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Islamic Empires Study Guide The person who calls Muslims to prayer is a muezzin The Koran is the holy book for Muslims The Five Pillars of Islam include belief in Allah, charity, fasting, prayer, and pilgrimage Muslims submit only to Allah A number of families claiming a common ancestor is called a clan The main prophet of Islam is Muhammad The Muslim calendar begins with the year of the Hegira The Hegira was Muhammad’s escape to Medina Muslims choose Friday to be their holy day Muhammad’s successors were called caliphs In the field of medicine, the Islamic empire was ahead of Europe Pope Urban II urged Christians to free the shrines of the Holy Land from the Muslims In 1453, the Ottoman Turks succeeded in capturing Constantinople Students should be able to match the following terms to their description. Allah – the Arabic word for God Avicenna – doctor, philosopher, and mathematician Koran – Islam’s holy book Mecca – Islam’s most sacred city Medina – city to which Muhammad fled Muhammad – messenger of Allah Ramadan – month during which Muslims fast