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English Software Electrical Engineering and Electrical Equipment Diode Kinds of diodes: point diode impulse diode flattish diode cener diode tunnel diode parametrical diode light diode Photodiode This is a diode with such concentration, that its transition can be illuminated It is made of germanium and sicillium A When it is in a function mode it needs an appropriate supply and it is always engaged in reverse direction А – anode Transistor A Transistor is a semi-conductor device, which amplifies the power of the electric signals Transistors are separated on two major groups: Bipolar (BJT) and Field (FET). Each transistor consists of a semi-conductor crystal, within which three areas with alternative conductance are formed. Rr Er Varistor VDR - resistor This is a non-linear semi-conductor resistance with symmetrical current voltage characteristic Its basic function is that, when voltage rises over certain limits, its resistance decreases sharply A varistor is used as a voltage stop in stabilizing circuits and etc. U Phototransistor PNP This is a bipolar transistor, which collector transition can be illuminated, but it has not a base terminal PNP NPN It is made of germanium and sicillium and it can be from PNP or NPN type When it is in a function mode it needs an appropriate supply, and an emitter transition is engaged in a forward, but a collector in a reverse direction The reverse collector current is that, that grew when it is illuminated. Photo resistor This is a semi-conductor device, which resistance decreases when it is illuminated. It is used in automation. Dinistor A dinistor is used in a number of engaging schemes. Its structure resembles the structure of a thyristor, but it has not a controlling electrode. Thermistor This is a resistor with a high temperature coefficient of resistance Its basic characteristic is that when heated up, its resistance decreases sharply The own concentration of the current carrier is highly increased when the temperature rises, and the resistance of the thermistor decreases. It is used for stabilization of the temperature of electric circuits, as temperature thermometers and etc. to NTC Thyristor A thyristor is a controlling semi-conductor diode It is used as an electronic switch which can switch over electric circuit It is used as a part in devices as current regulator, rectifier and starter. structure of an ordinary thyristor consists of four layers with alternative conductivity and of three PN passages. The end passages Y1 and Y3 are called emitters, and J2 is called collector. The thyristor that controls the circuit is situated among the controlled electrode and cathode, and the controlled circuit is among the anode and cathode. Y E Y E P1 P 1 N 1 P 2 N 2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Triaca (semistor) This is a symmetrical thyristor with two anodes and a controlling electrode It consists of six semiconductor areas, in which PN transitions are formed A triaca is used in a number of engaging schemes and in automation. Types of circuit schemes A circuit scheme signals processed technology of production degree of integration frequency According to the signals processed signals processed analogy (linear) digital (logical and impulse) According to the technology of production technology of production semi-conductor layers hybrids According to the degree of integration (the number of elements in the crystal) degree of integration small degree of integration middle degree of integration extreme degree of integration According to the frequency frequency low-frequency middle-frequency high-frequency extreme-frequency Solar Collector 1. Solar Collector 2. Boiler 3. Circulation pump 4. Closed extended vessel 5. Safety valve 6. Spherical crane 7. Return valve with a flap 8. Differential thermo regulator 9. Automatic vacuum pump with a flap 10.Crane for filling and running off 11. Spherical crane with hollander 12. Safety valve 13. Spherical crane 14. Return valve with a flap 15. Water filter Solar Collector 1. Sollar Collector 2. Multipurpose Solar Boiler 3. Circulation pump 4. Closed extended vessel 5. Safety valve 6. Stopping valve 7. Return valve 8. Differential thermo regulator 9. Vacuum process 10. Draining 11. Caldron hydro heating 12. Recirculation pump Solar collector elements Solar collector elements Solar collector photo Caldron Solid Fuel 1. Caldron – 7, 8 sections 2.Warmer up for water 3. Extending vessel 4. Pump 5. Return valve 6. Return valve 7. Automat for supplement 8. Crane for filling and running off 9. Spherical crane 10. Spherical crane 11. Water filter 12. Safety valve 13. Thermostat contact 14. Automatic vacuum pump with a flap 15. Safety valve 16. Spherical crane with hollander Electro Caldron with accumulating vessels 1. Electro caldron 2. Automatic vacuum pump with a valve 3. Spherical crane 4. Closed extending vessel 5. Water filter 6. Safety valve 7. Indoor thermostat 8. Three – way valve 9. Thermal motor 10. Accumulating feed tank 11. Pump 12. Spherical crane 13. Automat for supplement 14. Crane for filling and draining Local storey heating 1. Electro caldron 2. Automatic vacuum pump with a valve 3. Spherical crane with hollander 4. Closed extended vessel 5. Water filter 6. Safety valve 7. Indoor thermostat 8. Spherical crane 9. Automat for supplement 10. Crane for draining Electricity generator Electricity generator Motor / Generator Electricity generator Electricity generator Satellite Satellite