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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THE BODY’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM • DELIVERS FOOD AND OXYGEN – WITHOUT OXYGEN CELLS WOULD DIE • THE BRAIN DIES FIRST • REMOVES WASTE – THE BODY WOULD POISON ITSELF IF WASTE NOT REMOVED – CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT OF MAKING ENERGY • TRANSPORTS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS • DISEASE FIGHTING CELLS AND CHEMICALS ARE ALSO TRANSPORTED TO INVASION SITES • THE HEART IS THE POWER BEHIND THIS • THE BLOOD VESSELS WOULD WRAP AROUND THE EARTH MORE THAN TWICE CIRCULATION IN THE BODY BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS TO THE HEART TO THE BODY AND BACK TO THE HEART THE HEART ONLY RESTS BETWEEN BEATS • ABOUT 5 LITERS OF BLOOD IS PUMPED THROUGH YOUR BODY EVERY MINUTE • THE HEART IS THE SIZE OF YOUR FIST AND IS LOCATED TO THE LEFT CENTER OF THE CHEST PACEMAKER • LOCATED IN THE UPPER RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART • A BUNDLE OF NERVES • REGULATES THE HEART’S RHYTHM OR PACE OF BEATING AN ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER MAY BE PLACED OUTSIDE OF THE BODY ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER THE HEART • SEPTUM – SEPARATES THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES • ATRIUM – UPPER CHAMBERS • VENTRICLES – LOWER CHAMBERS RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART • BLOOD ENTERS THE ATRIUM – IT IS COLLECTED FROM THE BODY – IT IS DARK RED – LITTLE OXYGEN • BLOOD ENTERS THE VENTRICLE – IT FIRST PASSES THROUGH A VALVE – FROM HERE IT GOES TO THE LUNGS THE LUNGS • RED BLOOD CELLS DROP OFF CARBON DIOXIDE AND PICK UP OXYGEN – THE CARBON DIOXIDE IS IMMEDIATELY BREATHED OUT • BLOOD IS NOW BRIGHT RED • IT RETURNS TO THE HEART THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART • THE ATRUIM COLLECTS BLOOD RETURNING FROM THE LUNGS • THE BLOOD PASSES THROUGH A VALVE TO THE VENTRICLE • IT IS PUMPED THROUGHOUT THE BODY THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART WORKS SIX TIMES HARDER THAN THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART ARTERIES • AORTA – THE MAIN BLOOD VESSEL THAT CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART – SOME BRANCHES CARRY BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY – SOME BRANCHES CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART ITSELF IT IS THE LARGEST BLOOD VESSEL IN THE BODY DISECTION OF THE AORTA ARTERIES • INNER WALL – SMOOTH TO ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW FREELY • ELASTIC MIDDLE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE – ALLOWS FLEXIBILITY AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION CONTROLS BLOOD FLOW OUTER – FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ALLOWS THE ARTERY TO STRETCH AND RETURN TO NORMAL WITH EACH HEARTBEAT CAPILLARIES • EXTREMELY THIN WALLED • RED BLOOD CELLS PASS THROUGH SINGLE FILE • FOOD AND OXYGEN EXCHANGED FOR WASTE • OTHER MATERIALS MAY LEAVE AND ENTER AT THIS TIME CAPILLARY TRANSPORTING BLOOD VEINS • LARGER THAN CAPILLARIES BUT SMALLER THAN ARTERIES • CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART • THIN WALLS HAVE TINY ONE-WAY VALVES THAT KEEP THE BLOOD FROM FLOWING BACKWARD BLOOD • BLOOD IS A FLUID TISSUE • IT CONSISTS OF THREE TYPES OF PARTICLES – RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS PLASMA • THE LIQUID PORTION OF BLOOD • 90% WATER • 10% SUGARS, FATS, SALTS, GASES, AND PLASMA PROTEINS FUNCTIONS • HELPS TO REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF WATER ENTERING OR LEAVING THE BLOOD • AIDS IN BLOOD CLOTTING • TRANSPORTS ANTIBODIES – SPECIAL PROTEINS THAT HELP FIGHT OFF BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND FOREIGN SUBSTANCES • CARRIES DIGESTED FOOD, HORMONES, AND WASTE PRODUCTS RED BLOOD CELLS • MOST NUMEROUS CELLS IN THE BLOOD • ROUND WITH FLATTENED HATS AND THICKENED RIMS AND FLAT CENTERS – CENTERS ARE SO THIN THEY SEEM CLEAR – THINNESS ENABLES THEM TO BEND IN THE CENTER TO SQUEEZE THROUGH NARROW CAPILLARIES • PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW • LIFE SPAN – 120 DAYS • YOUNG RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS – AS CELL MATURES, NUCLEUS GROWS SMALLER AND SMALLER UNTIL IT VANISHES SPLEEN • “CEMETARY” OF RED BLOOD CELLS – DAMAGED OR WORN OUT CELLS ARE BROKEN DOWN IN THE SPLEEN HEMOGLOBIN • IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN IN BLOOD • BINDS WITH OXYGEN TO TRANSPORT IT THROUGHOUT THE BODY • THE BUILD-UP OF HEMOGLOBIN FORCES THE NUCLEUS OUT WHITE BLOOD CELLS • OUTNUMBERED 500 TO 1 BY RED BLOOD CELLS • LARGER THAN RED BLOOD CELLS • SOME LAST A FEW HOURS, MOST FOR MONTHS OR YEARS • DEVELOP IN BONE MARROW WHITE BLOOD CELL • MAIN FUNCTION – PROTECT AGAINST ATTACK BY BACTERIA, VIRUSES, OR OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES • AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACK INVADERS • SURROUND AND DIGEST INVADERS • MAKE ANTIBODIES • MAKE SPECIAL CHEMICALS THAT HELP THE BODY FIGHT DISEASE PLATELETS • COLLECT AROUND A CUT – BURST APART WHEN THEY TOUCH THE ROUGH EDGES OF THE CUT – CHEMICALS ARE RELEASED THAT CAUSE A CHAIN REACTION • FIBRIN – WEAVES TINY FIBERS ACROSS CUT IN BLOOD VESSELS • BLOOD AND PLASMA ARE TRAPPED • PLASMA HARDENS TO FORM A CLOT – SCAB THE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING • RESEMBLE TINY PLATES • THEY ARE FRAGMENTS OF CELLS – – – – NO NUCLEUS NO COLOR LIVE NO MORE THAN 10 DAYS BREAK AWAY FROM LARGE CELLS WHICH ARE PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW BLOOD GROUPS • FIRST HUMAN TRANSFUSION – 17TH CENTURY • DID NOT ALWAYS WORK • BLOOD TRANSFERS ARE BASED ON COMPATABILITY OF BLOOD TYPES – IF NOT, CLUMPING LEADS TO BLOCKAGES TYPES TYPE A HAVE PROTEIN A TYPE B HAVE PROTEIN B TYPE AB HAVE BOTH PROTEINS TYPE O HAVE NO PROTEIN • O CAN RECEIVE ONLY FROM O • AB CAN RECEIVE FROM ANYONE • LANDSTEINER AND WIENER DISCOVERED ANOTHER GROUP OF 18 PROTEINS • RH – BECAUSE IT WAS DISCOVERED IN RHESUS MONKEYS Rh FACTOR Rh+ PERSON HAS ANY OF THE 18 PROTEINS Rh- PERSON DOES NOT HAVE ANY OF THE 18 PROTEINS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE • DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS • CHRONIC DISORDERS BECAUSE PEOPLE LIVE LONGER ATHEROSCLEROSIS • THICKENING OF THE INNER WALL OF THE ARTERY – ALSO KNOWN AS HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES – CHOLESTEROL COLLECTS ON THE WALL – WALLS NARROW – BLOOD FLOW IS SLOWED OR BLOCKED • IF THE BLOOD FLOW IS REDUCED, CELLS DIE – IF IN HEART – HEART ATTACK – IF IN BRAIN - STROKE • BEGINS IN PEOPLE AS YOUNG AS 20 • AVOID OR LIMIT FOODS RICH IN FATS AND CHOLESTEROL HEART BYPASS A BLOOD VESSEL IS REMOVED FROM THE LEG AND IS USED TO BYPASS THE DAMAGED ARTERIES SERVING THE HEART A VEIN BYPASSES THE BLOCKAGE ANGIOPLASTY • A BALLOON IS INSERTED INTO THE CLOGGED ARTERY • THE BALLOON IS BLOWN UP IN AN EFFORT TO BREAK THE PLAQUE FROM THE ARTERY WALLS A BALLOON IS INSERTED TO BREAK UP THE PLAQUE HYPERTENSION • HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE • MEASURED BY SPHYGMOMANOMETER – FIRST NUMBER – WHEN HEART CONTRACTS – SECOND NUMBER – WHEN HEART RELAXES • BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE DAY • IF IT REMAINS HIGH – HYPERTENSION • A SILENT KILLER – NO OBVIOUS SYMPTOMS • LIFESTYLE CHANGES CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE – – – – – WATCH YOUR WEIGHT REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF SALT EAT SENSIBLY EXERCISE REGULARLY MEDICINE CAN ALSO MAKE A DIFFERENCE