (………………………………) –
11 – 632 A.D. – Muhammad died in Medina – two major achievements –
a – formation of religious community based carefully on preserved …………………………. –
b – Muhammad’s life – interpretative guide for Muslims to follow –
F – Beliefs and Practices of Islam –
1 – Qur’an (Koran) – “………………………….” – sacred book of Islam – written in ..........................
a – Muslim tradition – angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad for 22 years –
b – compiled into written form by Muhammad’s successor – …………………. –
c – final authority in matters of ………………………………………….. –
2 – values a – similarity to Judaism and Christianity –
1 – honor ……………………… 2 – to neighbors – show …………………………… 3 – protect …………………………………………… 4 – give (generously) to ………………….. –
5 – condemned …………………………………………………………………. –
b – prohibitions –
1 – no ……………………………….. –
2 – no ………………………………. –
3 – no …………………………………. –
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c – Qur’an – laws governing –
1 – ………………………………………………….. –
2 – ………………………………………. –
3 – ………………………………………… 4 – ……………………………………. –
3 – Muslim law – …………………. – based on ………………………….. (sayings of Muhammad) –
4 – Five Pillars of Faith –
a – confession of faith –
b – pray 5x/day facing Mecca –
1 – some Muslims assemble at Mosque –
2 – Mosque – noon Friday – prayer leader (…………) guides believers in prayer –
occasionally sermon –
c – alms to the poor – reflects view wealthy should help poor –
1 – social responsibility fulfilled through …………………………………………… d – fasting during (holy month) Ramadan – (ninth month of Muslim calendar) –
1 – ………………………… - ……………………………………. –
2 – remind Muslims ……………………………. greater than ………………………………...
e – pilgrimage to Mecca – at least once – (financially/physically able) –
1 – called ……………… (………….) –
2 – pilgrims wear identical garments – all stand equals before Allah –
3 – visible expression of Muslim unity –
5 – Muhammad’s mission –
a – Muslim’s believe – Muhammad’s mission –
1 – receive …………………….. – demonstrate how to apply Qur’an to life –
b – Sunna – “…………………………………………..” – best model for proper living –
c – teachings of Qur’an and Sunna – make up ………………… (Muslim law) –
1 – regulates …………………………………………………………………………….. –
6 – links to Judaism and Christianity –
a – God – same for Christians – Jews – Muslims –
b – Muslims view Jesus as prophet – not Son of God –
c – Qur’an – word of Allah revealed to Muhammad –
1 – Muslims believe Qur’an perfects earlier revelations –
2 – Muslims –
a – Qur’an – final book –
b – Muhammad – final prophet –
c – Christians – Jews – Muslims –
1 – belief in ………………………………………………………………….. –
2 – trace ancestry to ……………………………….. –
e – Muslims call Jews and Christians – “……………………………………………..” –
f – Shari ‘a law requires religious toleration to Jews and Christians –
End of Section I
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Section II – Islam Expands –
A – Introduction –
1 – 623 A.D. – Muhammad died – left no clear instructions re: successor –
a – tribal leaders elected Abu-Bakr (close friend of Muhammad) –
2 – title – “………………………….” – (“…………………………..” – “…………………”) –
B – Muhammad’s successors spread Islam –
1 – “Rightly Guided” caliphs –
a – used Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership –
b – rule was called “…………………………………..” –
2 – Jihad –
a – meaning –
1 – can refer to inner struggle against evil –
2 – armed struggle against unbelievers –
b – post-632 A.D. –
1 – some tribes abandoned Islam –
2 – refused to pay taxes – some individuals called selves prophets –
c – 632 – 634 A.D. – Abu Bakr used “jihad” to encourage/justify expansion of Islam –
d – by 750 A.D. – Islam (Muslim Empire) – 6000 miles from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River –
3 – reasons for success – Muslims saw (religious) victory as sign of approval from Allah –
a – Muslim armies –
1 –…………………………………. – ………………………………………………. –
b – weakness of Byzantine (old Eastern Roman Empire) and Persian Empires –
c – religious persecution against people not supportive of official religion – ………………………
or …………………………………………. –
4 – treatment of conquered people – Qur’an forbids ……………………………………….. –
a – conquered people allowed to practice religion(s) –
b – Christians and Jews – special consideration –
1 – paid annual ……………………….. – (tax levied/head of adult population) –
2 – exemption from ……………………………………… C – internal conflict creates crisis –
1 – 656 A.D. – 3rd caliph died –
2 – natural choice – ……………. – Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law –
a – right to rule challenged –
b – 661 A.D. – Ali …………………………………….. –
c – end of …………………………….. –
3 – Umayyad dynasty came to power –
a – new capital city – ……………………….. – central political/administrative location –
b – upset Arab Muslims –
1 – new capital – far from Arabian Peninsula –
2 – Umayyad caliphs surrounded selves with wealth – abandoned simple life –
c – division developed within Muslim community –
4 – Sunni – Shi’a split –
a – most Muslims accepted Umayyad rule – in interest of ……………………….. –
b – Shi’a – “……………………………” – minority opposition –
1 – believed caliph should be descendant of Muhammad –
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c – Sunni – followers of Muhammad’s example – did not outwardly resist Umayyad rule –
d – Sufi – rejected luxurious life of Umayyad –
1 – pursued life of …………………………. – devotion to …………………………………. –
2 – sought direct contact with Allah through ……………………………………………………
………………………………………….. –
5 – 750 A.D. – Umayyads overthrown by rebels – Abbasids took control –
D – control extends over three continents –
1 – introduction –
a – 750 A.D. Abbasids murdered Umayyads –
b – Abd al-Rahman (Umayyad) escaped to Spain – established Umayyad caliphate in Spain –
1 – Spain previously conquered by north African Muslims called “……………………..” –
c – Berbers advanced to within 200 miles of ……………………….. –
1 – 732 A.D. – advance halted at ………………………………... –
2 – settled in southern Spain – region known as ……………………………………… 2 – Abbasids consolidate power – (Abbasid Dynasty – 750 – 1258 A.D.) –
a – 762 A.D. – moved capital to (newly created) ………………………… (central Iraq) –
1 – located on …………………………….. – crossroads – land and water trade routes –
b – developed strong bureaucracy –
1 – treasury tracked flow of money –
2 – special department handled military affairs –
3 – diplomats sent to European, African and Asian royal courts –
4 – money to support bureaucracy – taxes on ……………………………………………….
………………………………………….. –
3 – rival groups divide Muslim lands –
a – Abbasids – difficulty maintaining control over large empire –
1 – independent Muslim states sprang up –
2 – local leaders governed smaller regions –
b – Fatimid caliphate – north Africa to western Arabia and Syria –
1 – Shi’as claiming direct descent from Muhammad’s daughter, Fatima –
4 – Muslim trade network –
a – sea – Med. Sea and Indian Ocean – Muslim trade – sea – ………………………………. –
b – land network – ……………………….. (China and India) – connected to Europe and Africa –
c – lingua franca – ……………………….. – single currency – ………………………. –
e – Muslim money-changers established banks in cities throughout empire –
1 – offered letters of credit – “……………….” – Europe – sakks called …………………….. –
5 – Cordoba (Al-Andalus – 10th century – population 200,000) –
a – cultural blending fueled ………………………………… End of Section II
Section III – Muslim Culture –
A – Family Life –
1 – early Islam stressed equality of all believers before Allah –
2 – woman’s social position defined by role (…………………………………………………) to
male family members –
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3 – Islam (Qur’an) –
a – forbade tribal custom – ……………………………………………… b – limited …………………………….. – four wives – all to be treated as equals with kindness –
4 – women –
a – complete control over own ……………………………… b – if divorced – could keep property brought to marriage –
c – could inherit property from father –
d – could remarry –
e – responsibilities varied with husband’s …………………………… 5 – role of men –
a – boys – age seven – enter mosque schools –
1 – open to all boys – (tuition – wealthy paid – poor paid little or none) –
2 – valued skills –
a – speak ………………………… - write with …………………………………….. –
3 – education (except wealthy) ended with ……………………………………….. –
b – some young men entered theological schools – “…………………………………..” –
c – future leaders –
1 – studied ………………………………………….. –
2 – memorized ……………………………… 3 – learned to compose ………………………………………….. –
B – city and country –
1 – introduction –
a – most Arabs lived – ………………………………………………………. –
b – cities – developed as …………………........ –
1 – cities divided between business and residential districts –
2 – center city – religious, government, business buildings –
a – skyline dominated by ……………………. and attached towers (…………………….) –
1 – niche in mosque – …………………… - marks direction of Mecca –
3 – trade and the bazaar – bazaar – marketplace – major cities – maze of shops and stalls –
a – men met at bazaar for ………………………………………………….. –
b – warehouses and lodging houses served traveling merchants –
4 – rural areas – difficult to grow food – …………………………………………………. –
a – food production required ………………………………………………………….. –
b – farm products – ……………………………………………………………………………… c – orchards – …………………………………………………………………………………… (Al-Andalus – new crops - …………………………………………………………………………………………..) –
C – Islamic achievements –
1 – 800 – 1300 A.D. – important contributions by Muslim scientists – ……………………………..
…………………………………. –
a – work based on two intellectual traditions – ………………………………………………….. –
2 – House of Wisdom –
a – 830 A.D. – Caliph al-Ma’mun opened House of Wisdom – …………………………. –
b – specialized translation of Greek, Persian and Indian texts into ………………………….. –
c – staffed with Christian, Jewish and Muslims scholars –
d – sparked numerous math/science achievements in Muslim world –
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3 – mathematics –
a – used Gupta numerals –
1 – created “…………………….” System – value of number determined by position
of digits –
b – invented ……………………… c – developed …………………………………. – used to
1 – calculate distance of a star –
2 – speed of a falling object –
d – mathematicians – practical application –
1 – devising ………………………………………… 2 – building and surveying –
4 – astronomy and geography –
a – research in Baghdad – checked findings of Greeks –
1 – produced physical models of universe –
2 – described ……………………………………………… b – astrolabe – Greek device –
1 – Muslim astronomers –
a – determined position of …………………….. –
b – movement of ………………………….. –
c – …………………………… 2 – astrolabe – made navigation safer (less dangerous) –
b – useful in religious practices –
1 – ascertain direction of ………………………….. –
2 – beginning of ……………………………. –
3 – hours of prayer –
c – determined earth’s ……………………………………………… d – geographers concluded
1 – earth ……………………. –
2 – (incorrectly)………………….. revolve around …………………………. –
5 – chemistry and medicine – Muslim medicine centuries ahead of Western medicine –
a – developed …………………. – branch of chemistry – effort to change lead into gold –
b – al-Razi – (865 – 925 A.D.) – chemist and physician – wrote medical dictionary –
1 – classified substances as ……………………………………………………………….. –
c – Ibn Sina – (980 – 1037 A.D.) – Latinized name – Avicenna –
1 – “Canon of Medicine” –
a – described ………………………. – functions of …………………………………….. –
d – Ibn al-Haytham – (965 – 1040 A.D.) – Latinized name – Al-hazen –
1 – founder of ………………… - eye sees because it receives light from object seen –
6 – art and architecture –
a – Muslim scholars opposed idol worship – discouraged artists creating images/pictures of living
creatures –
b – artists used ………………………. – used to decorate walls of mosques and public buildings –
c – Arabic script – accompanied by “…………………………………….” – geometric designs
entwined with leaves, flowers, stars –
1 – decorated walls, books, carpets, swords –
d – architecture – great cultural blending – ………………………………………………. –
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7 – philosophy –
a – Muslim philosophers tried to reconcile Qur’an with Greek philosophy –
1 – believed religious truths could be analyzed/defended using …………………….. –
b – Ibn Sina – (a/k/a – Avicenna) – numerous books on ……………………………………. –
c – Ibn-Rushd – (1126 – 1198 A.D.) – a/k/a Averroes – criticized for trying to blend views of
Plato and Aristotle with those of Islam –
d – Moses Maimonides – (1135 – 1204 A.D.) –
1 – Jewish physician and philosopher –
2 – greatest Jewish philosopher in history –
3 – “Guide for the Perplexed” – blended philosophy – religion – science –
End of Section III
End of Chapter 10