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Biocmolecules
1. List the four macromolecules and explain the
function of each.
a. Carbohydrate: body’s main source of energy; known
as sugars and starches
b. Protein: growth, maintenance & repair of body
tissues
c. Lipid: storage of energy; known as fats and oils;
waterproofing
d. Nucleic acid: make up genetic information (i.e. DNA
and RNA)
2. Identify each macromolecule.
a. Carbohydrate
(C., H, O)
b. Lipid
(C, H, O)
c. Protein
(C, H, O, & N)
d. Nucleic Acid
(A-T & G-C)
3. List the two “A.K.A’s” of macromolecules.
a. macronutrients
b. biomolecules
4. Define the following terms.
a. monomer: single molecule
b. polymer: many molecules
c. enzyme: protein that speeds up chemical
reactions
d. Amino acid: monomers of proteins
e. nucleotide: building bock of amino acid
Cells
5. There are two types of cells; prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic.
6. What type of cell are YOU? Explain.
YOU are EUKARYOTIC!
We have 1. membrane bound organelles
2. nucleus contains genetic material
3. more complex
7. List the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller & more simple
Have no nucleus –
genetic material in cytoplasm
No membrane-bound organelles
Only bacterial cells
Eukaryotic Cells___________
Larger & more complex
Have a nucleus that contains genetic
material
Many membrane bound organelles
Plant, animal, fungi, protist cells
8. Which two scientist discovered the cell?
Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leewenhoek.
9. List the three parts of the cell theory.
a. All living things are made of cells
b. Cells are the basic unit of life.
c. New cells are produced from existing cells.
10. Write out the organization of the following:
a. Living Things
Cell----tissue---organ---organ system---organism.
b. Non-Living Things
Atom---molecules---macromolecule---organelle.
Organism
11. Label the following animal cell.
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Centriole
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear
membrane
Vacuole
mitochondria
Smooth ER
Free
ribosomes
Golgi body
12. Fill in the blanks in the chart below describing the cell organelles.
Organelle
Function
a. Nucleus
”brain”; control center of the cell
b. Cytoplasm
Fluid like substance that surrounds the
organelles.
c. Ribosome
Make proteins.
d. Smooth ER
Makes lipids
e. Golgi Apparatus
sorts proteins; ships proteins
f. Lysosome
Clean up crew; break down macromolecules.
g. Vacuole
Storage unit of the cell
h. Mitochondria
makes energy for the cell
13. List four differences between plant cell and animal cell.
Cell Processes
14. Describe the term homeostasis. Why is it
important?
Means to maintain a constant balance.
Homeostasis is important because an imbalance could
cause disease or death.
15. Explain the importance of the cell membrane. Which two
organelles make up the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. The
cell membrane also provides support and structure for the cell.
Lipids and proteins make up the cell membrane.
16. Define Diffusion. Does it require energy?
Diffusion= movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
It does NOT require energy (passive transport)
REMEMBER: high to low (with the crowd)
17. Define Osmosis . Does it require energy?
Osmosis = movement of WATER from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
Does NOT require energy (passive transport)
REMEMBER: high to low (with the crowd)
18. List and explain the three types of osmosis.
a. Isotonic- concentration on the inside of the cell is equal to the concentration outside
of the cell.
b. Hypertonic- a solution with a > (greater) concentration of solute outside the cell
than inside
c. Hypotonic-a solution with a < (lower) concentration of solute outside the cell than
inside
19. Draw an arrow to represent the movement of water. List if it is isotonic,
hypertonic, or hypotonic.
50%
50%
a. Isotonic = equal
amount of water
and solute inside
and outside of the
cell
REMEMBER: does
not have to be
50% = 50% can
be 90% = 90%
75%
25%
b. Hypertonic
= less WATER
inside the cell,
more SOLUTE
outside the cell
30%
65%
c. Hypotonic
= more
WATER
outside of the
cell, more
solute inside
the cell
20. What is active transport? Does it require energy?
Active transport= = movement of molecules against the
concentration gradient
***Low to High***
REQUIRES energy
ATP
DNA/RNA DNA Replication
1. DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2. What macromolecules makes up DNA?
nucleic acid
3. List the 3 parts of a nucleotide.
a. Deoxyribose (5-Carbon sugar)
b. Phosphate group
c. Nitrogen base
4. List the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.
a. Adenine (A)
b. Thymine (T)
c. Guanine (G)
d. Cytosine (C)
5. Chargaff’s Rule = A always pairs with T and G
always pairs with C so that there is a 1:1 ratio
6. RNA= Ribonucleic Acid
7. List the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA.
a. Adenine (A)
b. Uracil (U)
c. Guanine (G)
d. Cytosine (C)
8. List and explain the 3 types of RNA.
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) = carries DNA out to the
ER
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA) = transfers amino acid to the
ribosome.
c. Ribosomal RNA r(RNA) = makes protein
9. During DNA replication, DNA makes a copy of
itself.
10. Make a complementary strand of the DNA
strand provided.
5’AAT-GCC-TAC-AAT-GGG-CAT-ACG’3
5’TTA-CGG-ATG-TTA-CCC-GTA-TGC’3
11.DNA has the shape of a double helix. Francis
Crick and James Watson were the first people to
discover this shape of DNA and created a 3D
model.
12. What two things make up the “backbone” of
DNA?
a. Sugar (Deoxyribose)
b. Phosphate
13. What type of bond holds the nitrogen base
together?
Hydrogen bond
Protein Synthesis
14. Protein Synthesis means to make proteins.
15. Define transcription.
Making an RNA strand from DNA.
16. Define translation.
Decoding the RNA strand into amino acids to make
a protein.
17. Translate the following DNA strand.
DNA strand:
5’AAT-GCC-TAC-AAT-GGG-CAT-ACG’3
Complementary strand:
5’TTA-CGG-ATG-TTA-CCC-GTA-TGC’3
mRNA strand:
5’AAU-GCC-UAC-AAU-GGG-CAU-ACG’3
18. Transcribe the strand into an amino acid using
the codon chart.
Amino acid strand: Asn-Ala-Tyr-Asn-Gly-His-Thr
Cell Cycle/Mitosis/Meiosis
19. What is the cell cycle?
A series of phases the cell goes through to grow
and divide.
20. Write the function of each of the phases of
Interphase.
a. G1 phase = cell grows
b. S phase = DNA is synthesized
c. G2 phase = cell grows and prepares for
mitosis.
21. Write the phase of mitosis in order.
**Remember: PMAT**
a. Prophase
b. Methaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase ( cytokinesis )
22. When a BODY cell goes through mitosis, how
many cells are produced? Are they unique or
identical?
2 identical daughter cells
23. When a SEX cell goes through meiosis, how
many cells are produced? Are they unique or
identical?
4 unique daughter cells
24. Body cell= Somatic cell
Sex cell= Gamete
25. Haploid cells have half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
26. Diploid cells have the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
27. Crossing over is the process where
homologous chromosomes exchange portions of
their chromatids. Where does crossing over take
place? Why does it take place?
Crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1
Crossing over occurs to produce more genetic
variation among haploid cells that are produced at the
end of meiosis.
28. Identify the following pictures as interphase, prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, or telophase.
a. Interphase
d. Anaphase
b. Prophase
c. Metaphase
e. Telophase & Cytokinesis
29. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Division body cell
Division sex cells
1 cell division
2 cell divisions
Results in 2
identical cells
Asexual
Reproduction
Results in 4
unique cells
Sexual
Reproduction
30. When sperm and egg fuse together the
fertilized cell is called a zygote.
31. Chromosomes are super coiled, thread like
substances that hold DNA and are located in the
nucleus of the cell.
32. Humans have 23 pair of chromosomes.
Mutations
33. Muations are mistakes in the DNA
copying or cell division.
34. Cancer is uncontrolled cell division.
35. Fill in the term for the listed definitions of types
of chromosomal mutations.
a. Deletion : One base is deleted or lost.
b. Duplication: mutating genes are displayed twice
on the same chromosome.
c. Inversion: part of the chromosome breaks off,
reverses, and reattaches to the same chromosome.
d. Translocation: part of a chromosome breaks off
and attaches to another chromosome.
STUDY! STUDY! STUDY!